2011-2012 Annual Report Center for Space

Director: John Clarke 1

Associate Director: Josh Semeter Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... 1 Overview ...... 1 Highlights ...... 1 CSP Operations ...... 2 Selected Research Highlights ...... 3 PICTURE: The Search for Extra‐solar Planets ...... 3 Preparing for the Mars Science Lander ...... 3 Detecting on ...... 4 SAR Arcs Observed Across Northern Europe ...... 4 Arctic Incoherent Scatter Radar ...... 5 New Projects and Initiatives ...... 5 BUSAT2: Onward and Upward ...... 5 Magnetic Activity in Very Low Mass Stars ...... 6 Developing New Instrumentation ...... 7 A Global Network of Airglow Observatories ...... 7 The Deployable Multi‐Scale Camera (DMC) ...... 7 Community Life and Service ...... 7 CSP Grants ...... 8 Outreach ...... 13 The BU Near‐Space Educational Program ...... 13 Summer School on Plasma Processes ...... 13 The CSP Research Award ...... 13 ISR Summer School ...... 14 The Transit of ...... 14 Graduate Degrees Sponsored by the CSP ...... 15 Doctoral Degrees Awarded ...... 15 Masters Degrees Awarded ...... 15 CSP Seminar Series ...... 15 CSP Members ...... 17 Faculty ...... 17 Research Scientists ...... 19 CSP Publications ...... 20

On the Cover: HST UV images of aurora on Uranus (pg. 4), poster for the public outreach event for the (pg. 14), and SAR arcs over northern Europe imaged by a new CSP imaging system (pg. 4) from the cover of Astronomy and Geophysics.

Executive Summary

Overview The Center for Space Physics (CSP) was formed in 1988 to promote research and education in space science and space‐ related technologies at Boston University. The CSP is a two‐college enterprise, taking advantage of natural synergies between the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) and the College of Engineering (ENG) in the pursuit of knowledge about the universe and our place within it.

The CSP is one of the largest sponsored research units on campus, with over $20M in federal grants under management in FY2012. The current CSP membership includes 17 faculty members (12 from CAS, 5 from ENG), 14 full‐time Research Scientists (6 with PI status), 8 technical and administrative staff, and over 50 graduate and undergraduate students who come in roughly equal numbers from CAS and ENG. The scientists and engineers of the CSP are prominent leaders in the international community. They serve on committees that define federal funding priorities; they serve as editors and associate editors of top scientific journals; they are fellows of international societies such as the American Geophysical Union; they are principal investigators on large multi‐institution projects; and, perhaps most importantly, they are committed to the education and professional preparation of the next generation of space scientists and engineers.

Non‐teaching faculty professional scientists appointed in the Center have always played a critical role in our success, contributing immeasurably to the research efficacy of the faculty, and serving as valued PIs in their own right. Research Scientists and Senior Research Scientists are eligible to serve as PI’s on sponsored research, and collectively they generate about 1/4 of the total grant revenue of the CSP. The professional scientist track is a proud tradition of the Center, and it is common for our academic researchers to remain with the center for many years.

The CSP is led by Director John Clarke (Professor of Astronomy) and Associate Director Josh Semeter (Associate Professor of ECE). Daily operations are administered by Assistant Director Despina Bokios. Two administrative staff report to the Assistant Director: a proposal development administrator (Amanda Rochette) and a fiscal administrator (Alyson Savoie). The CSP employs a work‐study student in lieu of a full‐time receptionist, and research administration of the Institute for Astrophysical Research is now shared by the same staff.

Highlights In FY 2012 the CSP managed 66 active research grants with a total funding commitment of $20.6M. Of these, 12 were new awards with a total new funding commitment of $4.4M. Major new funding includes $1.8M for imaging science investigations of atmospheric processes (Michael Mendillo), $574K for kinetic 2D and 3D simulations and theory of low‐ to mid‐latitude ionospheric irregularities (Meers Oppenheim), and $401K to study the magnetospheric control of density and composition in the polar . BU also continued work on three active sounding rocket programs (Tim Cook, John Clarke, and Supriya Chakrabarti), and on the Air Force Nano‐satellite project (Ted Fritz), which has resulted in a large number of new undergraduates being introduced to the world of space instrumentation each summer.

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Research highlights in FY2012 include:

• The launch and flight of the PICTURE sounding rocket payload at the White Sands Missile Range in Fall 2011 (Chakrabarti, Cook). The PICTURE experiment was developed to perform the first test in space of a coronagraph designed to image planets orbiting nearby stars. • Modeling and simulations of atmospheric drag on the Mars Science Lander in preparation for its arrival at the red planet on August 5, 2012 (Withers). • The detection of UV auroral emissions from Uranus through Hubble Space Telescope images (Clarke). Auroral emissions from Uranus had not been detected since the Voyager 2 encounter in 1986. • The detection of stable auroral red (SAR) arcs over northern Europe, using a recently installed airglow imaging system in Italy (Mendillo, Baumgardner). • A new incoherent scatter radar system in the arctic (Dahlgren, Semeter). • A total of 71 peer‐reviewed publications by CSP authors.

The CSP sponsored the completion of 9 PhDs in 2011‐2012 (6 from AS and 3 from ECE) and 4 Masters Degrees (1 MA from AS, 3 MS from ECE). The CSP has sponsored 52 PhDs since its inception in 1987. Many of these graduates have gone on to prominent positions in academia, national labs, and industry.

The CSP is also involved in an increasing number of K‐12 outreach activities, including the development and implementation of a space science curriculum in collaboration with the MATCH charter school and two launches of small balloon‐borne cameras (led by ME grad student Nathan Darling).

CSP Operations The Center was established by charter in 1988 to operate on a portion of the overhead return generated by CSP grants. All staff salaries and other research support functions were paid for by this portion of the overhead returned to the Center. With the advent of a new administration, this level of funding was reduced, and the Center underwent an external review over 2009‐2010. A new management plan was put in place by the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) Dean in September 2010. The Center now reports directly to the CAS, with the participation of researchers from the College of Engineering and discussion between the two college Deans. Extensive efforts have been made to trim operating expenses within the Center, and several operating expenses have been absorbed by the CAS. Staff salaries are in the process of being funded on an increasing basis by the CAS, and the reduced level of overhead return is being further offset by reduced expenses. Combined with the adoption of new software for all university‐wide financial operations, FY 2011 and 2012 have been rebuilding years for CSP operations. Operations have now stabilized under the new business plan, and the CSP remains a vibrant center for space CSP New and Continuing Awards (FY00‐FY12) science research, as demonstrated by 40,000,000.00 the current research activity presented 30,000,000.00 later in this report and this year’s 20,000,000.00 external funding. New Awards ($) 10,000,000.00 Continuing Awards ($) To chart the recent history of funding ‐ within the CSP, the history of new and

continuing awards levels is plotted FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 here, including all funds spent at BU Figure 1: On average, 16 new awards are received in every fiscal year and 46 continue into the and no subcontracts. While there have following fiscal year. 2 been significant variations from year to year, in part related to the timing of various space missions, the Center has been able to attract a robust and consistent level of funding over the past 12 years. We look forward to continued success in the future.

Selected Research Highlights

PICTURE: The Search for Extra‐solar Planets The PICTURE (Planetary Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Rocket Experiment) sounding rocket was designed to capture a direct visible‐light image of exozodiacal dust in the Epsilon Eridani exoplanetary system. Analogous to the zodiacal dust in our own Solar System, exozodiacal dust is produced and continually replenished by shedding comets and ongoing collisions in an exoplanetary system. These dust grains emit infrared radiation and scatter visible starlight to form the dominant astrophysical background against which exoplanets are imaged. The Epsilon Eridani system is known to harbor at least one giant exoplanet, eEri‐ b, a Jupiter‐mass planet in an eccentric 7 year orbit. To progress Figure 2: Graduate students testing the PICTURE coronograph in the lab before assembly and launch. towards the goal of directly imaging this planet, the maiden PICTURE flight attempted to characterize the exozodiacal dust background of this system.

