Transits of Mercury, 1605–2999 CE

Home , 136 Tauri, 14 Arietis, 16 Arietis, 1874 transit of Venus, 1882 transit of Venus, 2004 transit of Venus

Appendix A Transits of Mercury, 1605–2999 CE

Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset 1605 Nov 01.84 7.0 −0.884 2065 Nov 11.84 3.5 +0.187 2542 May 17.36 9.5 −0.716 1615 May 03.42 9.5 +0.493 2078 Nov 14.57 13.0 +0.695 2545 Nov 18.57 3.5 +0.331 1618 Nov 04.57 3.5 −0.364 2085 Nov 07.57 7.0 −0.742 2558 Nov 21.31 13.0 +0.841 1628 May 05.73 9.5 −0.601 2095 May 08.88 9.5 +0.326 2565 Nov 14.31 7.0 −0.599 1631 Nov 07.31 3.5 +0.150 2098 Nov 10.31 3.5 −0.222 2575 May 15.34 9.5 +0.157 1644 Nov 09.04 13.0 +0.661 2108 May 12.18 9.5 −0.763 2578 Nov 17.04 3.5 −0.078 1651 Nov 03.04 7.0 −0.774 2111 Nov 14.04 3.5 +0.292 2588 May 17.64 9.5 −0.932 1661 May 03.70 9.5 +0.277 2124 Nov 15.77 13.0 +0.803 2591 Nov 19.77 3.5 +0.438 1664 Nov 04.77 3.5 −0.258 2131 Nov 09.77 7.0 −0.634 2604 Nov 22.51 13.0 +0.947 1674 May 07.01 9.5 −0.816 2141 May 10.16 9.5 +0.114 2608 May 13.34 3.5 +1.010 1677 Nov 07.51 3.5 +0.256 2144 Nov 11.50 3.5 −0.116 2611 Nov 16.50 3.5 −0.490 1690 Nov 10.24 13.0 +0.765 2154 May 13.46 9.5 −0.979 2621 May 16.62 9.5 −0.055 1697 Nov 03.24 7.0 −0.668 2157 Nov 14.24 3.5 +0.399 2624 Nov 18.24 3.5 +0.030 1707 May 05.98 9.5 +0.067 2170 Nov 16.97 13.0 +0.907 2637 Nov 20.97 13.0 +0.543 1710 Nov 06.97 3.5 −0.150 2174 May 08.15 3.5 +0.972 2644 Nov 13.96 7.0 −0.906 1723 Nov 09.71 13.0 +0.361 2177 Nov 09.97 3.5 −0.526 2654 May 14.61 9.5 +0.805 1736 Nov 11.44 13.0 +0.869 2187 May 11.44 9.5 −0.101 2657 Nov 16.70 3.5 −0.381 1740 May 02.96 3.5 +0.934 2190 Nov 12.70 3.5 −0.009 2667 May 17.89 9.5 −0.265 1743 Nov 05.44 3.5 −0.560 2203 Nov 16.44 13.0 +0.504 2670 Nov 19.44 3.5 +0.137 1753 May 06.26 9.5 −0.146 2210 Nov 09.43 7.0 −0.942 2683 Nov 22.17 13.0 +0.650 1756 Nov 07.17 3.5 −0.044 2220 May 09.42 9.5 +0.766 2690 Nov 15.16 7.0 −0.796 1769 Nov 09.91 13.0 +0.468 2223 Nov 12.17 3.5 −0.420 2700 May 15.89 9.5 +0.593 1776 Nov 02.90 7.0 −0.975 2233 May 12.71 9.5 −0.311 2703 Nov 18.90 3.5 −0.274 1782 Nov 12.64 6.0 +0.974 2236 Nov 13.90 3.5 +0.098 2713 May 19.17 9.5 −0.478 1786 May 04.24 3.5 +0.724 2249 Nov 16.64 13.0 +0.610 2716 Nov 20.64 3.5 +0.245 1789 Nov 05.64 3.5 −0.454 2256 Nov 09.63 7.0 −0.834 2729 Nov 23.37 13.0 +0.756 1799 May 07.54 9.5 −0.357 2266 May 10.70 9.5 +0.557 2736 Nov 16.36 7.0 −0.688 (continued)

© Springer-Verlag New York 2015 627 J. Westfall, W. Sheehan, Celestial Shadows, Astrophysics and Space Science Library 410, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1535-4 628 Appendix A: Transits of Mercury, 1605–2999 CE

(continued) Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset 1802 Nov 09.37 3.5 +0.063 2269 Nov 12.37 3.5 −0.312 2746 May 17.16 9.5 +0.386 1815 Nov 12.11 13.0 +0.573 2279 May 13.99 9.5 −0.525 2749 Nov 19.10 3.5 −0.165 1822 Nov 05.10 7.0 −0.866 2282 Nov 15.11 3.5 +0.204 2759 May 20.45 9.5 −0.693 1832 May 05.52 9.5 +0.510 2295 Nov 17.84 13.0 +0.716 2762 Nov 21.84 3.5 +0.352 1835 Nov 07.84 3.5 −0.347 2302 Nov 11.83 7.0 −0.725 2775 Nov 24.57 13.0 +0.862 1845 May 08.82 9.5 −0.576 2312 May 11.97 9.5 +0.348 2782 Nov 17.56 7.0 −0.575 1848 Nov 09.58 3.5 +0.168 2315 Nov 14.57 3.5 −0.206 2792 May 17.44 9.5 +0.174 1861 Nov 12.31 13.0 +0.678 2325 May 15.27 9.5 −0.738 2795 Nov 20.30 3.5 −0.058 1868 Nov 05.30 7.0 −0.759 2328 Nov 16.31 3.5 +0.311 2805 May 20.73 9.5 −0.907 1878 May 06.79 9.5 +0.302 2341 Nov 19.04 13.0 +0.822 2808 Nov 22.04 3.5 +0.458 1881 Nov 08.04 3.5 −0.239 2348 Nov 12.03 7.0 −0.616 2815 Nov 16.02 7.0 −0.998 1891 May 10.10 9.5 −0.793 2358 May 13.25 9.5 +0.136 2821 Nov 24.77 6.0 +0.968 1894 Nov 10.77 3.5 +0.275 2361 Nov 14.77 3.5 −0.097 2828 Nov 17.77 7.0 −0.471 1907 Nov 14.15 13.0 +0.782 2371 May 16.55 9.5 −0.954 2838 May 18.71 9.5 −0.033 1914 Nov 07.50 7.0 −0.651 2374 Nov 17.51 3.5 +0.417 2841 Nov 20.50 3.5 +0.049 1924 May 08.07 9.5 +0.089 2387 Nov 20.24 13.0 +0.926 2854 Nov 23.24 13.0 +0.564 1927 Nov 10.24 3.5 −0.133 2391 May 11.44 3.5 +0.991 2861 Nov 16.22 7.0 −0.887 1937 May 11.38 9.5 −1.006 2394 Nov 13.23 3.5 −0.508 2871 May 16.71 9.5 +0.818 1940 Nov 11.97 3.5 +0.380 2404 May 13.52 9.5 −0.075 2874 Nov 18.97 3.5 −0.363 1953 Nov 14.70 13.0 +0.888 2407 Nov 15.97 3.5 +0.011 2884 May 18.99 9.5 −0.246 1957 May 06.05 3.5 +0.954 2420 Nov 17.71 13.0 +0.525 2887 Nov 21.70 3.5 +0.156 1960 Nov 07.70 3.5 −0.545 2427 Nov 11.69 7.0 −0.925 2900 Nov 24.44 13.0 +0.671 1970 May 09.35 9.5 −0.120 2437 May 11.52 9.5 +0.782 2907 Nov 18.43 7.0 −0.778 1973 Nov 10.44 3.5 −0.027 2440 Nov 13.43 3.5 −0.401 2917 May 17.98 9.5 +0.615 1986 Nov 13.17 13.0 +0.485 2450 May 14.80 9.5 −0.290 2920 Nov 20.17 3.5 −0.254 1993 Nov 06.17 7.0 −0.957 2453 Nov 1617 3.5 +0.118 2930 May 21.26 9.5 −0.456 1999 Nov 15.90 6.0 +0.992 2466 Nov 1891 13.0 +0.631 2933 Nov 22.90 3.5 +0.264 2003 May 07.33 3.5 +0.745 2473 Nov 11.90 7.0 −0.816 2946 Nov 25.64 13.0 +0.777 2006 Nov 08.90 3.5 −0.437 2483 May 12.79 9.5 +0.576 2953 Nov 18.63 7.0 −0.668 2016 May 09.62 9.5 −0.335 2486 Nov 14.64 3.5 −0.293 2963 May 19.25 9.5 +0.406 2019 Nov 11.64 3.5 +0.078 2496 May 15.08 9.5 −0.502 2966 Nov 21.37 3.5 −0.146 2032 Nov 13.37 13.0 +0.590 2499 Nov 17.37 3.5 +0.224 2976 May 21.54 9.5 −0.667 2039 Nov 07.37 7.0 −0.849 2512 Nov 20.11 13.0 +0.737 2979 Nov 24.11 3.5 +0.371 2049 May 07.60 9.5 +0.538 2519 Nov 14.10 7.0 −0.707 2992 Nov 25.84 13.0 +0.883 2052 Nov 09.11 3.5 −0.329 2529 May 14.07 9.5 +0.365 2999 Nov 19.83 7.0 −0.561 2062 May 10.90 9.5 −0.548 2532 Nov 15.84 3.5 −0.185 Notes : TT represents Terrestrial Time; Int . is the number of years since the last previous transit of Mercury; Offset is the number of solar semidiameters that Mercury passes north (+) or south (−) of the apparent solar center (geocentric view). Data derived from (Walker, 2004 ) Appendix B Transits of Venus, 5887 BCE–9886 CE

Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset 5887 Nov 15.51 136.5 +0.897 1164 May 23.81 106.5 −0.909 3818 Dec 25.85 105.5 +0.042 5879 Nov 13.11 8.0 −0.503 1156 May 21.53 8.0 +0.317 3956 Jun 24.05 137.5 +0.187 5789 May 18.75 90.5 −0.596 1035 Nov 22.35 120.5 +0.679 4061 Dec 26.82 105.5 −0.049 5781 May 16.42 8.0 +0.677 1027 Nov 19.89 8.0 −0.818 4199 Jun 26.16 137.5 +0.155 5644 Nov 15.52 136.5 +0.849 921 May 23.96 106.5 −0.997 4304 Dec 29.80 105.5 −0.138 5636 Nov 13.11 8.0 −0.552 913 May 21.67 8.0 +0.238 4442 Jun 28.27 137.5 +0.118 5546 May 19.86 90.5 −0.673 792 Nov 22.29 120.5 +0.564 4547 Dec 31.78 105.5 −0.217 5538 May 17.53 8.0 +0.596 784 Nov 19.84 8.0 −0.923 4685 Jun 30.37 137.5 +0.095 5401 Nov 15.51 136.5 +0.787 670 May 22.82 114.5 +0.148 4791 Jan 02.76 105.5 −0.299 5393 Nov 13.10 8.0 −0.627 549 Nov 22.25 120.5 +0.461 4928 Jul 02.48 137.5 +0.064 5303 May 19.96 90.5 −0.740 427 May 22.96 122.5 +0.068 5034 Jan 04.75 105.5 −0.379 5295 May 17.63 8.0 +0.524 306 Nov 23.18 120.5 +0.341 5171 Jul 05.57 137.5 +0.056 5158 Nov 16.51 136.5 +0.735 184 May 23.10 122.5 −0.010 5277 Jan 05.74 105.5 −0.452 5150 Nov 14.10 8.0 −0.681 63 Nov 23.13 120.5 +0.233 5414 Jul 07.68 137.5 +0.036 5060 May 20.06 90.5 −0.819 60 May 23.24 121.5 −0.091 5512 Jan 12.15 97.5 +0.933 5052 May 17.74 8.0 +0.444 181 Nov 23.07 121.5 +0.115 5520 Jan 09.73 8.0 −0.531 4915 Nov 16.50 136.5 +0.668 303 May 24.38 121.5 −0.165 5657 Jul 08.76 137.5 +0.021 4907 Nov 14.07 8.0 −0.760 424 Nov 23.02 121.5 +0.011 5755 Jan 13.15 97.5 +0.865 4817 May 20.17 90.5 −0.896 546 May 24.52 121.5 −0.246 5763 Jan 10.73 8.0 −0.598 4809 May 17.86 8.0 +0.362 554 May 22.25 8.0 +0.992 5900 Jul 11.85 137.5 +0.012 4672 Nov 16.48 136.5 +0.605 667 Nov 23.97 113.5 −0.105 5998 Jan 15.14 97.5 +0.789 4664 Nov 14.07 8.0 −0.827 789 May 24.67 121.5 −0.324 6006 Jan 12.73 8.0 −0.664 4574 May 21.29 90.5 −0.973 797 May 22.38 8.0 +0.920 6143 Jul 13.94 137.5 −0.022 4566 May 18.97 8.0 +0.283 910 Nov 23.91 113.5 −0.217 6241 Jan 17.15 97.5 +0.734 4429 Nov 16.47 136.5 +0.535 1032 May 24.81 121.5 −0.393 6249 Jan 14.74 8.0 −0.724 4421 Nov 14.04 8.0 −0.907 1040 May 22.53 8.0 +0.840 6386 Jul 16.02 137.5 −0.004 4323 May 19.09 98.5 +0.197 1153 Nov 23.87 113.5 −0.318 6484 Jan 19.15 97.5 +0.666 (continued)

© Springer-Verlag New York 2015 629 J. Westfall, W. Sheehan, Celestial Shadows, Astrophysics and Space Science Library 410, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1535-4 630 Appendix B: Transits of Venus, 5887 BCE–9886 CE

(continued) Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset Date (TT) Int. Offset 4186 Nov 17.44 136.5 +0.452 1275 May 25.95 121.5 −0.469 6492 Jan 16.75 8.0 −0.780 4178 Nov 15.01 8.0 −0.989 1283 May 23.66 8.0 +0.779 6629 Jul 18.10 137.5 −0.004 4080 May 19.08 98.5 +0.119 1396 Nov 23.81 113.5 −0.438 6727 Jan 22.17 97.5 +0.614 3943 Nov 17.42 136.5 +0.378 1518 May 26.08 121.5 −0.533 6735 Jan 19.77 8.0 −0.831 3837 May 19.34 106.5 +0.031 1526 May 23.80 8.0 +0.708 6872 Jul 19.17 137.5 +0.008 3700 Nov 17.38 136.5 +0.290 1631 Dec 07.22 105.5 +0.961 6970 Jan 23.18 97.5 +0.550 3594 May 20.45 106.5 −0.049 1639 Dec 04.76 8.0 −0.540 6978 Jan 20.78 8.0 −0.891 3457 Nov 17.35 136.5 +0.202 1761 Jun 06.22 121.5 −0.602 7115 Jul 23.24 137.5 +0.020 3351 May 20.59 106.5 −0.139 1769 Jun 03.93 8.0 +0.647 7213 Jan 25.20 97.5 +0.499 3214 Nov 18.32 136.5 +0.116 1874 Dec 09.17 105.5 +0.849 7221 Jan 22.80 8.0 −0.934 3108 May 20.72 106.5 −0.221 1882 Dec 06.71 8.0 −0.657 7358 Jul 24.30 137.5 +0.038 2971 Nov 18.28 136.5 +0.027 2004 Jun 08.34 121.5 −0.661 7456 Jan 28.22 97.5 +0.445 2865 May 20.85 106.5 −0.312 2012 Jun 06.06 8.0 +0.589 7464 Jan 25.82 8.0 −0.990 2857 May 18.56 8.0 +0.924 2117 Dec 11.11 105.5 +0.741 7601 Jul 26.36 137.5 +0.061 2728 Nov 18.24 128.5 −0.074 2125 Dec 08.67 8.0 −0.759 7699 Jan 29.24 97.5 +0.397 2622 May 21.99 106.5 −0.398 2247 Jun 11.48 121.5 −0.729 7844 Jul 28.42 145.5 +0.082 2614 May 19.69 8.0 +0.838 2255 Jun 09.20 8.0 +0.522 7942 Feb 01.28 97.5 +0.359 2485 Nov 18.19 128.5 −0.178 2360 Dec 13.08 105.5 +0.640 8087 Jul 30.47 145.5 +0.111 2379 May 22.12 106.5 −0.482 2368 Dec 10.62 8.0 −0.861 8185 Feb 02.31 97.5 +0.318 2371 May 19.83 8.0 +0.751 2490 Jun 12.61 121.5 −0.781 8330 Aug 02.54 145.5 +0.136 2242 Nov 19.15 128.5 −0.274 2498 Jun 10.32 8.0 +0.470 8428 Feb 05.35 97.5 +0.288 2136 May 22.26 106.5 −0.570 2603 Dec 16.03 105.5 +0.529 8573 Aug 03.57 145.5 +0.178 2128 May 19.97 8.0 +0.663 2611 Dec 13.58 8.0 −0.963 8671 Feb 07.39 97.5 +0.249 1999 Nov 19.10 128.5 −0.385 2733 Jun 15.75 121.5 −0.852 8816 Aug 05.62 145.5 +0.211 1893 May 22.39 106.5 −0.654 2741 Jun 13.45 8.0 +0.410 8914 Feb 09.43 97.5 +0.219 1885 May 20.10 8.0 +0.581 2846 Dec 17.00 105.5 +0.442 9059 Aug 08.65 145.5 +0.270 1764 Nov 21.50 120.5 +0.987 2976 Jun 16.87 129.5 −0.896 9157 Feb 11.48 97.5 +0.191 1756 Nov 19.05 8.0 −0.488 2984 Jun 14.58 8.0 +0.358 9302 Aug 10.69 145.5 +0.314 1650 May 23.53 106.5 −0.738 3089 Dec 18.95 105.5 +0.327 9400 Feb 13.53 97.5 +0.158 1642 May 21.25 8.0 +0.490 3219 Jun 19.99 129.5 −0.957 9545 Aug 12.71 145.5 +0.374 1521 Nov 21.45 120.5 +0.891 3227 Jun 17.70 8.0 +0.312 9643 Feb 15.59 97.5 +0.145 1513 Nov 18.99 8.0 −0.602 3332 Dec 20.92 105.5 +0.240 9780 Aug 16.11 137.5 −0.977 1407 May 23.67 106.5 −0.826 3462 Jun 22.11 129.5 −0.998 9788 Aug 13.74 8.0 +0.428 1399 May 21.38 8.0 +0.411 3470 Jun 19.82 8.0 +0.264 9886 Feb 17.65 97.5 +0.120 1278 Nov 22.39 120.5 +0.777 3575 Dec 23.88 105.5 +0.133 1270 Nov 19.95 8.0 −0.703 3713 Jun 21.93 137.5 +0.229 Notes : TT represents Terrestrial Time; Int . is the number of years since the last previous transit of Venus; Offset is the number of solar semidiameters that Venus passes north (+) or south (−) of the apparent solar center (geocentric view). Dates BCE are italicized. Data derived from (Walker, 2004 ) Appendix C Eclipsing Variable Stars

Eclipsing Variables ( V br < +7.00 )

Identi- Spectum Eclipse Period R.A. Decl. Const. ﬁ cation Variable type and luminosity Vmax depth (d) (hh mm.m) (° ‘) And AN EB A7-8 V, F0 5.96 .15, .09 3.220 23 18.4 +41 46 And V0348 EA vb B9 IV 6.75 .15 5.539 00 15.3 +44 12 And Zeta EB/GS/RS vb K1 III 3.92 .22, .10 17.77 00 47.3 +24 16 Ant S EW A9 V, F4 6.27 .56, .47 .6483 09 32.3 −26 38 Aql Alpha EA A7 V 0.82 .05 7.945 19 50.8 +08 52 Aql QS EA/SD vb B5 V, A8 5.93 .13, .04 2.513 19 41.1 +13 49 Aql Sigma EB/DM vb B3 V, B4 5.14 .20, .10 1.950 19 39.2 +05 24 Aql V0599 EB/KE: B2 V, B4.5 6.67 .08, .06 1.849 19 02.6 −10 43 Aql V0822 EB/DM vb B3, B5-8 V 6.87 .57, .20 5.295 19 31.3 −02 06 Aql V1441 EB B3 V, B6 V 6.91 .09 2.374 19 05.2 +09 39 Aql Y E/KE F0 5.02 .04, .03 1.302 19 07.0 +11 04 Aqr DV EB F0 IV 5.89 .36, .21 1.576 20 58.7 −14 29 Aqr DX EA vb G4 V, K0 6.43 .45 0.9450 22 02.4 −16 58 Ara R EA/DM: vb B9 6.56 >.64, .20 4.425 16 39.7 −57 00 Ara V0539 EA+LPB vb B3 V, B4 5.71 .53, .43 3.169 17 50.5 −53 37 Ari AF EA G1 II, F6 6.71 .28 – 02 22.1 +22 52 Ari RR EA: K0 III 6.41 .39:, .35 47.9: 01 55.8 +23 54 Ari Tau1 EB B5 IV 5.26 .06 2.204 03 21.2 +21 09 Aur AR EA/DM B9 V, A0 6.15 .67, .55 4.135 05 18.3 +33 46 Aur Beta EA/DM A2 IV, A2 1.89 .09, .09 3.960 05 59.5 +44 57 Aur Epsilon EA/GS F2 I 2.92 .91 9892.0 05 01.9 +43 49 Aur LY EB/SD vb 09.5 III, 09.5 II 6.66 .69, .60 4.002 05 29.7 +35 22 Aur T NB+EA pec (NOVA) 4.1 11.4 0.20 05 31.9 +30 27 Aur WW EA/DM A4 V, A5 V 5.79 .75, .64 2.525 06 32.4 +32 27 Aur Zeta EA/GS B6.5 V, K3 I–II 3.70 .27, .12 972.2 05 02.4 +41 04 (continued)