The heart of the PICTURE instrument is the Visible Nulling Coronagraph (VNC), which is used to suppress the overwhelming glare of the host star to reveal the faint signature of exozodiacal dust. Apart from the VNC, PICTURE carried three additional enabling technologies for future missions: a 0.5 meter light‐weight primary mirror (4.5 kg), an active wavefront control system that uses a 32x32 element MEMS deformable mirror and a milliarcsecond‐class fine pointing system. CSP researchers Supriya Chakrabarti, Timothy Cook, Christopher Mendillo, and Brian Hicks were involved with the PICTURE project.

PICTURE launched at 4:25 MDT on October 8th, 2011 from White Sands Missile Range in White Sands, NM. Unfortunately, due to a NASA telemetry failure, the PICTURE mission did not achieve scientific success. Nonetheless, this flight validated the flight‐worthiness of the lightweight primary mirror and the VNC. The fine pointing system, a key requirement for future planet‐imaging missions, demonstrated 5.1 milliarcsecond in‐flight pointing stability. In doing so, PICTURE has demonstrated pointing performance similar to that of the Hubble Space Telescope from a suborbital sounding rocket.

Preparing for the Mars Science Lander AS Assistant Professor Paul Withers is assisting the Mars Science Lander project at NASA in analyzing the atmospheric entry drag data to ensure a safe landing of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) lander on the martian surface on arrival on August 5, 2012. This rover, about the size of a small car, is substantially larger and more powerful than its predecessors Spirit and Opportunity. The probe uses aerobraking to decelerate on initial entry into the atmosphere; knowing the density of the atmosphere is thus crucial to a successful landing. Withers has provided the MSL Figure 3 3 project with estimates of the atmospheric conditions that MSL will encounter during its tense descent phase to the surface. After a successful landing, Withers also plans to analyze measurements made by MSL during its atmospheric entry to determine what the atmospheric conditions actually were, to assist planning for future missions.

Detecting Aurora on Uranus HST UV images of Uranus have provided the first detection of aurora on Uranus since the Voyager 2 flyby in 1986 (see cover figure). This collaborative program used two cameras (the STIS and ACS SBC) on the Hubble Space Telescope to obtain UV images of Uranus to search for auroral emissions. The detection of aurora on Uranus is significant for a number of reasons. One is that we do not know the rotational period and phase of Uranus! The Voyager measurement based on periodicities in the magnetic field had a sufficiently large uncertainty that we no longer know the phase of Uranus, and repeated detection of auroral emissions centered on the magnetic poles could address this question. Another reason is the desire to understand the magnetospheric physics of a planet tilted by nearly 90 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic, with an internal magnetic field offset from the planet center and tilted by nearly 60 degrees from the rotational axis.

Two prior HST observing programs showed little evidence for active aurora, and to optimize the chances of detection the new program had observations timed to the arrival of a shock front in the solar wind at Uranus. The method was to extrapolate solar wind conditions from measurements near the Earth and from the STEREO spacecraft out to the distance of Uranus, then schedule the HST observations over several days centered on the expected arrival date. While the detected emissions are faint, they are clearly present above the reflected solar emission that appears across the Uranus disc. New HST observations are now being scheduled for 2012/2013 to follow up on this discovery. The program PI is Dr. Laurent Lamy from the Observatoire de Meudon in France, and Professor John Clarke is a Co‐I on the program.

SAR Arcs Observed Across Northern Europe Professor Michael Mendillo and his research group have studied Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arcs, a unique type of aurora in the Earth's upper atmosphere. It does not have the typical characteristics of the more familiar Aurora Borealis. A SAR arc is not visible to the un‐aided eye, and it does not change its shape or location very much during the course of an entire evening. Moreover, SAR arcs occur at middle latitudes (such as Boston's), far from the high latitudes of the Northern Lights. The light generated from a SAR arc is caused by a heat influx from the Van Allen Radiation Belts into the ionosphere. This added energy, which occurs only during geomagnetic storms, causes atomic oxygen atoms high in the atmosphere (typically at 400 km) to glow in a deep red hue. SAR arcs are of interest in Space Physics because they represent the magnetospheric input process that affects the lowest latitude on Earth.

The Center for Space Physics has a major research program in SAR arc science supported by NSF, ONR, and AFOSR. Last year, CSP scientists Jeffrey Baumgardner and Joei Wroten set up the first all‐sky camera system at mid‐latitudes in Europe, at the observatory associated with the University of Padua in Italy. Observations from that site captured the first‐ever 2‐dimensional image of a SAR arc spanning Europe (see cover image). With a new grant to Senior Research Scientist Jeff Baumgardner from the NSF, studies of SAR arcs will form a major activity of the Center during the peak and declining phases of the current solar cycle.

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Arctic Incoherent Scatter Radar Incoherent Scatter Radars (ISRs) are powerful tools for probing the ionosphere and its interactions with the space environment. The NSF recently completed construction of a new ISR facility at Resolute Bay, Canada (called “RISR”), which is providing the first ever views of ionospheric dynamics near the Earth’s geomagnetic pole. This region is significant because the hot plasma of the solar wind has direct access to the atmosphere, unimpeded by the Earth’s magnetic field. This region has been historically challenging to explore due to the difficulties of deploying instruments in harsh inaccessible environments.

Under a grant from the Air Force Office of Sponsored Research, Professor Joshua Semeter and Dr. Hanna Dahlgren are using RISR observations to study the evolution of plasma structures as the Figure 4: A three‐dimensional view of plasma density in move through the geomagnetic polar regions under the influence the 200‐400 km altitude range, constructed using multi‐ of ionospheric circulation. Of particular interest to the Air Force is beam measurements from RISR. how these structures destabilize as the move, and form irregularities which disrupt satellite communications and creates anomalous radar echoes that mimic hard targets [Dahlgren et al., 2012a, 2012b].

New Projects and Initiatives

BUSAT2: Onward and Upward In December of 2010, AS Professor Ted Fritz was notified that his latest submission to the Air Force University Nanosatellite program, called “BUSAT2,” was selected for funding. The scientific mission BUSAT2 is to perform measurements of the precipitating energetic electron fluxes from low Earth orbit over the high latitude auroral zones and to simultaneously image the

Figure 5: The Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar (RISR). auroral emissions caused by these electrons. The BUSAT team is currently working on three major projects during the 2012 summer months. First and foremost is the preparation for a Proto‐Qualification Review of the BUSAT program and satellite that will take place in Logan, Utah at the SmallSat 2012 conference. Second, seven BUSAT students will travel to Ellington Air Force base to participate in a microgravity test campaign (2 days of training and 4 ‐ 5 flight days) to qualify deployable BUSAT equipment for flight. Finally, the High‐Altitude Student Payload (HASP) program will provide further qualification of BUSAT's prototype flight hardware by carrying it to an altitude of 100,000 ft. for 24 hours on a zero‐pressure balloon launched from Fort Sumner, NM. Each of these program milestones carries its own rigorous development cycle that drives every day of the BUSAT team's work this summer. The focus of each sub‐project is the same as the overall goal for the BUSAT program: give students the tools they need to become a more capable next generation of scientists and engineers by providing opportunities, responsibility and ownership normally reserved for the workplace.

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In this same way, the BUSAT / BU NSP program continues to grow into new venues. Through collaboration with the Photonics BUSAT summer team as of June 2012: Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) program and with the Agarwal, Kimaya CE help of two local high‐school teachers, the BUSAT / BU NSP Badizadegan, Nima EE, CalTech outreach program will focus this year on educating local teachers.

Fjodor Dukaj (Somerville High School) and Jason DeFuria (Pioneer Black, Terry EE Valley Regional School) have contributed their knowledge of state Boyle, Shannon AS and federal curriculum requirements as well as considerable Chang, Jeff EE teaching experience to a much‐improved revision of the original Cheung, David Grad CE BU NSP lab series. The original series of five labs was presented Chui, Kelvin EE during the BUSAT 2011 summer session to a group of fifteen local Darling, Nathan Grad ME, LEAP charter school students and culminated in a high‐altitude balloon Hoffman, Christopher EE launch from Mt. Greylock in western MA. Mr. Dukaj and Mr. Hughes, David Grad CE, LEAP DeFuria will lead a group of local teachers in performing the labs Kane, Brian EE (which will be published on the BUSAT website) as a training Kim, Minnie Grad EE, LEAP session for later implementation in classrooms statewide, and Klaus, David Grad EE, LEAP plan to launch later in July. Knechtel, Erik Grad EE, LEAP Krowas, Harrison BU Academy BUSAT has also benefited greatly from the efforts of three local Lin, Yu‐Cheng EE high school students. Harrison Krowas (BU Academy) has made Lou, Jonah CE improvements to BUSAT's algorithms and code for interpretation Napoli, Akshata AS of magnetometer readings. Tiernan O'Rourke (Portsmouth O’Rourke, Tiernan BU Academy Abbey School) worked closely with the BUSAT structural team in Taylor, Daniel EE preparing machine drawings for work done at the Boston Wright, Peter ME University Scientific Instruments Facility (SIF). Nima Badizadegan Yee, Steven Grad SE a BU Academy '12 graduate and future CA Institute of Technology Ying, John Grad CE student will be leaving the BUSAT project after almost two years of work on the Command and Data Handling (C&DH) system. High‐altitude Balloon Outreach Program: Magnetic Activity in Very Low Mass Stars DeFuria, Jason STEM In collaboration with Dr. Jon Nichols of the University of Leicester, Dukaj, Fjodor STEM UK, Assistant Professor Andrew West and Professor John Clarke Kalkavage, Jean Grad EE, LEAP have collaborated on modeling of the of very Kozarev, Kamen AS low mass stars, many of which have been observed to emit non‐ Walsh, Brian NASA GSFC thermal radio emissions. At Jupiter, outward drifting plasma Pavel, Michael AS corotates with Jupiter’s magnetic field out to a distance where the field strength is sufficiently weak, and the centrifugal force on the particles sufficiently large, that corotation breaks down. At that distance, field‐aligned currents develop great strength, and through a subsequent set of processes give rise to Jupiter’s non‐thermal radio emissions and the main UV auroral oval. Applying a model for auroral activity on Jupiter to the cases of these stars, it appears plausible that very similar physical processes can give rise to the observed radio emissions, and could further produce detectable UV emissions. This work has been submitted for publication in .

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Developing New Instrumentation

A Global Network of Airglow Observatories The Imaging Science Lab within the Center received a major grant from the Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP) in 2011. Significant progress was made during 2012 in constructing the all‐sky‐ imagers (ASIs) funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Senior Research Scientist Jeffrey Baumgardner is in charge of all purchasing and fabrication of instrument components needed for each of the seven ASIs to be deployed. Research Assistant Professor Carlos Martinis coordinates all of the site‐selection in South America, and is the lead scientist on their use. As of 1 July 2012, all CCD cameras, optical components, and interference filters have been purchased. The construction of the first imaging system is almost finalized and, after testing and calibration, it will be deployed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory, in Peru, in December 2012. The construction of a second system is underway and it will be installed in Colombia in Spring 2013.

The remaining systems will be deployed at US sites in South Carolina and in Puerto Rico, as well as at an additional site in Argentina and one in South Africa. This $500,000 instrumentation project within the Center is the largest DURIP grant received by Boston University. When completed, it will achieve a major upgrade in ground‐based observational capabilities for the upper atmospheric science ("Aeronomy") component of the Center's research program.

The Deployable Multi‐Scale Camera (DMC) Professor Josh Semeter was awarded a grant from AFOSR to develop a new sensitive high frame‐rate imaging system to study the micro‐scale physics governing the formation of the aurora. Called the Deployable Multi‐scale Camera (DMC), the system consists of two cameras on a single mount, one wide field (90 degrees) and one narrow (6 degrees). The main innovation is the narrow field camera, which exploits a new low‐noise scientific CMOS (sCMOS) sensor, coupled to a fast night‐vision telephoto lens. The camera is capable of providing images at >100 frames/sec with 20‐meter resolution at auroral altitudes (110 km). Measurements acquired with the DMC will allow us to test specific theories about how the electrons responsible for the aurora become energized, and to better understand the role of plasma turbulence in governing how the ionosphere and interact at high latitudes. The instrument went from conception to completion in less than a year, due to the efforts of Dr. Hanna Dahlgren and ECE graduate Figure 6: The Deployable Multi‐scale Camera developed by Professor Semeter's research group, in student Michael Hirsch, and is currently in final testing for deployment collaboration with the BU Scientific Instrument to the NSF research facility at Sondrestrom, Greenland. Facility.

Community Life and Service The Center represents a vibrant community – not just in terms of its research and academic productivity, but as a meeting place for extracurricular activities of all types. Our seminar series provides opportunities for our members (including students) to interact with fellow scientists in our casual setting. The complete list of the seminars is included in this report. CSP students and staff have a tradition of active involvement in BU intramural sports‐‐‐in particular, volleyball, football, softball, and ever‐popular broomball. We also are active participants in two annual musical programs – Astronomy Unplugged, our fall popular music talent show, and the Classical Soiree, a primarily classical music affair 7 held at the Tsai Center. Every Friday CSP graduate students gather together with CSP journal club. The CSP also sponsors a weekly "History of Science" discussion, hosted by Professor Michael Mendillo, where a rotating group of faculty, staff, and visitors leads a discussion about a recent science book they have read.

In July 2011 CSP sponsored the bi‐annual meeting of the Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets community on the BU campus (http://www.bu.edu/csp/mop2011/). This meeting was originally planned to be held in Sendai Japan, but the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 rendered this impossible, and the location was moved to Boston. Despite the relatively short notice, there were 136 participants from 13 countries on 3 continents, and a productive conference (accompanied by excellent Boston summer weather) resulted. The local organizing committee was chaired by John Clarke, with active assistance from Michael Mendillo, Paul Withers, Luke Moore, Carlos Martinis, David Bradford, Xiomara Forbes, Despina Bokios, Christine Benoit, and a cadre of graduate students.

Figure 7: Participants of the 2011 Magnetospheres of the Outer Planets (MOP) conference held on the BU Campus in July 2011.

Outside the university, Professor Nancy Crooker served as a member of the Board of Directors of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) for the second year of her 2.5‐year term. The Board is considering pivotal issues regarding the major role of publications in its business model. Professor Paul Withers received a 2011 Editors' Citation for Excellence in Refereeing for JGR‐Planets.

Finally, at the June 2012 CEDAR meeting, AS graduate student Dustin Hickey and undergraduate student Paul Zablowski won awards in the “Best Poster” competition.