(continued) Identi- Spectum Eclipse Period R.A. Decl. Const. ﬁ cation Variable type and luminosity Vmax depth (d) (hh mm.m) (° ‘) Boo i EW/KW vb G2 V, F8 5.8 .60: , .49 0.2678 15 03.8 +47 40 Boo ZZ EA/DM F2 IV–V, 6.79 .65, .65 4.992 13 56.1 +25 55 G2 IV–V Cam DV EA B5 V 6.10 .20 1.530 05 19.4 +58 06 Cam FH EW A3 6.91 .06 0.1362 07 57.5 +77 35 Cam TU EB/DM A0 IV 5.12 .17, .10 2.933 05 54.9 +59 53 Cap Delta EA A9 III, F3 2.81 .24, .09 1.023 21 47.0 −16 08 Cap Iota EA G7 III 4.43 .03 – 21 22.3 −16 50 Car Epsilon E: K3 III, B2 V 1.82 .12 785: 08 22.5 −59 31 Car QX EA/DM B2 V, B3 6.60 .61, .42 4.478 09 54.5 −58 25 Car QZ EB vb O9 III, B0 6.24 .33, .27 5.999 10 44.3 −60 00 Car V0357 E: B2 IV–V 3.41 .03 6.751 09 10.9 −58 58 Car V0415 EA/GS G6 II 4.39 .05 6.75 06 49.8 −53 37 Car V0429 EA/WR WN7-A 6.38 .12 – 10 41.3 −59 41 Car V0454 EB B4-5 V 6.92 .18 0.9804 07 32.7 −53 33 Car V0461 EA B2 IV–V 6.08 .12 2.515 08 01.3 −54 31 Car V0462 EB B3 V 6.68 .16 1.106 08 02.2 −55 32 Car V0486 EB A0 V 6.31 .14 1.094 09 42.2 −66 55 Cas AR EA/DM vb B3 IV–V, B8.5 4.82 .14, .04 6.066 23 30.1 +58 33 Cas Delta EA A5 III–IV 2.68 .08, .07 759.0 01 25.8 +60 14 Cas RZ EA/SD A3 V, G9 IV 6.18 1.54, .08 1.195 02 48.9 +69 38 Cas V0373 E:/GS B0.5 II, B0.5 II 5.9 .6, .1 13.42 23 55.6 +57 24 Cas V0486 E: B1 III 6.91 .04 5.551 00 42.6 +52 20 Cas V0640 E: vb G5 V 5.96 .07 1.026 00 16.3 +58 26 Cas V0649 EA/DM B0 V 6.53 .10 2.391 23 16.5 +61 58 Cas V0773 EA vb A3 V 6.21 .09 1.294 01 44.3 +57 32 Cas V0779 EA B8 V 6.59 .06 6.353 02 02.2 +75 30 Cas YZ EA/DM vb A2 V, F6 5.71 .41, .07 4.467 00 45.7 +74 59 Cen V0716 EB/KE B5 V, A5 5.96 .56, .25 1.490 14 13.7 −54 38 Cen V0788 EA A2, A4 5.81 .20, .16 4.966 12 08.9 −44 20 Cen V0871 EB vb 07 III 6.48 .12 2.084 11 38.3 −63 22 Cen V0883 E B5 IV 6.40 .23 – 14 08.9 −59 17 Cen V0964 EB B6 V 5.40 .04 1.543 13 20.6 −52 45 Cen V0992 EB A5 III–IV 6.23 .09 1.216 14 05.8 −54 40 Cep AH EB/DM O8, O9 6.78 .29, .25 1.775 22 47.9 +65 04 Cep GK EB/KE A2 V, A4 6.89 .48, .46 0.9362 21 31.1 +70 49 Cep U EA/SD vb B7 V, G8 III–IV 6.75 2.49, .18 2.493 01 02.4 +81 52 Cep V0379 EA B2 III 6.65 .06 24.45: 20 43.3 +57 07 Cep V0442 EB B9 III 6.93 .13 2.129 22 04.3 +59 52 Cep VV EA/GS+SRC M2 I, B9 4.80 .56 7430.0 21 56.7 +63 37 Cet DP EA A3 III 6.85 .20 3.175 02 09.8 +03 46 Cha RS EA+DSCT A5 V, A7 6.09 .66, .51 1.670 08 43.1 −79 04 CMa HQ EA B2.5 V 6.01 .26 24.6 07 20.9 −26 58 (continued) Appendix C: Eclipsing Variable Stars 633

(continued) Identi- Spectum Eclipse Period R.A. Decl. Const. ﬁ cation Variable type and luminosity Vmax depth (d) (hh mm.m) (° ‘) CMa HR EA/GS G9.5 III 6.24 .08 – 06 32.7 −11 10 CMa IS EW F3 V 6.96 .48 0.6170 06 20.9 −29 40 CMa KL EA B8 V 6.73 .24 1.762 06 30.5 −14 57 CMa LZ EB B2.5 V 5.63 .03 3.309 07 09.7 −25 14 CMa MX EB B3 III–IV 6.74 .07 2.486 07 19.2 −24 57 CMa R EA/SD F1 V, G7 IV 5.70 .64, .08 1.136 07 19.4 −16 24 CMa Tau EB vb O9 I 4.32 .05 1.282 07 18.7 −24 57 CMa UW EB/KE: O7 I 4.84 .49, .41 4.393 07 18.6 −24 33 CMi BU EA A0 V 6.41 .10 0.9964 07 58.1 +07 13 CMi BV EA B9 6.91 .12 2.682 07 58.7 +05 37 CrA Epsilon EW F0 V, F1 4.74 .26, .21 0.5914 18 58.7 −37 06 CrB Alpha EA/DM A0 V, G5 V 2.21 .11, .03 17.36 15 34.7 +26 43 Cru BU E: B2 I 6.80 .10 – 12 53.6 −60 22 Crv VV EA vb F3 V 5.19 .15 3.145 12 41.2 −13 01 Cyg V0367 EB/GS/SD vb B8 I 6.67 .93, .49 18.60 20 48.0 +39 17 Cyg V0380 EA/DM B1 III, B3 V 5.61 .17, .15 12.43 19 50.6 +40 36 Cyg V0695 EA/GS/D B4 IV, K4 I 3.73 .16, .06 3784. 20 13.7 +46 45 Cyg V1143 EA/DM F5 V, F5 V 5.85 .52, .21 7.641 19 38.7 +54 59 Cyg V1488 EA/GS/D vb B3 V, K3 I 3.90 .24, .03 1147. 20 15.5 +47 43 Cyg V1765 EB/GS+ACYG B0.5 I 6.44 .16 13.37 19 48.9 +33 26 Cyg V1931 E+BE B1 V 5.33 .13 2.48: 21 01.2 +46 09 Cyg V2083 EA vb – 6.94 >.24 1.867 19 31.3 +47 29 Cyg V2136 EA B4 V 6.30 .08 – 20 49.9 +46 40 Cyg V2148 EA B4 IV 6.52 .17 8.016 21 10.0 +45 30 Dor Gamma EW: F0 V 4.23 .04 0.75 04 16.0 −51 29 Dra DE EA/DM B9 V 5.72 .16 5.298 20 19.7 +62 16 Eri GW EA A2 5.84 .17 3.659 04 11.6 −20 21 For TZ EA/GS G2 V 6.84 .21 75.67 03 14.7 −35 33 Gem Eta SRA+EA M2.5 III 3.15 .75: 232.9 06 14.8 +22 30 Her u EA/SD vb B1.5 V, B5 III 4.69 .68, .24 2.051 17 17.3 +33 06 Her V0624 EA/DM vb A3 6.18 .18, .17 3.895 17 44.3 +14 25 Her V0819 EA/D+BY vb G5 IV 5.51 .12 2.230 17 21.7 +39 59 Her V0822 EB/KE B8 V 6.12 .18 1.391 18 52.0 +13 58 Her V0972 EW F4 V 6.73 .07 0.4430 17 58.1 +32 39 Her V0994 EA B9 V 6.93 .31 2.083 18 27.8 +24 42 Hya Chi2 EA/DM B8 III–IV, 5.65 .29, .27 2.268 11 05.9 −27 17 B8.5 V Hya KW EA/DM A3 III, A0 V 6.11 .47, .24 7.750 09 12.4 −07 06 Hya LO EA/DM vb F0 V 6.37 .24 2.500 08 28.5 −02 31 Hya MX EA F3 6.52 .49 – 08 45.3 −02 36 Hya OW EA A0 V 6.29 .37 5.757 09 39.8 −10 34 Hyi CN EW F6 V 6.68 .25 0.4561 02 45.6 −71 14 Ind BG EA F3 V 6.11 .25 1.46 21 58.5 −59 01 (continued) 634 Appendix C: Eclipsing Variable Stars

(continued) Identi- Spectum Eclipse Period R.A. Decl. Const. ﬁ cation Variable type and luminosity Vmax depth (d) (hh mm.m) (° ‘) Lac AR EA/AR/RS G5, K0 6.08 .69, .35 1.983 22 08.7 +45 44 Lac EN BCEP+EA/D B2 IV 5.41 .11 12.10 22 56.4 +41 36 Lac V0360 EB/DM B3 IV 5.91 .07, .02 10.08 22 50.4 +41 57 Lac V0402 EA B9 V 6.70 .29 3.782 22 09.3 +44 51 Leo TX EA/DM vb A2 V 5.66 .09, .03 2.445 10 35.0 +08 39 Lib Delta EA/SD A0 V 4.91 .99, .09 2.327 15 01.0 −08 31 Lup GG EB/DM B5, A0 5.49 .51:, .31 2.164 15 18.9 −40 47 Lyn CC EW F2 V 6.42 .10 0.1773 07 35.9 +43 02 Lyn DI EA vb F2 V 6.79 .08 1.682 09 35.3 +39 58 Lyn RR EA/DM A7 5.52 .51, .38 9.945 06 26.4 +56 17 Lyn UZ E+DSCTC: A2 V 4.43 .30 – 06 19.6 +59 00 Lyr Beta EB vb B8 II, A5 3.25 1.11, .60 12.91 18 50.1 +33 22 Lyr V0533 EB F0 V 6.26 .08 1.313 18 36.8 +43 14 Lyr V0542 EA B7 IV 5.83 .12 5.823 18 58.0 +38 16 Men TZ EA/D A0 6.18 .52, .17 8.570 05 30.1 −84 47 Mic BX EB G0 V 6.91 .05 2.936 20 45.2 −35 10 Mon IM EB/KE B5 V, B5 V 6.40 .09, .07 1.190 06 23.0 −03 17 Mon V0696 E: B2 V 5.12 .06 – 06 04.2 −06 43 Mus Eta EA vb B8 V 4.75 .11 2.396 13 15.2 −67 54 Mus GT E:/RS vb G2 III, A0 V 5.08 .13 2.755 11 39.5 −65 24 Mus KR EA B9 V 6.68 .19 – 11 33.4 −70 12 Mus Theta E+WR B0 I, WC5 5.50 .02 18.34 13 08.1 −65 18 Oct Alpha EB A7 III, G2 III 5.22 .04 – 21 04.8 −77 01 Oph U EA/DM vb B4, B5 5.84 .72, .62 1.677 17 16.5 +01 13 Oph V1010 EB/KE A7 V, (F6) 6.10 .90, .36 0.6614 16 49.5 −15 40 Oph V2291 EA/GS G9 II, B9 V 5.78 .03 385.0 18 25.7 +08 02 Oph V2368 EA A2 V 6.22 .20 7.701 17 16.2 +02 11 Oph V2388 EB vb F5 V 6.27 .28 0.8023 17 54.2 +11 08 Ori Delta EA/DM vb O9.5 II 2.14 .12, .06 5.732 05 32.0 −00 18 Ori Eta EA+BCEP: vb B0.5 V 3.31 .29, .26 7.989 05 24.4 −02 24 Ori Psi E/D B2 IV 4.55 .06, .03 2.526 05 24.7 +01 51 Ori V1016 EA B0.5 V 6.72 .93 65.43 05 35.2 −05 23 Ori V1031 EA/DM vb A4 V 6.02 .41, .30 3.406 05 47.4 −10 32 Ori V1046 E:+SXAri B1.5 V 6.54 .04, .04 .9463 05 35.3 −04 30 Ori V1261 EA/GS/WD S2.5 6.91 .27 – 05 22.3 −08 40 Ori VV EA/KE: B1 IV 5.31 .35, .19 1.485 05 33.5 −01 09 Peg EE EA/DM vb A1 V 6.93 .58, .13 2.628 21 40.0 +09 11 Peg KS EB/KE A1 V 5.37 .12 0.50 23 38.0 +18 24 Peg V0343 EA A4 V 6.17 .22 – 23 07.5 +32 49 Per AG EA/DM vb B3.4, B3.5 6.69 .31, .31 2.029 04 06.9 +33 27 Per Beta EA/SD vb B8 V, (G8 III) 2.11 1.28, .03 2.867 03 08.1 +40 57 Per Gamma EA/GS G8 III 3.63 .54 5350: 03 04.8 +53 30 Per Tau EA/GS G4 III 3.94 .13 1.527 02 54.2 +52 45 (continued) Appendix C: Eclipsing Variable Stars 635