CSP Grants In FY12, the CSP managed 67 active research grants with a total funding commitment of $20.6M. Of these, 12 were new awards with a total new funding commitment of $4.4M. The total new CSP grant income in FY12 was $4.7M ($2.43M from continuing awards, and $2.27M from new awards).

An equally important consideration in the success of the CSP is the level of effort expended by its PIs to convert new ideas into new funding. Grant funding is an important form of peer review for any institution, and success in sponsored research is a baseline expectation in the CSP. In FY 2012, CSP PIs submitted 39 new funding proposals with requests totaling $9,336,923, and the CSP closed out a total of 14 grants. 8

New Grants in FY2012 (TOTAL = $4.4M)

Principal Title of Project Agency Start date End date YR 1 Total Award Investigator Funding Chakrabarti, Rocketborne Exoplanet and Debris NASA 1/1/2012 1/31/2013 $200,000.00 $200,000.00 Supriya Disk Imaging Experiment (REDDIE)

Chakrabarti, Massachusetts Space Grant MIT 6/1/2011 8/31/2011 $11,000 $11,000 Supriya Consortium Summer Fellowship Award for Brian Hicks and Meredith Danowski Chakrabarti, RAPID: Limb‐imaging NSF 12/15/2011 11/30/2012 $155,900.00 $155,900.00 Supriya

Clarke, John HST STIS/ACS Observations of the STsCI 11/1/2011 10/31/2014 $86,814.00 $86,814.00 Aurorae of Uranus During Active Solar Wind Conditions Clarke, John Detection of Hot (Escaping?) STsCI 2/1/2012 1/31/2015 $67,043.00 $67,043.00 Hydrogen in the Martian Atmosphere

Mendillo, FY 2011 DURIP: A North‐South DoD/AFOSR 8/15/2011 9/29/2013 $500,000.00 $500,000.00 Michael American Network of Magnetically Conjugate All‐Sky Imagers for Ionospheric Mendillo, Imaging Science Investigations of NSF 12/1/2011 2/28/2017 $347,219.00 $1,826,386. Michael Atmospheric Processes 00

Baumgardner The First All‐Sky Airglow Imaging NSF 8/1/2011 8/31/2014 $363,832.01 $346,832.00 , Jeffrey Experiments over Western Europe

Opher, Merav Phase E Statement of Work for the SwRI 1/1/2012 9/30/2012 $119,990.00 $119,990.00 Boston University for the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) Oppenheim, Kinetic 2d and 3d simulations and NASA 7/1/2011 8/4/2015 $139,076.00 $574,266.00 Meers theory of low to mid latitude ionospheric irregularities Semeter, Magnetospheric Control of Density DoD/AFOSR 4/1/2012 3/31/2015 $135,739.00 $401,622.00 Joshua and Composition in the Polar Ionosphere Semeter, High‐Speed Intensified Camera DoD/AFOSR 9/30/2011 9/29/2012 $128,840.00 $128,840.00 Joshua System for Investigation of Plasma Turbulence Induced by the Aurora Withers, Paul Magnetosphere of the Outer Planets NASA 8/2/2011 8/1/2012 $15,000.00 $15,000.00 (MOP) 2011 Meeting Continuing Grants in FY2012 (TOTAL = $20.6M)

Principal Title Of Project Agency Start Date End Date Funding to Total Award Investigator Date Baumgardner Boston University ‐ Scientific, NSF 9/15/2010 8/31/2012 $156,808.00 $156,808.00 , Jeffrey Educational, and Logistical Preparations for AMISR Relocation to Argentina Baumgardner The First All‐Sky Airglow Imaging NSF 8/1/2011 8/31/2014 $363,832.00 $363,832.00 , Jeffrey Experiments over Western Europe 9

Chakrabarti, CEDAR: Quantitative Assessment NSF 1/15/2010 12/31/2012 $373,511.00 $373,511.00 Supriya of Proton Aurora Using State‐of‐ the‐art Models Chakrabarti, CEDAR/GEM Postdoc: Fully NSF 12/1/2010 7/31/2013 $159,937.00 $159,937.00 Supriya Electrodynamic 3D Time‐Domain Model of Lightning‐Ionosphere Interactions Clarke, John Elucidating the Mystery of the Io NASA 9/1/2009 8/31/2011 $36,353.00 $36,353.00 Footprint Time Variations Goddard Clarke, John Evolution of the 2009 Single NASA 3/1/2010 2/29/2012 $23,998.00 $23,998.00 Impact on Jupiter Goddard Clarke, John HST COS Observations of the NASA 5/1/2010 4/30/2013 $49,878.00 $49,878.00 Atmosphere and Airglow/Aurora Goddard of Enceladus Clarke, John Mars Atmosphere and Volatile NASA 5/3/2010 12/31/2013 $237,341.00 $237,341.00 Evolution Mission (MAVEN) ‐ Phases B/C/D Clarke, John Sounding Rocket UV NASA 1/1/2008 12/31/2013 $911,341.00 $1,246,010.0 Measurement of the D/H Ratio in 0 the Upper and Relation to the Historic Escape of Water

Clarke, John HST Observations of Titan’s NASA 5/1/2009 4/30/2012 $92,179.00 $92,179.00 Escaping Atmosphere in Transit Goddard and in Emission Clarke, John Observing Saturn’s High Latitude NASA 5/1/2009 4/30/2012 $72,150.00 $72,150.00 Polar Goddard Clarke, John The Energy of Auroral Electrons NASA 2/1/2011 1/31/2014 $33,216.00 $33,216.00 at Saturn and the Associated Atmospheric Heating Clarke, John Long Term Observations of NASA 4/1/2011 3/31/2016 $96,979.00 $96,979.00 Saturn’s Northern Auroras Cook, Interstellar Medium Absorption NASA 1/8/2009 1/7/2013 $1,502,344.00 $1,783,425.0 Timothy Gradient Experiment Rocket 0 (IMAGER) Crooker, SHINE: Studies of the NSF 3/1/2010 2/28/2013 $245,339.00 $245,339.00 Nancy Heliospheric Magnetic Field and Slow Solar Wind Fritz, Ted BUSAT2: The Boston University Air Force 1/1/2011 6/30/2012 $110,000.00 $55,000.00 Student Satellite for Applications Grant and Training Fritz, The Loss Cone Imager (LCI) for DoD/Air 4/1/2010 3/31/2015 $1,088,906.00 $1,542,425.0 Theodore the DSX Program (Task 1) Force 0 Fritz, POLAR/CAMMICE EFFORT AT NASA 4/1/2008 9/30/2010 $183,300.00 $183,300.00 Theodore BOSTON UNIVERSITY Goddard Fritz, The Cluster RAPID Investigation NASA 7/1/2008 7/16/2012 $450,768.00 $450,767.70 Theodore 2008‐2011

Martinis, CEDAR: Comprehensive Use of NSF 1/1/2011 12/31/2012 $317,000.00 $317,000.00 Carlos Incoherent Scatter Radar Data to Study the Equatorial Midnight Plasma and Neutral Temperature Maxima (MTM) 10

Martinis, Altitude‐Latitude Ion‐Neutral NASA 6/30/2009 6/29/2013 $300,743.00 $300,743.00 Carlos Coupling Using CINDI and C/NOFS Goddard and Conjugate Ground‐based Optical Diagnostics Mendillo, Student Participation in a Unique NSF 5/31/2011 7/31/2012 $77,575.00 $77,575.00 Michael Meteor Radar for Atmospheric Studies in Argentina Mendillo, Mars Ionospheric Disturbances NASA 7/1/2007 6/30/2011 $286,623.00 $286,623.00 Michael Goddard Mendillo, Large Scale Variability in Space NASA 8/22/2007 8/21/2011 $269,266.00 $269,266.00 Michael and Time of Total Electron Goddard Content (TEC) Storm‐Time Enhancements Driven by Penetration Electric Field Mendillo, COMPARISON OF CASSINI NASA 7/1/2008 6/30/2011 $299,911.00 $299,911.00 Michael OBSERVATIONS WITH SATURN‐ Goddard THERMOSPHERE‐IONOSPHERE‐ MODEL (STIM) Mendillo, The Saturn Ionosphere: Diurnal NASA 6/21/2011 6/20/2013 $95,527.00 $286,851.00 Michael Variations and Low‐Altitude Structuring (CDAP) Mendillo, Inter‐Hemispheric Studies of DoD/Navy 12/12/2008 12/31/2012 $557,814.00 $584,994.00 Michael Ionospheric Irregularities

Mendillo, A Comprehensive Multi‐Process NASA 3/1/2009 2/28/2013 $319,526.00 $319,526.00 Michael Saturn‐Thermosphere‐ Ionosphere‐Model (STIM) Mendillo, Imaging Science Investigations of NSF 12/1/2012 2/28/2017 $347,218.00 $1,826,386.0 Michael Atmospheric Processes 0 Mendillo, Imaging Science and Modeling NSF 12/1/2010 11/30/2012 $1,330,911.00 $1,310,000.0 Michael Investigations of the Upper 0 Atmosphere Mendillo, Instrumentation for a North‐ DoD/AFOSR 5/1/2011 9/29/2013 $500,000.00 $500,000.00 Michael South America Network of Magnetically Conjugate All‐Sky‐ Imagers Mendillo, NASA Fellowship: Mercury’s NASA 9/1/2010 8/31/2012 $60,000.00 $60,000.00 Michael Escaping Atmosphere Oliver, Undergraduate Mining of NSF 6/1/2010 7/31/2013 $170,466.00 $259,032.00 William Incoherent Scatter Radar Data Bases Opher, Merav SHINE: Understanding the Impact NSF 06/01/2011 3/31/2013 $329,629.00 $332,577.00 of Non‐MHD Effects on the (transfer) Dynamics in the Inner Opher, Merav CAREER: Understanding the NSF 06/01/2011 1/31/2013 $735,426.00 $735,425.00 Evolution and Nature of Shocks (transfer) and Sheets in Space Physics Opher, Merav Heliosheath Flows with a Tilted NASA 5/5/2011 5/4/2012 $32,203.00 $32,203.00 Magnet Field Oppenheim, First Kinetic Simulations of DoD/AFOSR 7/1/2009 11/30/2011 $390,553.00 $390,553.00 Meers Equatorial Spread‐F: Analysis of Kilometer‐to‐Meter Scale Irregularities

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Oppenheim, Simulations and Theory of NSF 8/1/2010 8/31/2014 $580,818.00 $580,818.00 Meers Medium to Small Scale E‐Region Turbulence Oppenheim, CEDAR: Advancing Meteor NSF 12/15/2010 11/30/2013 $201,550.00 $308,230.00 Meers Aeronomy, Observations, and Physics Oppenheim, Kinetic 2d and 3d simulations and NASA 7/1/2011 8/4/2015 $574,266.00 $564,251.00 Meers theory of low to mid latitude Ionospheric irregularities Semeter, Phase Coherence in Elemental NSF 10/1/2009 9/30/2012 $260,114.00 $260,114.00 Joshua Auroral Structure Semeter, MRI‐R2: Development of Next‐ NSF 5/1/2010 9/30/2013 $775,000.00 $775,000.00 Joshua Generation Imaging Spectrometer Based on a Tunable Liquid Crystal Filter Semeter, High‐speed imager for auroral DoD/AFOSR 5/1/2011 9/29/2012 $128,840.00 $128,000.00 Joshua plasma studies Semeter, Solar Maximum Studies at the NSF 11/1/0110 12/31/2012 $43,224.00 $43,224.00 Joshua Millstone Hill Observatory Semeter, CEDAR‐GEM Postdoc: High NSF 4/1/2011 4/30/2013 $200,000.00 $200,000.00 Joshua Resolution Measurements and Modeling of Auroral Small‐Scale Processes Siscoe, Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere‐ NSF 11/1/2008 10/31/2012 $303,422.00 $297,442.00 George Ionosphere Coupling Smith, Steven Cedar: Effects of Orographic NSF 1/1/2010 12/31/2012 $154,056.00 $154,056.00 Forcing on the Southern Mid‐ Latitude Mesosphere Smith, Steven A New Era in Ground‐Based NSF 10/1/2007 9/30/2012 $836,870.00 $836,870.00 Optical Aeronomy at Millstone Hill West, The Sources and Acceleration of NASA 5/1/2010 7/10/2011 $81,215.00 $78,500.00 Andrew Coronal Mass Ejections Withers, Paul Thermospheric Variability NASA 5/28/2010 9/30/2012 $124,912.00 $192,802.00 Observed by Past Aerobraking Missions and Radio Occultation Experiments Withers, Paul DEVELOPMENTS OF A MARS NASA 5/1/2008 4/30/2012 $264,030.00 $264,030.00 IONSPHERRE MODEL W/TIME‐ Goddard DEPENDENT SOLAR FORCING FOR STUDIES OF EFFECTS Withers, Paul Simulations of the Effects of NASA 5/15/2008 5/14/2012 $337,219.00 $357,219.00 Extreme Solar Flares on Technical Goddard Systems at Mars Withers, Paul Exploring the Ionosphere of Mars NASA 5/16/2012 5/15/2015 $50,784.00 $159,393.00 Withers, Paul Magnetosphere of the Outer NASA 8/2/2011 8/1/2012 $15,000.00 $15,000.00 Planets (MOP) 2011 Meeting

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Outreach CSP faculty, research associates, and graduate students are active participants and leaders in educational outreach programs. Space science and space technology are ready‐made to capture the imagination of young people. This is well recognized and exploited in the CSP. Here we highlight some of the more compelling outreach activities from FY2012.

The BU Near‐Space Educational Program During 2011 and 2012, the BUSAT team has been involved in several outreach activities, led by ECE graduate student (and BU‐Sat director) Nathan Darling. With support from CSP, these include two high‐altitude balloon launches from Mount Greylock (North Adams, MA) involving high‐ school, undergraduate and graduate students from BU Academy, the MATCH school and Boston University. Additionally, students from the MATCH school participated in a series of summer laboratory workshops focused on electronics, space weather, and instrumentation for flight. This effort has been redoubled in 2012 in collaboration with the BU Figure 8: Local fifth graders enjoying a tour of the BUSAT lab. Photonics Research Experiences for Teachers (RET) program. Two local high school science teachers will publish a refurbished and much improved version of the summer labs (including the balloon launch) for use by teachers across the state. Members of the BUSAT team, the BU Near Space Program (BU NSP) and the BU Photonics RET program will launch a third high‐altitude balloon in August and flight information and published labs will be available on the BUSAT website in time for the Fall 2012 semester.

Summer School on Plasma Processes Under the direction of Associate Professor Merav Opher, this summer school is supported in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the CSP. This year 30 graduate and advanced undergraduate students interested in solar and space physics will attend the school, who may wish to pursue a career in space physics, solar physics or related fields. Active scientists working will give lectures in the major topics in plasma in space physics. Topics to be covered include reconnection, turbulence, kinetic instabilities and shocks. On the last day of the school, there will be a round table of women scientists working in space physics.