(continued) Identi- Spectum Eclipse Period R.A. Decl. Const. ﬁ cation Variable type and luminosity Vmax depth (d) (hh mm.m) (° ‘) Per V0436 EA/D B1.5 V 5.49 .36, .25 25.94 01 52.0 +55 08 Per V0467 E/D A3 V 5.05 .13 22.58 03 49.5 +33 05 Per V0505 EA/DM F5 V 6.87 .59 4.222 02 21.2 +54 30 Per V0572 EA A2 V 6.50 .29 1.213 03 15.8 +50 51 Phe Zeta EA/DM vb B6 V, B8 3.91 .48, .31 1.670 01 08.4 −55 15 Pic AE EB B3 V 6.09 .05 2.982 06 31.1 −61 53 Pic Delta EB/D: B3 III, 09 V 4.65 .25, .18 1.673 06 10.3 −54 58 PsA VZ EA A2 V 5.68 .04 5.763 22 38.9 −33 05 Psc AP EB/GS K2 III, F 6.10 .20 48.16 00 18.2 −02 27 Pup NO EA/KE: vb B9 V, (A7) 6.05 .56, .13 1.257 08 26.3 −39 04 Pup PS EA A0 V 6.62 .03 1.342 07 31.7 −35 53 Pup PU EB B8 IV 4.69 .06, .05 2.579 07 38.3 −25 22 Pup PV EA/DM vb F0 V, F0 V 6.88 .44, .43 1.661 07 45.4 −14 41 Pup V EB/SD vb B1 V, B3 4.35 .57, .47 1.454 07 58.2 −49 15 Pup V0360 EB A 6.52 .06 1.296 07 01.8 −35 33 Pup V0376 EB B8 IV 6.21 .03 1.943 07 33.2 −40 03 Pup V0378 EB B2 V 5.60 .08 – 07 36.0 −14 30 Pup V0390 EA B1.5 III 5.53 .09 3.928 07 44.5 −24 40 Pup V0397 EA B9 V 5.91 .18 3.005 07 49.2 −35 15 Pup V0410 EB B8 V 6.69 .05 0.8762 07 59.7 −47 18 Pup V0438 EA B3 V 5.90 .17 4.935 08 24.9 −42 46 Pyx TY EA/D/R G5, G5 6.96 .63, .63 3.199 08 59.7 −27 49 Pyx VV E vb A2 V, A2 V 6.58 .50, .46 4.596 08 27.5 −20 51 Pyx XY EB B3 V 5.68 .08 0.9225 08 28.0 −35 07 Scl AL EA/DM B6 V 6.06 .27, .14 2.445 23 55.3 −31 55 Sco Lambda BCEP+E: B2 IV, B 1.62 .06 0.2137 17 33.6 −37 06 Sco Mu1 EB/SD B1.5 V, B6.5 V 2.94 .28, .18 1.446 16 51.9 −38 03 Sco Pi EB B1 V, B2 V 2.82 .03 – 15 58.8 −26 07 Sco V0453 EB vb BN0.5 I, B1 6.61 .37, .34 12.01 17 56.3 −32 28 Sco V0861 EB B0 I 6.07 .33, .21 7.848 16 56.6 −40 49 Sco V0906 EA/DM vb B9 V, B9 V 5.96 .27 2.786 17 53.9 −34 45 Sco V0923 EA/D F4 IV, F2 V 5.99 .02 34.83 17 03.9 −38 09 Sco V1007 EB O7.5 III, O7 III 6.06 .24 5.817 16 54.2 −41 49 Sco V1012 EB B0.5 III 6.76 .07 8.770 17 15.4 −38 13 Sco V1081 EA O9.5 V 6.97 .15 2.514 17 29.2 −31 32 Sge QZ E: O8 I 6.16 .07 32.51: 19 52.4 +18 40 Sge U EA/SD B8.5 IV–V, 6.45 2.83, .26 3.381 19 18.8 +19 37 G2 III–IV Sgr Mu EA+ACYG B8 I 3.80 .08 180.5 18 13.8 −21 03 Sgr RS EA/SD B5, A2 6.01 .98, .27 2.416 18 17.6 −34 06 Sgr Upsilon EB/GS B8, F2 4.53 .08, .06 137.9 19 21.7 −15 57 Sgr V0356 EA/DS: A2 II, B3: V 6.84 .82, .40 8.896 18 47.9 −20 16 Sgr V0505 EA/SD vb A2 V, G6-8 IV 6.46 1.05, .17 1.183 19 53.1 −14 36 (continued) 636 Appendix C: Eclipsing Variable Stars

(continued) Identi- Spectum Eclipse Period R.A. Decl. Const. ﬁ cation Variable type and luminosity Vmax depth (d) (hh mm.m) (° ‘) Sgr V1647 EA/DM vb A0 6.96 >.59, .49 3.283 17 59.2 −36 56 Sgr V3792 EB/DM B8 6.43 .45, .38 2.248 18 08.9 −25 28 Sgr V3894 EB/D B4 IV 6.21 .18, .16 2.619 17 40.5 −26 58 Sgr V4089 EA/DM A3 III 5.91 .22 4.627 19 34.1 −40 02 Sgr V4090 EA/DM A2 6.66 .25 11.42 19 39.9 −39 26 Sgr V4407 EB B8 V 6.62 .18 1.452 18 52.7 −30 46 Tau CD EA/D F2, F2 6.77 .57, .54 3.435 05 17.5 +20 08 Tau HU EA/SD B8 V 5.85 .83, .06 2.056 04 38.2 +20 41 Tau Lambda EA/DM B2 V, A1 III–IV 3.37 .54, .17 3.953 04 00.7 +12 29 Tau V1130 EB F2 V 6.65 .39 0.7989 03 50.7 +01 34 Tau V1229 EA A0 V 6.84 .10 2.461 03 47.5 +24 17 Tau Xi EA: B9 V 3.70 .09 – 03 27.1 +09 44 Tau Zeta E/GS+GCAS B4 III 2.88 .29, .17 133.0 05 37.6 +21 08 UMa AW EW/KW vb F0-2 6.83 .30, .25 0.4387 11 30.0 +29 58 UMa DN EA vb A3 V 6.63 .10, .10 1.730 11 55.1 +46 29 UMa GM EB A9 V 6.66 .15 1.443 10 13.7 +50 30 UMi Epsilon EA/D/RS vb (F9), G5 III 4.19 .04, .02 39.48 16 46.1 +82 03 Vel CV EA/DM B2 V, B2 V 6.69 .50, .48 6.889 09 00.6 −51 33 Vel Delta EA vb A1 V 1.96 .39 45.15 08 44.7 −54 43 Vel FY EB:/GS BN2 6.84 .22, .19 33.72 08 32.4 −49 36 Vel GP E+ACYG+XP B0.5 I 6.76 .23, .1 8.965 09 02.1 −40 33 Vel IP E B6 V 6.03 .19 3.438 09 43.4 −51 14 Vel KN EA A2 IV 6.56 .16 2.733 09 47.7 −49 57 Vel KX EA vb B0 III 5.09 .08 26.31 08 50.5 −46 32 Vel LX EB/GS B8 III 6.60 .06 – 10 30.3 −57 05 Vel NO EB B2.5 III 5.08 .04 4.823 08 13.6 −46 59 Vel V0356 EB A0 V 6.73 .14 1.767 10 47.9 −52 15 Vir FO EB/KE A7 V 6.50 .32, .17 0.7756 13 29.8 +01 06 Vir LM EW B9 III 6.29 .04 0.9876 13 13.4 −18 49 Vir LN EA: M0 III 5.75 .05 – 13 14.5 +11 20 Vul PS E: B8 V, G1: III 6.28 .08 3.817 19 43.9 +27 08 Vul QS EA/GS G2 II, B8.5 V 5.15 .12 249.1 20 15.5 +23 31 Vul RS EA/SD B4 V, A2 IV 6.79 1.04, .07 4.478 19 17.7 +22 27 Vul V0400 EA A2 III–IV 6.76 .06 – 20 40.7 +26 05 Vul V0403 EB B9 6.83 .05, .46 1.087 21 05.9 +20 57 Notes: Const. = IAU constellation; Variable Type (see table below; vb = member of visual binary system); Spectrum and Luminosity (see table below), Vmax = visual magnitude at maximum brightness; Eclipse depth = depth in magnitudes of primary eclipse, followed by that of secondary eclipse if existing and measured; Period = period in days; R.A. (hh mm.m) and Decl. (° ’) are in 2,000.0 coordinates. Appendix C: Eclipsing Variable Stars 637

Key to eclipsing variable types (mainly from Hirschﬁ eld & Sinnott, 1985: Vol. 2, pp. xvii–xx)

ACYG Alpha cygnid variable; nonrapially pulsating supergiant; type B–A AR AR lacertae variable; detached, both subgiants not fi lling Roche lobes BCEP Beta cepheid variable; short-period giant or subgiant; type B0–B3 BE Be variable; not of GCAS type BY BY Draconis variable; young, rapidly rotating, type K or M with emission lines D Detached components; each member well inside Roche lobe DM Detached main-sequence components DS Detached subgiant and main-sequence components DSCT Delta scuti variable; type A2–F5; pulsating, period 0.02–0.4 days DSCTC Delta scuti variable; pulsating, low amplitude E Eclipsing variable; specifi c type not determined EA Algol-type eclipsing variable; components well-separated and nearly spherical EB Beta lyrae-type eclipsing variable; gravitationally distorted ellipsoidal components; usually O, B or A types and of unequal brightness EW W ursae majoris eclipsing variable; highly distorted dwarf components in contact or nearly so; types F, G or K GCAS Gamma cassiopiae type; eruptive irregular variable GS At least one component is a giant or supergiant KE Contact binary; type O–A4 KW Contact binary; type A5–K LPB Comparatively long-period (>1d) pulsating variable NB Slow nova R Close binary with strong refl ection RS RS canum venaticorum variable; rapidly rotating type F–K subgiant or giant SD Semidetached system; surface of less massive member close to inner Roche lobe SRA Semiregular variable; giant, type M, C or S; relatively stable cycle SRC Semiregular variable; supergiant, late spectral type SXAri SX arietis variable; type B0–B7; intense helium and silicon lines WD One component is a white dwarf WR One component is a Wolf-Rayet star XP Variable; X-Ray pulsar