The CSP Research Award Each year, the faculty of the CSP selects two seniors who have made outstanding contributions to mission of the Center. This year’s recipients were Paul Zablowski (AS) for his work on remote atmospheric imaging with Carlos Martinis, and Daniel Taylor (ME) for his work on the BU‐SAT ground station.

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ISR Summer School With the help of colleagues from MIT and SRI International, ECE Professor Joshua Semeter has organized an NSF‐ sponsored summer school on ionospheric remote sensing each year since 2004. This year’s school was in , Greenland, home of the Sondrestrom Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) facility. This year’s school was attended by 47 students from the U.S. and around the world, including three attendees from BU. The remote arctic location provided a perfect setting for optimum student engagement—there was no place to hide, and the was up all night long!

Figure 9: CSP Associate Director, Joshua Semeter (lower left), with students and instructors of the NSF Summer School on ionospheric radar, posing here on our excursion to the Greenland ice cap.

The Transit of Venus On 5 June 2012, a large public outreach event led by the CSP was conducted on the occasion of the last transit of Venus that could be seen from the Earth until 2117 [http://www.bu.edu/astronomy/events/venustransit/]. Plans were made to set up several remote projection observing sites along Commonwealth Ave, in addition to the rooftop observatory. Unfortunately cloudy conditions prevailed at the time of transit, nonetheless the lecture halls of the CSP and Astronomy Dept. were opened to the public for a series of rotating short presentations by graduate students describing the geometry of the transit, the significance of the event, and some history of the astronomers who attempted Figure 10: Presentations underway in the Rm 522 lecture hall during to observe the transits in the 1700’s and determine the value the transit of Venus across the solar disc. of an astronomical unit. These presentations were filmed and can be seen at the transit event web site above.

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Graduate Degrees Sponsored by the CSP The Center for Space Physics is proud of its tradition of supporting graduate education. The following two tables list the PhD and Masters Degrees sponsorship by the CSP in FY2012.

Doctoral Degrees Awarded Name Degree Type Dissertation Title Department Advisor Elizabeth Bass Ph.D. Determining Meteoroid Properties Astronomy Meers Oppenheim Fucetola Using Head Echo Observations form the Jicamarca Radio Observatory Brian Hicks Ph.D. Nulling Interferometers for Space‐ Electrical and Supriya Chakrabarti based High‐contrast Visible Imaging Computer and Measurement of Exoplanetary Engineering Environments Brian Walsh Ph.D. Energetic Particles in the Earth’s Astronomy Theodore Fritz Magnetospheric Cusps

Masters Degrees Awarded Name Degree Type Dissertation Title Department Advisor Chad Allen Master of N/A Astronomy Meers Oppenheim Madsen Arts Kyle Pearson Master of Mitigation of Radio Frequency Electrical and Joshua Semeter Arts Interference in Oblique Ionospheric Computer Sounders Engineering

CSP Seminar Series For the past 25 years, the CSP has sponsored a vigorous and lively seminar series, covering topics spanning all aspects of space science and space‐related technologies. The past year’s speakers included such luminaries as experts Michael Drake and Randy Jokipii, the head of Google Space, Tiffany Montague, and the Director of NASA’s Planetary Science Division, Dr. James Green.

Below is the complete list of speakers for the 2011‐2012 CSP seminar series.

Figure 11: Graduate student invited speaker Tiffany Montague (the head of Google Space, right) with graduate students Ewan Douglas (left) and Meredith Danowski (center).

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Fall 2011 Seminar Series Date Speaker Affiliation Title 9/15/11 Yoshiharu Omura Kyoto University Nonlinear Wave‐Particle Interactions in Space Plasmas 9/22/11 Steven Cranmer Harvard University, CfA Turbulent Origins of the Sun's Hot Corona and the Solar Wind 9/29/11 Thomas Bifano Boston University MEMS Deformable Mirrors for astronomical applications 10/6/11 Hanna Dahlgren Boston University Multi‐spectral observations of fine scale aurora 10/13/11 Wesley Traub Jet Propulsion Laboratory The Number of Terrestrial‐Size, Habitable‐Zone Planets as Projected from Kepler Mission Transits 10/20/11 Carlos Martinis Boston University All‐sky imaging studies of the low and midlatitude ionosphere 10/27/11 Kevin France CU Boulder Far‐Ultraviolet Molecular Spectroscopy of Protoplanetary Disks: New Views from Hubble 11/3/11 Pamela Gay Southern Illinois Including the Public in the Data Pipeline: From University Edwardsville / motivations to publications Astrosphere New Media 11/10/11 Nathalie Miebach Independent/Artist Weaving Science Data into Sound and Touch 11/17/11 Lucianna Walkowicz Princeton University The Kepler Mission: New Light on Stellar Activity 11/30/11 Jean‐Loup Bertaux LATMOS, First detection of Milky Way Hydrogen Lyman‐ CNRS/UVSQ/IPSL France alpha Diffuse Emission from Voyager Measurements Spring 2012 Seminar Series 1/26/12 David Fritts Colorado Research Gravity Wave Propagation and Influences in the Associates Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere 2/2/12 Nikole Lewis University of Arizona Atmospheric Circulation of Eccentric Extrasolar Giant Planets 2/9/12 Jared Bell Southwest Research Modeling the Three‐Dimensional Upper Institute Atmosphere of Titan 2/13/12 James Drake University of Maryland Joint with IAR Seminar: as a cosmic particle accelerator 2/23/12 Michael Hecht Jet Propulsion Laboratory A world in a grain of sand – contemplating soil regolith granular surficial deposits dirt on Mars 3/1/12 Harald Kucharek University of New Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere Hampshire 3/8/12 James Slavin University of MESSENGER Observations of Mercury’s Dynamic Magnetosphere 3/22/12 Georg Fischer University of Iowa Thunderstorms and lightning on Saturn 3/29/12 Juan Fontenla LASP, University of Ionospheric Physics and Stellar Chromospheres Colorado 4/5/12 Tiffany Montague Google The Google Space Initiative 4/9/12 Randy Jokipii University of Arizona Joint with IAR: Turbulent Shocks in Astrophysical Plamas 4/19/12 Bruce MacIntosh LLNL Direct imaging of extrasolar planets 4/26/12 Jon Nichols University of Leicester Magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling at Jupiter‐ like exoplanets with internal plasma sources 5/3/12 James Green NASA NASA’S Solar System Exploration Paradigm

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CSP Members

Faculty Thomas Bifano Supriya Chakrabarti Director, Photonics Center Professor, AS Professor, ME [email protected] [email protected] Research Interests: Research Interests: ‐ Experimental astrophysics ‐ Microelectromechanical ‐ Spectral imaging systems (MEMS) ‐ Planetary atmospheres ‐ Adaptive Optics

John Clarke Research Professor, AS Director, Center for Space [email protected] Physics Professor, AS Research Interests: [email protected] ‐ Solar wind ‐ Space weather Research Interests: ‐ Solar wind‐magnetosphere ‐ Planetary atmospheres coupling ‐ UV astrophysics ‐ FUV instrumentation Timothy Cook Theodore Fritz Associate Research Professor, Professor, AS AS [email protected] [email protected] Research Interests: Research Interests: ‐ Magnetospheric physics ‐ UV, X‐ray instrumentation ‐ Substorms ‐ Tomography ‐ Charged particles composition ‐ Interstellar medium ‐ Rocket and satellite ‐ Ionospheric remote sensing experiments

W. Clem Karl Carlos Martinis Professor, ECE Assistant Research Professor, AS [email protected] [email protected]

Research Interests: Research Interests: ‐ Statistical signal processing ‐ Ionospheric & space physics ‐ Image reconstruction ‐ Thermosphere/ionosphere ‐ Tomography plasma irregularities

Michael Mendillo William Oliver Professor, AS Professor, ECE [email protected] [email protected]

Research Interests: Research Interests: ‐ Space physics ‐ Ionospheric radar ‐ Planetary atmospheres ‐ Middle atmosphere and ‐ Observations and models ionospheric research 17

Merav Opher Associate Professor, AS Meers Oppenheim [email protected] Associate Professor, AS [email protected] Research Interests: ‐ Computational and Research Interests: theoretical plasma physics ‐ Computational and theoretical ‐ Interaction of solar wind and plasma physics interstellar medium ‐ Dynamics of the E‐region ‐ Physics of meteor trails

Michael Ruane Joshua Semeter Professor, ECE Associate Professor, ECE [email protected] [email protected]

Research Interests: Research Interests: ‐ Magnetic materials and ‐ Ionospheric physics devices ‐ Radar signal processing ‐ Instrumentation ‐ Optical sensors ‐ Aurora and airglow ‐ Tomography

George Siscoe Andrew West Research Professor, AS Assistant Professor, AS [email protected] [email protected]

Research Interests: Research Interests: ‐ Space physics, including solar ‐ Kinematics wind, magnetosphere, and ‐ Low mass stars space weather ‐ Structure and evolution of the Milky Way thin disk ‐ Magnetic field generation of M and L dwarfs

Paul Withers Assistant Professor, AS [email protected]

Research Interests: ‐ Upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Mars ‐ Analysis of accelerometer data

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Research Scientists Jeffrey Hanna Yakov Dimant Baumgardner Dahlgren Senior Research Senior Research Postdoctoral Scientist Scientist Associate [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Rebekah Evans‐ Olli‐Pekka Jean‐Loup Frolov Jokiaho Bertaux Research Fellow Postdoctoral Senior Research [email protected] Associate Scientist [email protected] Jean‐ loup.bertaux@ae rov.jussieu.fr

Raymond Christina Luke Moore Fermo Prested Research Postdoctoral Postdoctoral Scientist Associate Associate [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] u

Steven Smith Charles Parker Elena Senior Research Postdoctoral Provornikova Scientist Associate Research Fellow [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] u u

Yann Torbjorn Bertalan Zieger Tambouret Sundberg Research Research Visiting Scientist Scientist Researcher [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] u

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CSP Publications 1. Akbari, H., J. L. Semeter, H. Dahlgren, M. Diaz, M. Zettergren, A. Stromme, M. J. Nicolls, and C. Heinselman, “Anomalous ISR echoes preceding auroral breakup: Evidence for strong Langmuir turbulence”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03102, doi: 10.1029 2011GL050288, (2012).

2. Alouani‐Bibi, F., M. Opher, V. Izmodenov, D. Alexashov, and G. Toth, “Kinetic vs. Multi‐Fluid Approach for Interstellar Neutrals in the Heliosphere: Exploration of the Interstellar Magnetic Field Effects”, The Astrophysical Journal, 734, 45 (2011).

3. Arridge, C.; and 74 co‐authors including Chakrabarti, S., “Uranus Pathfinder: Exploring the Origins and Evolution of Ice Giant Planets”, Experimental Astronomy, 10.1007 s10686‐011‐9251‐4, (2011).

4. Bell, K.J., Hilton, E.J., Davenport, J.R.A., Hawley, S.L., West, A.A., & Rogel, A.B., ``H‐alpha Emission Variability in Active M Dwarfs'', PASP, 124, 14‐20 (2012).

5. Bernhardt, P.A., J.B. Baumgardner, A. Bhatt, R.G. Caton, A. Coster, P.J. Erickson, J.D. Huba, C.R. Kaplan, R.A. Haaser, D.L. Hysell, M.F. Larsen, F.D. Lind,T.R. Pedersen, R.F. Pfaff, P. A. Roddy, S.P. Rodriquez, P.W. Schuck, C.L. Siefring, S.M. Smith, E.R. Talaat, J.F. Thomason, R.T.Tsunoda, R.H.Varney, “Ground and Space‐Based Measurement of Rocket Engine Burns in the Ionosphere”, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 40 (5), doi:10 1029 06171863 (2012).

6. Bochanski, J.J., Burgasser, A.J., Simcoe, R.A., & West, A.A., ``FIRE Spectroscopy of the Ultra‐cool Brown Dwarf, UGPS J072227.51‐054031.2: Kinematics, Rotation and Atmospheric Parameters'', Astron. J., 142, 169 (2011).

7. Bonfond, B., D. Grodent, J.‐C. Gerard, T. Stallard, J.T. Clarke, M. Yoneda, A. Radioti, and J. Gustin, “Auroral Evidence of Io’s Control over the Magnetosphere of Jupiter”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01105, doi:10.1029/2011GL050253 (2012).

8. Bryden, G.; and 21 co‐authors including Chakrabarti, S., “Zodiac II: debris disk science from a balloon” Techniques and Instrumentation for Detection of Exoplanets V. Edited by Shaklan, Stuart. Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 8151, pp. 81511E‐81511E‐16, (2011).

9. Budzien, S.A.; Stephan, A.W.; Makela, J.J.; Chua, D.H.; Dymond, K. F.; Coker, C.; Chakrabarti, S., “Nighttime Ionosphere Tomographic Reconstruction Observatory”, Ionospheric Effects Symposium 2011 Proceedings, J. M. Goodman ed., (JMG Associates, Inc., Alexandria, VA), pp 449‐456, 2011 (2011).

10. Chakrabarti, S.; O‐P, Jokiaho, O‐P.; J. Baumgardner, T. Cook, J. Martel and M. Galand, “A High Throughput and Multi‐slit Imaging Spectrograph (HiT&MIS) for Extended Sources”, Optical Engineering, DOI: 10.1117 1.OE.51.1.013003, (2012).

11. Close, S., M. Kelley, L. Vertatschitsch, P. Colestock, M. Oppenheim, J. Yee, “Polarization and scattering of a long‐ duration meteor trail”, J. Geophys. Res., V. 116, A1, 10.1029 2010JA015968, (2011).

12. Cohen, I. and J.T. Clarke, “Modeling of Jupiter’s Auroral Curtain and Upper Atmospheric Thermal Structure”, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A08205, doi:10.1029/2010JA016037 (2011).

13. Crooker, N. U., S. K. Antiochos, X. Zhao, and M. Neugebauer, “Global network of slow solar wind”, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A04104, doi:10.1029 2011JA017236 (2012).

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14. Dahlgren, H., B. Gustafsson, B. S. Lanchester, N. Ivchenko, U. Brändström, D. K. Whiter, T. Sergienko, I. Sandahl, G. Marklund, “Energy and flux variations across thin auroral arcs”, Ann. Geophys. 29, 1‐14, doi:10.5194 angeo‐29‐1‐2011 (2011).

15. Dahlgren, H., T. Sundberg, A.B. Collier, E. Koen, S. Meyer: “Solar flares detected by the new narrowband VLF receiver at SANAE IV”, South African Journal of Science, 107, 9 10, doi:10.4102 sajs.v107i9 10.491 (2011).

16. Dahlgren, H., J. L. Semeter, J.L.; K. Hosokawa, K.; M. J. Nicolls, M. J.; T. W. Butler, T.W.; M. G. Johnsen, M. G.; K. Shiokawa, K.; C. J. Heinselman, C. J., Direct three‐dimensional imaging of polar ionospheric structures with the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05104, doi:10.1029 2012GL050895 (2012).