Key to spectral and luminosity types

Spectral class Temperature (K) Example Notes O ≥ 33,000 Mintaka (O9.5 II) Blue B 10,000–33,000 Achernar (B3 V) Blue-white A 7,500–10,000 Altair (A7 V) White-blue white F 6,000–7,500 Caph (F2 III) White G 5,200–6,000 Sun (G2 V) Yellowish-white K 3,700–5,200 Aldebaran (K5 III) Yellow-orange M ≤ 3,700 Betelgeuse (M2 I) Orange-Red BN – FY Vel Wolf-Rayet related B star (continued) 638 Appendix C: Eclipsing Variable Stars

(continued) pec (NOVA) – T Aur peculiar (Nova) S ≤ 3700 V1261 Ori Between class M and carbon stars WC 25,000–50,000 Theta Mus Wolf-Rayet; He, C & O emission WN 25,000–50,000 V0429 Car Wolf-Rayet; He & N emission Luminosity class Description Example Notes I Supergiant Rigel (B8 I) II Bright Giant Adhara (B2 II) III Giant Aldebaran (K5 III) IV Subgiant Acrux (B0.5 IV) V Main Sequence Sun (G2 V) Also known as “Dwarf” References : Bradstreet et al., 2006 ; Conidis et al., 2010 ; European Space Agency, 1997 ; Fernandez et al., 2010 ; Gaposchkin, 1959 ; Hirshfeld & Sinnott, 1985 ; Hofﬂ eit, 1996 ; Kreiner et al., 2001 ; Kruszewski & Semeniuk, 1999; Malkov et al., 2006; Paschke & Brát, n.d.; Samec et al., 2000 ; Samus et al., 2011 ; Semeniuk, 2001 ; Zasche et al., 2009 Appendix D Transiting Exoplanets (Transit depths > = 1 mmag)

Transit Relative R.A. Star depth detect- (2,000.0) Decl. Planet designation V-mag. (mmag) ability Period (d) (hh mm.m) (2,000.0) (° ’) CoRoT-01 b 13.6 24.7 4.7 1.5090 06 48.3 −03 06 CoRoT-02 b 12.57 32.2 9.9 1.7430 19 27.1 +01 23 CoRoT-03 b 13.3 5.4 1.2 4.2568 19 28.2 +00 07 CoRoT-04 b 13.7 13.0 2.4 9.2020 06 48.8 −00 40 CoRoT-05 b 14 14.0 2.2 4.0379 06 45.1 +00 49 CoRoT-06 b 13.9 15.1 2.5 8.8866 18 44.3 +06 40 CoRoT-08 b 14.8 7.1 0.8 6.2123 19 26.4 +01 26 CoRoT-09 b 13.7 16.7 3.0 95.2738 18 43.2 +06 12 CoRoT-10 b 15.22 17.2 1.6 13.2406 19 24.2 +00 45 CoRoT-11 b 12.94 12.3 3.2 2.9943 18 42.8 +05 56 CoRoT-12 b 15.52 18.8 1.5 2.8280 06 43.1 −01 18 CoRoT-13 b 15.04 8.9 0.9 4.0352 06 50.9 −05 05 CoRoT-17 b 15.46 5.4 0.4 3.7681 18 34.8 −06 37 CoRoT-18 b 14.99 21.5 2.2 1.9001 06 32.7 −00 02 GJ 0436 b 10.68 9.0 6.6 2.6439 11 42.2 +26 42 GJ 1214 b 14.71 16.7 1.9 1.5804 17 15.3 +04 58 HAT-P-01 b 10.4 17.1 14.2 4.4653 22 57.8 +38 40 HAT-P-02 b 8.71 5.3 9.6 5.6335 16 20.6 +41 03 HAT-P-03 b 11.86 14.5 6.2 2.8997 13 44.4 +48 02 HAT-P-04 b 11.2 7.9 4.5 3.0565 15 20.0 +36 14 HAT-P-05 b 12 14.2 5.7 2.7885 18 17.6 +36 37 HAT-P-06 b 10.5 10.2 8.1 3.8530 23 39.1 +42 28 HAT-P-07 b 10.5 6.7 5.3 2.2047 19 29.0 +47 58 HAT-P-08 b 10.17 7.0 6.5 3.0763 22 52.2 +35 27 HAT-P-09 b 12.3 12.6 4.4 3.9228 07 20.7 +37 08 HAT-P-11 b 9.59 4.3 5.2 4.8878 19 50.8 +48 05 (continued)

© Springer-Verlag New York 2015 639 J. Westfall, W. Sheehan, Celestial Shadows, Astrophysics and Space Science Library 410, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1535-4 640 Appendix D: Transiting Exoplanets (Transit depths > = 1 mmag)

(continued) Transit Relative R.A. Star depth detect- (2,000.0) Decl. Planet designation V-mag. (mmag) ability Period (d) (hh mm.m) (2,000.0) (° ’) HAT-P-12 b 12.84 20.4 5.5 3.2131 13 57.6 +43 30 HAT-P-13 b 10.62 6.5 4.9 2.9162 08 39.5 +47 21 HAT-P-14 b 9.98 5.4 5.4 4.6277 17 20.5 +38 15 HAT-P-15 b 12.16 10.8 4.0 10.8635 04 25.0 +39 28 HAT-P-16 b 10.8 10.1 7.0 2.7760 00 38.3 +42 28 HAT-P-17 b 10.54 15.1 11.8 10.3385 21 38.2 +30 29 HAT-P-18 b 12.76 18.3 5.1 5.5080 17 05.4 +33 01 HAT-P-19 b 12.9 21.5 5.7 4.0088 00 38.1 +34 43 HAT-P-20 b 11.34 20.4 11.0 2.8753 07 27.7 +24 20 HAT-P-21 b 11.46 8.7 4.4 4.1245 11 25.1 +41 02 HAT-P-22 b 9.73 11.9 13.5 3.2122 10 22.7 +50 08 HAT-P-23 b 11.94 7.6 3.1 1.2129 20 24.5 +16 46 HAT-P-24 b 11.82 8.7 3.8 3.3552 07 15.3 +14 16 HAT-P-25 b 13.19 20.4 4.7 3.6528 03 13.8 +25 12 HAT-P-26 b 11.74 6.5 2.9 4.2345 14 12.6 +04 04 HAT-P-27/ 12.21 14.0 5.1 3.0396 14 51.1 +05 57 WASP-40 b HAT-P-28 b 13.03 16.2 4.0 3.2572 00 52.0 +34 44 HAT-P-29 b 11.9 8.7 3.6 5.7232 02 12.5 +51 47 HAT-P-30/ 10.42 11.9 9.8 2.8106 08 15.8 +05 50 WASP 51 b HAT-P-31 b 11.66 10.8 5.0 5.0054 18 06.2 +26 26 HAT-P-32 b 11.29 21.5 11.9 2.1500 02 01.2 +46 41 HAT-P-33 b 11.89 9.7 4.1 3.4745 07 32.7 +33 50 HD 017156 b 8.17 7.6 17.7 21.2164 02 49.7 +71 45 HD 080606 b 8.93 11.4 18.7 111.4364 09 22.6 +50 36 HD 149026 b 8.15 3.1 7.3 2.8759 16 30.5 +38 21 HD 189733 b 7.67 28.2 82.5 2.2186 20 00.7 +22 43 HD 209458 b 7.65 16.2 47.8 3.5247 22 03.2 +18 53 Kepler-05 b 13.9 7.8 1.3 3.5485 19 57.6 +44 02 Kepler-06 b 10.5 10.2 8.1 3.2342 19 47.4 +48 14 Kepler-07 b 13.9 8.1 1.3 4.8855 19 14.3 +41 05 Kepler-08 b 13.9 9.7 1.6 3.5225 18 45.2 +42 27 Kepler-09 b 13.9 7.0 1.2 19.243 19 02.3 +38 24 Kepler-09 c 13.9 7.0 1.2 38.909 19 02.3 +38 24 Kepler-11 d 13.7 1.1 0.2 22.6872 19 48.5 +41 55 Kepler-11 e 13.7 1.5 0.3 31.9959 19 48.5 +41 55 Kepler-11 g 13.7 1.2 0.2 118.3777 19 48.5 +41 55 Kepler-14 b 12.12 2.2 0.8 6.7901 19 10.8 +47 20 Kepler-15 b 13.8 11.4 2.0 4.9428 19 44.8 +49 08 Kepler-17 b 14 21.3 3.4 1.4857 19 53.6 +47 49 KOI-196 b 14.5 10.9 1.4 1.8556 19 38.0 +45 59 (continued) Appendix D: Transiting Exoplanets (Transit depths > = 1 mmag) 641

(continued) Transit Relative R.A. Star depth detect- (2,000.0) Decl. Planet designation V-mag. (mmag) ability Period (d) (hh mm.m) (2,000.0) (° ’) KOI-423 b 14.3 7. 1.0 21.0874 19 47.8 +46 02 KOI-428 b 14.76 4.2 0.5 6.8735 19 47.2 +47 32 OGLE-TR-010 b 14.93 11.1 1.1 3.1013 17 51.5 −29 53 OGLE-TR-056 b 16.6 17.1 0.8 1.2119 17 56.6 −29 32 OGLE-TR-111 b 15.55 17.3 1.3 4.0145 10 53.3 −61 24 OGLE-TR-113 b 14.42 24.5 3.2 1.4325 10 52.4 −61 27 OGLE-TR-132 b 15.72 8.7 0.6 1.6899 10 50.6 −61 57 OGLE-TR-182 b 16.84 12.1 0.5 3.9791 11 09.3 −61 06 OGLE-TR-211 b 14.3 8.4 1.2 3.6772 10 40.2 −62 27 OGLE2-TR-L9 b 13.97 11.9 1.9 2.4855 11 07.9 −61 09 Qatar-1 b 12.84 20.4 5.5 1.4200 20 13.5 +65 10 SWEEPS-04 18.8 5. 0.1 4.2 17 58.9 −29 11 SWEEPS-11 19.83 6. 0.1 1.796 17 59.0 −29 12 TrES-1 b 11.79 20.8 9.1 3.0301 19 04.1 +36 38 TrES-2 b 11.41 18.2 9.5 2.4706 19 07.2 +49 19 TrES-3 b 12.4 29.1 9.6 1.3062 17 52.1 +37 33 TrES-4 b 11.59 10.5 5.0 3.5539 17 53.2 +37 13 WASP-01 b 11.79 16.6 7.3 2.5199 00 20.7 +31 59 WASP-02 b 11.98 21.6 8.7 2.1522 20 30.9 +06 26 WASP-03 b 10.64 12.3 9.2 1.8468 18 34.5 +35 40 WASP-04 b 12.6 19.4 5.9 1.3382 23 34.2 −42 04 WASP-05 b 12.26 13.7 4.8 1.6284 23 57.4 −41 17 WASP-06 b 12.4 23.6 7.8 3.3610 23 12.6 −22 40 WASP-07 b 9.51 10.8 13.5 4.9546 20 44.2 −39 14 WASP-08 b 9.9 15.1 15.8 8.1587 23 59.6 −35 02 WASP-10 b 12.7 39.4 11.4 3.0928 23 16.0 +31 28 WASP-11/ 11.89 25.4 10.6 3.7225 03 09.5 +30 40 HAT-P-10 b WASP-12 b 11.69 15.1 6.9 1.0914 06 30.6 +29 40 WASP-13 b 10.42 8.7 7.2 4.3530 09 20.4 +33 53 WASP-14 b 9.75 10.8 12.1 2.2438 14 33.1 +24 54 WASP-15 b 10.9 10.8 7.1 3.7521 13 55.7 −32 10 WASP-16 b 11.3 11.9 6.5 3.1186 14 18.7 −20 17 WASP-17 b 11.6 19.4 9.3 3.7354 15 59.8 −28 04 WASP-18 b 9.3 10.8 14.9 0.9414 01 37.4 −45 41 WASP-19 b 12.3 21.5 7.5 0.7888 09 53.7 −45 40 WASP-21 b 11.6 13.0 6.2 4.3225 23 10.0 +18 24 WASP-22 b 12 10.8 4.3 3.5327 03 31.3 −23 49 WASP-23 b 12.7 21.5 6.2 2.9444 06 44.5 −42 46 WASP-24 b 11.3 11.9 6.5 2.3412 15 08.9 +02 21 WASP-25 b 11.9 20.4 8.5 3.7648 13 01.4 −27 31 WASP-26 b 11.3 10.8 5.9 2.7566 00 18.4 −16 16 (continued) 642 Appendix D: Transiting Exoplanets (Transit depths > = 1 mmag)