17. Dahlgren, H., G.W. Perry, J. Semeter, J.‐P. St.‐Maurice, K. Hosokawa, M.J. Nicolls, M. Greffen, K. Shiokawa, J.M. Holmes and C.J. Heinselman, “Space‐time variability of polar cap patches: Direct evidence for internal plasma structuring”, J. Geophys. Res., accepted June (2012).

18. Darling, Nathan T., Theodore Fritz, and Anton Mavretic, “The Boston University Student Satellite for Applications and Training (BUSAT): A Modular 27‐U Bus for Scientific Spacefligh”t, Proceedings of the 4S Symposium ‐ 4‐8 June 2012, Portorož, Slovenia (2012).

19. Dhital, S., West, A.A., Stassun, K.G., Bochanski, J.J., Massey, A.P., & Bastien, F.A. , ``Refined Metallicity Indices for M Dwarfs Using the SLoWPoKES Catalog of Wide, Low‐mass Binaries'', Astron. J., 143, 67 (2012).

20. Diaz, M.A., J. Semeter, M. Oppenheim, and M. Zettergren, “Analysis of beam plasma instability effects on incoherent scatter spectra”, Annales Geophysicae 28, 2169‐2175, doi:10.5194 angeo‐28‐2169‐2010, (2011).

21. Diaz, M.A., M. Oppenheim, J. Semeter, and M. Zettergren, “2D Particle‐In‐Cell Simulation of the Beam‐Plasma Interaction and its Effects in the Incoherent Scatter Spectrum”, J. Geophys. Res. 116, A00K10, doi:10.1029 2010JA016096, (2011).

22. Diaz, M., J. Semeter, M. Oppenheim, M. Zettergren, “Plasma parameter analysis of the Langmuir Decay process via Particle‐In‐Cell simulations”, Annales Geophysicae, accepted June, (2012).

23. Dimant, Y.S., and M. M. Oppenheim, “Magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling through E region turbulence: 1. Energy budget,” J. Geophys. Res., 28, doi:10.1029 2011JA016648, A09303 (2011).

24. Dimant, Y.S. and M. M. Oppenheim, “Magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling through E region turbulence: 2. Anomalous conductivities and frictional heating,” J. Geophys. Res., 28, DOI:10.1029 2011JA016649, A09304 (2011).

25. Douglas, E., S. M. Smith, A. W. Stephan, L. Cashman, R. L. Bishop, S. A. Budzien, A. B. Christensen, J. H. Hecht, and S. Chakrabarti, “Evaluation of ionospheric densities using coincident OII 83.4 nm airglow and the Millstone Hill Radar”, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A05331, doi:10.1029/2012JA017574 (2012).

26. Faherty, J.K., A.A. West, et al. 2012, ``The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). III. Parallaxes for 70 Ultracool Dwarfs'', Astrophys J, 752, 56 (2012).

27. Fermo, R. L., J. F. Drake, M. Swisdak, and K.‐J. Hwang, “Comparison of a statistical model for magnetic islands in large current layers with Hall MHD simulations and Cluster FTE observations”, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A09226 (2011).

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28. Fermo, R. L., J. F. Drake, and M. Swisdak, “Secondary magnetic islands generated by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in a reconnecting current sheet”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 108, 255005 (2012).

29. Fischer, G., D.A. Gurnett, P. Zarka, L. Moore, and U.A. Dyudina, “Peak electron densities in Saturn’s ionosphere derived from the low‐frequency cutoff in Saturn lightning”, J. Geophys. Res. , 116, A04315, doi:10.1029 2010JA016187, (2011).

30. Fritz, T.A., B. M. Walsh, M. Kilda.,and J. Chen, The cusp as a source of magnetospheric particles. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.10.016.

31. Fritz, Theodore A., Steven Yee, Joshua S. Mendez, and Anton Mavretic, “The Boston University TIME Cubesat Mission, Proceedings of the 4S Symposium” ‐ 4‐8 June 2012, Portorož, Slovenia (2012).

32. Galand, M., L. Moore, I. Müller‐Wodarg, M. Mendillo, and S. Miller, “Response of Saturn’s auroral ionosphere to electron precipitation: electron density, electron temperature, and electrical conductivity”, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029 2010JA016412, (2011).

33. Hicks, Brian, “Nulling Interferometers for Space‐based High‐Contrast Visible Imaging and Measurement of Exoplanetary Environments,” Springer Theses Program Series 8790, (2012).

34. Hysell, D.L., T. Yokoyama, E. Nossa, R.B. Hedden, M. F. Larsen, J. Munro, S. Smith, M. P. Sulzer, and S. A. González, “Radar and Optical Observations of Irregular Midlatitude Sporadic E Layers Beneath MSTIDs”, in Aeronomy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Ionosphere, ed. M.A Addu, D. Pancheva, and Co ed. A. Bhattacharyya, pp. 269‐281, IAGA Special Sopron Book Series Vol, 2, Springer (2011).

35. Jones, D.O., West, A.A., & Foster, J.B., ``Using M Dwarf Spectra to Map Extinction in the Local Galaxy'', Astron. J, 142, 44 (2011).

36. Kocevski, D., and West, A.A. , ``On the Origin of the Mass‐Metallicity Relation for Gamma‐Ray Burst Host Galaxies'', Astrophys. J, 735, L8 (2011).

37. Lanchester, B.; Jokiaho, O‐P.; Galand, M.; Ivchenko, N.; Lummerzheim, D.; Baumgardner, J.; Chakrabarti, S., “Separating and quantifying ionospheric responses to proton and electron precipitation over Svalbard”, J. Geophys. Res., 116, doi:10.1029 2011JA016474, (2011).

38. Loveland, R.; Macdonell, A.; Close, S.; Oppenheim, M.; Colestock, P.; Comparison of methods of determining meteoroid range rates from linear frequency modulated chirped pulses; RadioScience, V. 46, 2, RS2007, 10.1029 2010RS004479, (2011).

39. Lollo, A., P. Withers, K. Fallows, Z. Girazian, M. Matta, and P. Chamberlin, “Numerical simulations of the ionosphere of Mars during a solar flare”, Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, A05314, doi:10.1029 2011JA017399 (2012).

40. Marshall, R.; Bortnik, J.; Lehtinen, N.; and Chakrabarti, S., “Optical Signatures of Lightning‐induced Electron Precipitation”, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029 2011JA016728, (2011).

41. Marshall, R.A.; Baumgardner, J.; Smith, S.; Chakrabarti, S.; “Continuous Ground‐based Multi‐wavelength Airglow Measurements”, J. Geophys. Res. 116, A11304, doi:10.1029 2011JA016728, (2011).

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42. Mella, M., K. A. Lynch, D. L. Hampton, H. Dahlgren, P. M. Kintner, M. Lessard, D. Lummerzheim, E. T. Lundberg, M. J. Nicolls, H. C. Stenbaeck‐Nielsen: Sounding rocket study of two sequential auroral poleward boundary intensifications, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A00K18, doi:10.1029 2011JA016428 (2011).

43. Mendez, Joshua, David Voss, Francisco Suárez, Theodore A. Fritz, Douglas Carssow, and Avi Gunda, “Compact Half‐Unit Imaging Electron Spectrometer for CubeSat Operations (CHICO)”, publishing in the Proceeding of the Small Satellite Conference, Logan, Utah [SSC11‐I‐6] (2011).

44. Mendillo, M., C.Barbieri, J. Baumgardner, J.Wroten, G. Cremonese, and G. Umbriaco, “A Stable Auroral Red Arc Over Europe”, Astronomy & Geophysics, 53, No. 1, 16‐18, (2012).

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