(continued) Transit Relative R.A. Star depth detect- (2,000.0) Decl. Planet designation V-mag. (mmag) ability Period (d) (hh mm.m) (2,000.0) (° ’) WASP-28 b 12 19.4 7.7 3.4088 23 34.5 −04 35 WASP-29 b 11.3 10.8 5.9 3.9227 23 51.5 −39 54 WASP-31 b 11.7 16.7 7.6 3.4059 11 17.8 −19 03 WASP-32 b 11.3 13.5 7.4 2.7186 00 15.8 +01 12 WASP-33 b 8.3 15.1 33.0 1.2199 02 26.8 +37 33 WASP-34 b 10.4 11.9 9.9 4.3177 11 01.6 −23 52 WASP-35 b 10.95 19.4 12.5 3.1616 05 04.3 −06 14 WASP-37 b 12.7 19.4 5.6 3.5775 14 47.8 +01 04 WASP-38 b 9.42 10.8 14.1 6.8718 16 15.8 +10 02 WASP-39 b 12.11 21.5 8.1 4.0055 14 29.3 −03 27 WASP-41 b 11.6 21.5 10.3 3.0524 12 42.5 −30 38 WASP-43 b 12.4 28.9 9.6 0.8135 10 19.6 −09 48 WASP-44 b 12.9 18.3 4.8 2.4238 00 15.6 −11 56 WASP-45 b 12 11.9 4.7 3.1261 00 21.0 −36 00 WASP-46 b 12.9 20.4 5.4 1.4304 21 15.0 −55 52 WASP-48 b 11.06 10.8 6.6 2.1436 19 24.6 +55 28 XO-1 b 11.3 17.1 9.4 3.9415 16 02.2 +28 10 XO-2 b 11.18 12.4 7.2 2.6158 07 48.1 +50 14 XO-3 b 9.8 4.8 5.3 3.1915 04 21.9 +57 49 XO-4 b 10.7 10.8 7.8 4.1250 07 21.6 +58 16 XO-5 b 12.13 14.0 5.2 4.1878 07 46.9 +39 06 Notes : Transit depths ≥1 mmag. Italics indicate where I-magnitudes have been used instead of V-magnitudes. “Relative Detectability” (RD). RD = 100*D*(10^(−0.2*V)), where D is the transit depth in millimagnitudes and V is the visual magnitude Sources: The exoplanet transit database . Accessed 2011 August 08. http://var2.astro.cz/ETD The extrasolar planets encyclopaedia . Update of 2011 August 03. http://exoplanet.eu/catalog- transit.php?&mode=O&more=yes References

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Selected Websites

Anderson J (2013) Global cloud cover maps. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~jander/clouds/globalclouds.html Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, Eclipse Section (2014) http://alpo-astronomy.org . Observing information; report forms and recipient of reports Astrophysics Data System. The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. http://adswww.harvard. edu. A bibliographic database with 10.6 million records, including 2.02 miilion astronomy records and 905 thousand arXiv records. (Statistics as of January 11, 2014.) Canada. Environment Canada. Weatherofﬁ ce (2013). Weather forecast for astronomy. http://www. weatherofﬁ ce.gc.ca/astro/index_e.html . United States and Canada; cloud, seeing, transparency, etc. Next 48 hr, 1-hr interval (3-hr interval) for seeing China. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. Chinese Network for Astronomical Popularization (2014) 7Timer! http://7timer.y234.cn .Worldwide; user-chosen location. Cloud cover, seeing, transparency, etc. Next 3 days; 3-hr interval Cool A (2010) Skippysky astro-Weather forecast. http://www.skippysky.com.au . Europe, Japan, Australia and North America. Cloud, transparency, seeing, etc. 6–120 hr; 3, 6 & 12-hr interval 688 References

Currently for Europe, Japan, Australia and North America. Cloud, transparency, seeing, etc. 6–120 hr; 3, 6 & 12-hr interval Demko A (2012) ClearDarkSky. http://cleardarksky.com. North America. Cloud cover, transparency, seeing, etc. Next 42 hr, 1-hr interval Espenak F. MrEclipse.com. http://mreclipse.com/MrEclipse.html. Eclipse information, coming eclipses, links Espenak F. NASA eclipse website. http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html . Comprehensive information on past and future solar and lunar eclipses; eclipse tables, elements, maps and local circumstances; links EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) (2014) Meteosat. http://www.eurometeo.com/english/meteosat . Visible, IR and water vapour images. Europe and Africa. 1-hr interval Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, The. http://exoplanet.eu. Continually updated catalog of data on exoplanets and their parent stars Jubier X. Solar eclipses. http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/Solar_eclipses.html . Maps, eclipse calculator, exposure calculator, photograph gallery NASA Exoplanet Archive. http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/index.html . Continually updated catalog of data on exoplanets and their parent stars Planetary Data System. http://pds.nasa.gov . An archive of data products from NASA planetary missions, astronomical observations and laboratory measurements Unisys (2012) Infrared satellite images. http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/infrared.php . United States and Canada. GOES IR images. 1-hr interval United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Air Resources Laboratory (2012) Forecast model animation. http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/READY_animation.php . North America and Europe. Total cloud cover, etc. 6–120 hr; 6-hr interval United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Earth Science Ofﬁ ce (2014) Interactive global geostationary weather satellite images. http://weather.msfc.nasa.gov/GOES . Visible, IR and water vapor images. United States, Paciﬁ c hemisphere. 15-min interval VizieR. http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr . The most complete library of astronomical catalogs and data tables available, with 11,767 online catalogs (as of November 18 2013) Warren SG, Hahn CJ, Eastman R (2013) Climatic atlas of clouds over land and ocean. http://www. atmos.washington.edu/CloudMap Williams S (n.d.) Sheridan Williams’ solar eclipse web site. http://www.shindles.co.uk/eclipse.htm . Eclipse information; list of tour organizers Index

A Algol (β Persei) aberration light curve , 596 annual , 372, 414 orbital and physical elements , 597, 599 chromatic , 41, 514 periodicity discovered , 108 spherical , 39, 41 secondary eclipses , 4, 596, 599 stellar , 374, 431 theories of variability , 595 Achernar , 482, 637 variability discovered , 592 Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Almagest (Ptolemaeus) , 30, 258, 508 (ACRIM) , 441, 446 Altair , 482, 637 Adams, John Couch Alvan Clark and Sons (ﬁ rm) , 426 Neptune discovery , 39, 124, 195, 377 Ambastha, Ashok K. , 479 observes 1851 solar eclipse , 125 American Ephemeris , etc. , 197, 363, 372, Aegaeon (moon of Saturn) , 196 414, 483 Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodor , 303, 310, Americas, the 312, 313 observers of the 1769 Venus transit , Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius , 508 268, 350 A’Hearn, Michael Francis , 555 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae , 47, 109 Ainslie, Maurice Anderson , 542 André, Charles , 413 Airy, George Biddell Antares , 13, 65, 79, 179, 509, 515, 516, 522, career , 122 570, 571, 580 Neptune controversy, involvement , 124 Antikythera mechanism , 29 plans for 1874 Venus transit , 376 Antiope (Asteroid 90) , 554, 587, 588 Aitken, Robert Grant , 222, 224 Antique Telescope Society , 470 Aksnes, Kaare , 191, 224 Antitwilight Arch , 43, 44 albedo , 4, 71, 80, 85, 89, 202, 203, 205, 206, antumbra , 2–4, 99, 101, 103, 156 213, 221, 233, 234, 240, 484, 519, Apollo-11 (space mission) , 434, 567 545, 548–550 Apollo-14 (space mission) , 434 Albert Edward (Prince of Wales) , 127 Apollo-15 (space mission) , 434 Aldebaran , 79, 509, 511, 515, 570, 571, 580, Apollonius of Perga , 35 637, 638 appulse , 7, 508, 524, 547, 555 Alexander I (Czar of Russia) , 313 Arago, Dominique François Jean, 122, 123, 548 Alexander, James , 348 Ariel (moon of Uranus) , 212, 213, 231, 578 Alfonsine Tables , 31, 32 orbital lag , 233 Alfonso X , 31 Aristarchus of Samos , 31, 47, 255

Aristotle of Stagira , 23, 24, 26, 27, 47, 56, 60, Bigg-Wither, Archibald Cuthbert , 384, 401 109, 507–509, 515, 561, 591 Binder, Alan B. , 207, 208 Arlot, Jean-Eudes , 200, 201, 225, 454 black drop. See transits, planetary Armstrong, Neil A. , 434 black holes , 509, 520 Arnold, Chrostoph , 200 Bobrov, Mar Sergeevich , 543 Arnulf, Albert , 520 Bode, Johann Elert , 138 Ashbrook, Joseph , 60, 67, 72, 189, 197, 206, Boeddicker, Otto , 70 401, 524 Bond, George Phillips , 204, 216 Assafi n, Marcelo , 233, 539 Bond, William Cranch , 204, 217, 229, 230, 373 Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers Bonner Durchmusterung , 551 (ALPO), 95 Bosch, Noah , 531, 532 asteroids. See also individual asteroids Boscovich, Roger Joseph , 327 diameters , 552, 585 Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de parallaxes , 414, 431 visits Tahiti , 329 rings of , 222, 541–547 Bowell, Edward L.G. (“Ted”) , 237 asteroids, satellites of Bow of Venus. See Antitwilight Arch denial of existence , 554 Boyer, Charles Stuart , 477 2011 inventory , 42 Bradley, James , 39, 194, 372 mutual events , 223–225 Bradshaw, Jonathan , 468, 469 Astronomical League , 452, 467 Brady, Matthew B. , 128, 443 astronomical unit (au) Braga-Ribas, Felipe , 479, 540, 548 defi nition , 432 Brahe, Tycho International Astronomical Union adopted Nova 1572 observed , 259 values , 433 Uraniborg observatory , 192 radar/radio determinations , 434 Brasch, Klaus R. , 459, 479 Auwers, George Friedrich Julius Arthur von , Breil, Stephan , 467–469 383, 388, 413, 483 Briggs, John W. , 222, 470 Ayiomamitis, Anthony , 483 Brinkmann, Robert Terry , 201 Brinton, Henry , 526 British Association for the Advancement of B Science, 136, 361 Backhaus, Udo , 467–469 British Astronomical Association (BAA) , 136 Baily, Francis , 117, 119, 122, 123, 156 solar eclipse excursions , 136 Banks, Joseph Brodie, Frederick , 17, 418 background , 331 Brooks, William R. , 229 joins Cook’s fi rst voyage , 331 Brown, J.N. (Miss) , 420 Barker, Robert , 221 Bruno, Giordano , 532, 535, 604, 605 Barnard, Edward Emerson , 74, 139, 186, 196, Bruscia (Asteroid 323) , 432 201, 202, 205, 221–223, 416, 489, Buchan, Alexander , 332 490, 513, 541, 542, 550, 551, 623 painter on Cook’s fi rst voyage , 337 Baume-Pluvinel, Comte Aumar de la , 420 Buffham, Thomas Hughes , 206, 207 Baum, Richard M. , 74, 311, 392, 478, 515, 546 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard , 126, 366 Baum, William A. , 526 Bürg, Johann Tobias , 373, 516 Bayley, William , 325, 345 Burke, W. , 480 Beer, Wilhelm Wolff , 59, 72 Burnham, Sherburne Wesley , 205 Bergman, Torbern Olaf , 309 Burton, Charles Edward , 207, 403, 413 Berkowski, J. , 124, 125 Busch, August Ludwig , 124 Berthoud, Ferdinand , 355, 369 Bessel, Frederick Wilhelm , 119, 124, 512 Besselian elements , 119 C Beta Lyrae (β Lyrae) , 17, 237, 595, 599, Callandreau, Pierre Jean Octave , 420 600, 637 Callisto (moon of Jupiter) , 10, 186, 189, 195, Bevis, John , 22, 325, 524, 525 197–199, 201–204, 209–213, 235, Big Bear Solar Observatory (California) , 475 238–240, 524, 534 Index 691

Calvert, Mary Ross , 139 discovery , 536 Campani, Giuseppe , 214 orbital plane passages 1987-1988 , 11, 233 Campbell, James , 327, 373, 374 Pluto-Charon events 1985-1990 , 233 Campbell, William Wallace , 138, 139, 141, 205 radius , 537 Canary Islands (Islas Canarias) , 441 Chauvenet, William , 59 Cartier, Jacques , 335 Christou, Apostolos (“Tolis”) , 233, 526, 531 Cassini de Thury, César François (Cassini III) Christy, James Walter , 196, 536 observes 1761 Venus transit from chronometer , 10, 57, 193, 195, 369, 403 Vienna , 299 Civil War, English , 287, 366, 485 Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (Cassini, Jean Clark, Alvan , 390, 416, 426, 470 Dominique) Clarke, Alexander Ross , 370 Ephemerides Bononienses , 191 Clarke, Arthur Charles , 250, 547 world planisphere , 192, 193 Clarke Belt , 547 Cassini-Huygens (spacecraft) , 536 Clerke, Charles , 340 Cassini, Jacques Dominique de , 297, 524 Code, Arthur D. , 526 Cassini, Jacques J. (Cassini II) , 58, 59, 511 Colas, François , 479, 554 Castelli, Benedetto , 15, 264, 266, 278 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste , 191 Cavendish, Henry , 325 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor , 515 CCD. See charge-coupled device (CCD) Comas Sola, José , 534 celestial directions , 43, 53, 79–81, 155 comets, specifi c Centre National d’Études Spatiales Burnham 1959k , 555 (CNES) , 473 C/1882 R1 (Great September Ceres (Asteroid 1) Comet) , 408 diameter , 238, 519 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680) , 362 discovery , 237, 549 3/D Biela (Biela’s Comet) , 526 Cerro Tololo Observatory (Chile) , 547 P1/Halley Chabot Observatory (California) , 543 1682 Apparition , 39 Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1758 recovery , 39 (satellite), 535 Shoemaker-Levy 9 , 199 Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean-Baptiste X/1882 K1 Tewfi k , 135 observes 1769 Venus transit from San José Common, Andrew Ainslie , 229 del Cabo Comolli, Lorenzo , 443, 459 death of Chappe and others , 357 complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor determines position , 357 (CMOS), 17, 41, 150, 447, 501 establishes observatory , 355, 357 Comrie, Leslie John , 224 falls ill , 356 Comte, Isidore Auguste Marie François travels to California , 355 Xavier , 126, 366 observes 1761 Venus transit from Tobol’sk conic sections , 35, 38 estimates Venus angular conjunction , 7, 23, 31, 190, 209, 210, diameter , 317 217–219, 222, 223, 239, 243, 256, observes Venus aureole , 318 258, 262, 264, 277, 278, 291, 367, travels to Tobol’sk , 1761, 306 434, 448, 458–460, 470, 488, 591 Characterising Exoplanets Satellite contacts (defi nition) , 8–9 (CHEOPS), 619, 620 Contemporary Laboratory Experiences in charge-coupled device (CCD) , 17, 41, 150, Astronomy (Project CLEA), 452 199, 447, 478–480 Cook, Allan F. , 237, 542 Chariklo (Asteroid 10199) , 548 Cook, James (Captain) Charles I (British king) , 271, 284 assigned Endeavour , 332 dissolves Parliament , 284 career, Royal Navy , 327 Charles II (British king) joins Royal Navy , 328 founds Greenwich (Royal) Observatory , 283 secret orders (fi rst voyage) , 329 Charles III (Spanish king) , 327 youth , 271 Charon (moon of Pluto) Coolidge, Phillip Sydney , 541 atmosphere upper limits , 537 Copeland, Ralph , 403 692 Index

Copernicus, Nicolaus , 8, 32 Diaz Covarrubias, Don Francisco , 385, 396 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium , Dickinson, Austin , 423, 428 32, 255 Diderot, Denis , 317 placed on Index of Forbidden Books , 268 Dione (moon of Saturn) , 212, 213, 220–226, 519 coronagraph , 14–147, 479–481, 605, 606 discovery , 216 coronium , 132 disappearance , 8, 13, 200, 207, 210, 221, 223, CoRoT (Convection Rotation and Planetary 235, 237, 399, 418, 512, 514, 516, Transits) satellite , 538, 613, 615, 520, 521, 526, 529, 564, 566–569, 621, 639 580–582, 584, 589 Côte d’Azur Observatoire (Nice, France) , 478 Dixon, Jeremiah , 193, 304, 305, 308–310. Crab Nebula , 509, 515, 523, 524, 535 See also Mason and Dixon Crabtree, William Dollfus, Audouin Charles , 222, 228, 490, 551 corresponds with Jeremiah Horrocks , 273 Dollond, John , 41, 313 observes 1639 Venus transit , 429, 457 Dolphin , 328–330, 333, 336, 338 Cromwell, Oliver , 285 Dom Pedro II (Brazilian emperor) , 420 Cruikshank, Dale P. , 196, 207, 208, 519, Doppelmayr, Johann Gabriel , 115 531, 532 Dossin, François , 535 Cruquius, Nicolaus Samel , 116 Douglass, Andrew Ellicott , 73, 470 Cummings (Gamble), Mary Elizabeth , 420 Dourneau, Gérard , 224 Cysat, Johann Baptist (Cysatus) , 266 Doz, Vicente de , 354–356 Druckmüller, Miroslav , 147 Dubois, J.S. , 69 D Dunham, David , 585 D’Abbadie, Antoine Thompson , 420 Durrey, Georges , 532 Dactyl (moon of Ida) , 238 dwarf planet , 10, 11, 37, 42, 233, 531–534, Dalrymple, Alexander , 327, 328 549, 550 Dampier, William Cecil , 362 Dymond, James , 349 Danjon, André-Louis , 59, 68, 86, 89 Darwin, George Howard , 133, 512 Davidson, George , 132, 386, 396, 417, 486, 515 E Dawes, William Rutter , 124, 217, 218, 220, Earl of Rosse (4th). See Parsons, Lawrence 514, 541 Earth day ﬂ attening , 8, 60, 61 sidereal , 27 radius, diameter , 49, 99, 109 solar , 27 rotation , 8, 18, 22, 24, 31, 102, 112, 203, De Bernardières, Octave Marie Gabriel 293, 512 Joachim, 420, 421 Earth, atmosphere Deep Space Instrumentation Facility absorption , 59, 368 (Goldstone, California), 434 Chappuis absorption band , 62 Deep Space Network (DSN) , 434, 556 extinction , 87 Deimos (moon of Mars) ozone layer , 59 discovery , 186, 424 refraction , 141 Mars-Deimos events , 236 Earth, shadow Delambre, Jean Bapiste Joseph , 195, 374 Earth’s shadow (in atmosphere) De la Rue, Warren , 126–129 antitwilight arc , 43, 44 Delisle, Joseph-Nicolas penumbra , 4, 49, 50, 53, 56, 80, 81, 206 appointed to College Royal , 297 umbra , 2–4, 10, 48, 61 mappemonde of 1761 Venus , 302 eclipse (general) plans for 1753 Mercury transit , 299 deﬁ nition , 1 proposes transit method to determine solar eclipse event , 1, 5, 6, 8–11, 14, 17, 18, 21, parallax, 321, 412 42, 208, 235, 252, 463, 561 youth , 297 eclipse season , 46 Denning, William Frederick , 204 exeligmos , 25, 56 de Sitter, Willem , 197 gamma , 237 Index 693

horizontal , 45 video recording , 94 predictions, Chaldean , 25, 26, 108 volcanic eruptions, effect of , 67, 68 primary , 4, 595–602, 609, 636 eclipses, lunar, specifi c saros , 25, 46, 56, 97, 106–108 331 Sep 20 BCE total , 57 secondary , 4, 545, 548, 553, 584, 595–603, 1091 Oct 30 partial , 57 609, 610, 636 1092 Oct 18 total , 57 eclipses, lunar 1769 Jun 19 total , 356 dark , 67, 68 1772 Oct 11 total , 94 features suspected of change , 82, 86, 93 1872 Nov 15 partial , 70 frequency , 14 1884 Oct 04-05 total , 67, 70 hot spots , 71, 72 1898 Dec 27-28 total , 73 magnitude 1906 Feb 09 total , 73 penumbral , 51–53, 80, 81 1927 Jun 15 total , 63, 70 umbral , 51, 52, 64, 65, 70, 71, 84 1939 Oct 28 partial , 70 meteoric impacts , 59 1949 Apr 13 total , 73 meteor showers, effect of , 69, 78, 79, 94 1949 Oct 06-07 total , 73 Moon’s temperature, effect on , 69–71 1950 Sep 26 total , 89 partial , 7, 51, 52, 70, 86, 96, 99, 102, 103, 1956 Nov 18 total , 73, 74 106, 114, 116, 121, 126, 149, 154, 1960 Mar 13 total , 71 155, 164, 165, 167, 168, 224, 257 1964 Dec 18-19 total , 71 penumbral , 7, 10, 51, 52, 56, 75, 79, 81 1967 Apr 24 total , 63, 66 phases , 57, 78, 148 1971 Feb 10 total , 71 photography 1975 May 25 total , 65, 68 exposure times , 54, 83–85, 128, 160, 1979 Sep 06 total , 65 163, 164, 466, 500–502 1982 Jul 06 total , 90, 91 focal length , 17, 41, 83, 84, 101, 112, 1982 Dec 30 total , 44, 53, 54, 68 120, 128, 139–141, 160–163, 214, 1996 Sep 27 total , 71, 72, 74 299, 351, 366, 426, 466, 475, 476, 1997 Mar 24 partial , 64, 74 480, 501 2007 Aug 28 total , 65, 81, 85 photometry 2008 Feb 21 total , 45, 83 cat’s-eye photometer , 89 2010 Jun 26 partial , 72 CCD photometry , 199, 555 eclipses, solar Danjon luminosity scale , 84, 86, 95 annular , 7, 8, 99, 100, 102–104, 106, 107, reversed-optics , 87, 88 111, 115–119, 126, 151, 152, 154, spherical-refl ector , 88 156, 162, 166, 167, 169–170, 172, spot measurement , 89 174–179 visual , 89, 199, 201, 207, 221, 223, annular-total (see hybrid) 596, 597, 603 atmospheric effects record-keeping , 82 humidity , 148, 156 shadow enlargement , 50, 53, 59 lunar shadow , 99, 101, 104, 109 shadow terminator , 66, 68 sky brightness , 89, 158, 164, 199 solar activity, effect of , 68, 69, 124, 146, temperature , 142, 156 148, 157, 440 Baily’s beads , 4, 100, 104, 117, 119, 120, submitting observations , 568–569 122, 156–160, 164, 166, 167, 172, total , 14, 45, 50, 54, 60, 63–68, 70, 71, 174, 175, 516, 580 74–77, 81, 85, 86, 90–92, 94, 96, 306 central , 52, 99, 102, 107, 120, 121, 149, transient events , 84, 93, 95 154, 167, 168, 176, 177 suspected features , 84 diamond ring , 10, 120, 157–160, 164, 167 umbra, fl attening , 60 earthlit Moon, visibility , 158 umbral contact timing , 91–93 eclipse committees , 137, 140 recommended features , 91 edge effects , 167 umbra, size , 58, 59, 65 frequency , 103 upcoming (2012-2025) , 76, 77 historical records phase durations , 78 Babylonian , 46, 108, 511, 512 694 Index

eclipses, solar (cont.) eclipses, solar, specifi c Chinese , 23, 511 71 Mar 20 hybrid , 110 hybrid , 99, 103, 107, 110, 114, 118, 121, 181 Mar 04 BCE total , 112 156, 168, 172, 175, 176 334 Jul 17 annular , 111 information sources , 165, 179–180 489 Sep 11-12 BCE annular , 102 magnitude , 52, 155, 156, 167, 169, 585 May 28 BCE total , 26, 109 174–176 968 Dec 22 total , 111 observation 1699 Sep 23 hybrid , 114 aircraft, from , 157, 166, 554 1706 May 12 total , 111, 114 binoculars , 15, 17, 77, 82, 87, 92, 150, 1715 May 03 total , 115 152, 155, 158, 166, 188, 499, 500, 1724 May 22 total , 115 508, 562, 602 1732 Dec 17 partial , 116 eclipse glasses , 15 1733 May 13 total , 112, 116 fi lters, eyepiece , 7, 15, 17, 40, 84, 127, 1737 Mar 01 annular , 116 152–154, 158, 159, 161, 163, 262, 1738 Aug 15 annular , 116 313, 315, 366, 390, 391, 433, 466, 1739 Aug 04 annular , 116 499–502, 545, 564, 565, 568, 589 1748 Jul 25 annular , 116 fi lters, full-aperture , 15, 99, 150, 1753 May 03 hybrid , 116 151, 391 1758 Dec 30 annular , 116 fi lters, monochromatic , 153 1764 Apr 01 annular , 116 fi lters, smoked-glass , 142, 154, 313, 1778 Jun 24 total , 116, 117 314, 415 1780 Oct 27 total , 116 projection , 119, 127, 152, 159 1836 May 15 annular , 119 ship, from , 130 1842 Jul 08 total , 122 site selection , 114, 117, 346, 349, 396, 1851 Jul 28 total , 124, 125 475, 561, 579 1860 Jul 18 total , 125, 127–129 telescope , 14, 15, 82, 153, 387, 441, 442, 1868 Aug 18 total , 130, 393 448, 460, 473–475, 477, 479, 482 1869 Aug 07-08 total , 131 warnings , 15, 18, 25 1870 Dec 22 total , 133 partial , 7, 51, 52, 70, 86, 96, 99, 102, 103, 1871 Dec 12 total , 134 106, 114, 116, 121, 126, 149, 154, 1878 Jul 29 total , 111, 134, 424 155, 164, 165, 167, 168, 224, 257 1882 May 17 total , 135 photography 1883 May 06 total , 136 digital camera , 81, 83, 159–161, 472, 1887 Aug 19 total , 145 494, 500–502, 582 1891 Jun 06 annular , 107 exposure time , 54 1896 Aug 09 total , 136 fi rst photographs , 472 1909 Jul 17-18 hybrid , 107 focal length , 83 1912 Apr 17 hybrid , 102 video recording , 94, 164, 553 1914 Aug 21 total , 138 planets and stars, visibility , 5, 24, 78, 163, 1918 Jun 08-09 total , 138, 139 168, 178, 508, 509, 624 1919 May 29 total , 140 solar-eclipse saros 1922 Sep 21 total , 141 Saros 145 , 106–108 1929 May 09 total , 138 terrestrial effects , 11 1963 Jul 20 total , 107 total , 14, 15, 18, 97, 99, 100, 104–106, 1973 Jun 30 total , 145 109, 111, 112, 116–118, 120, 127, 1974 Dec 13 partial , 99 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 139, 141, 1981 Jul 31 total , 108 142, 146, 148–150, 161, 167, 173, 1988 Mar 17-18 total , 98 176, 178 1994 May 10 annular , 99, 100 transportation/communication , 115, 127, 1999 Aug 11 total , 108 130, 167, 365, 435, 437, 547 2006 Mar 29 total , 99, 100, 158 umbra 2009 Jul 21-22 total , 101, 120 outline , 4 2010 Jul 11 total , 157 velocity , 104 2014 Apr 29 annular , 179 umbral , 99, 101, 103, 178 2014 Oct 23 partial , 103, 180 Index 695

2015 Mar 20 total , 170–172, 179 egress , 9, 244, 252, 253, 292, 294, 298, 2015 Sep 13 partial , 180 310, 315, 316, 318, 319, 341, 342, 2016 Mar 08-09 total , 172 346, 350, 378, 379, 398, 400, 401, 2016 Sep 01 annular , 172 403, 412, 422, 426, 427, 431, 438, 2017 Feb 26 annular , 156, 172–174, 179 440, 442–444, 446, 448, 449, 456, 2017 Aug 21 total , 102–106, 108, 173, 179 459, 460, 462, 469, 476, 480, 483, 2018 Feb 15 partial , 180 489, 490, 497, 499, 500, 502, 504, 2018 Jul 13 partial , 180 505, 517 2019 Jan 05-06 partial , 180 Egypt, ancient 2019 Jul 02 total , 174, 179 solar disk depiction , 110, 111 2019 Dec 26 annular , 174, 179 Ehrenreich, David , 481 2020 Jun 21 annular , 174–175, 179 Eichstadt, Lorenz , 277 2020 Dec 14 total , 175, 179 Einstein, Albert , 138 2021 Dec 04 total , 176, 179 Elara (moon of Jupiter) , 196 2022 Apr 30 partial , 180 Ellery, Robert Lewis John , 383, 399, 526 2022 Oct 25 partial , 180 Elliot, James Ludlow , 529, 532, 533, 535–537, 2023 Apr 20 hybrid , 99, 156, 176, 179 539, 540, 544–546, 549 2023 Oct 14 annular , 177, 179 ellipse 2024 Apr 08 total , 177–178 apocenter , 35 2024 Oct 02 annular , 178–179, 573, 578 axis, major , 35, 36 2025 Mar 29 partial , 180 axis, minor , 35 2025 Sep 21 partial , 180 axis, semimajor , 35, 38 2035 Sep 01-02 total , 108 ellipticity , 35, 36, 91, 534 2522 Jun 25 total , 108 foci , 35 2648 Sep 09 total , 108 pericenter , 35 eclipsing binary stars. See also individual stars emersion. See egress distance-determination application, 120, 511 Empedocles of Acragas , 109 information sources , 619 Enceladus , 212, 216, 220, 222–224, 557 light curves , 597 discovery , 213 mass exchange between components , 603 Encke, Johann Franz , 310, 362, 363, 373, 483 observation calculates solar parallax, 363–365, discovery , 604 372, 373 eclipse timing , 609 Endeavour organizations , 18, 621 departs Plymouth, August 26 , 1768, 332 photometry , 611 dysentery epidemic , 343 orbital and physical elements, 597, 599, 603 fatalities , 358 changes in elements , 597 Earl of Pembroke , reﬁ tted , 330 radial velocity changes , 605, 617, 618 returns to England, July 13 , 1771, 343 types stops EA (aka detached binaries; Australia , 323 e.g., Algol) , 637 Batavia (Jakarta), Java , 343 EB (aka semidetached binaries; e.g., Madeira , 332 β -Lyrae) , 637 New Zealand , 343 EW (aka contact binaries; e.g., W Rio de Janeiro , 332 Ursae Majoris), 601, 637 Tahiti , 335 Ecliptic , 7, 12, 13, 25, 28, 34–37, 39, 42, 45, 46, Tierra del Fuego , 332 101, 134, 242, 243, 262, 279, 458, ephemerides 509, 510, 517, 539, 580, 612, 616 event predictions , 209 ecliptic limit , 51, 97 HORIZONS (JPL) , 209 Eddington, Arthur Stanley SPICE (JPL) , 209 lunar stellar occultations , 14, 17, 510, 527, Epsilon ( ε ) Geminorum , 14, 528 529, 531, 532, 536–539, 542, 544, equipment, observing , 82 545, 547, 548, 550–555, 562, 568, recommendations , 82 579, 582–583, 590, 619 Eratosthenes of Cyrene , 49 solar eclipse expedition 1919 , 134 Erck, Wentworth , 234 696 Index

Eros (Asteroid 433) relative detectability , 621, 622, 639–642 1900/01 apparition , 433 solar-system example , 611, 612, 619 1930/31 apparition , 433 transit predictions , 621 Eudoxus of Cnidus , 26 Euler, Leonhard , 312 Europa (moon of Jupiter) , 10, 186, 189, 195, F 197–203, 205, 207, 209, 210, 212, Fabricius, David (aka David Goldschmidt) , 35, 213, 537 262, 263, 592 European Association for Astronomy Fabricius, Johannes (aka Johann Education (EAAE), 453 Goldschmidt), 262, 263 European Extremely Large Telescope Fabry, Maurice Paul Auguste Charles , 144 (E-ELT) , 620 Fabry-Pérot interferometer , 144 European Southern Observatory Faherty, Jacqueline K. , 468, 469 (ESO; Chile), 517 Faye, Hervé Auguste Étienne Albans , 373, Evans, David S. , 25, 31, 32, 47, 57, 144, 522 376, 388, 391, 393, 405 exoplanets (aka extrasolar planets), general Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor) , 264, 265 catalogs , 583 Ferguson, Abbie Park , 291, 420 detection methods Ferguson, James , 295, 324, 325 astrometry , 606 Ferrer y Cafranga, José Joaquin de, 117, 118, 373 direct imaging , 605–606 Fink, Uwe , 531 gravitational microlensing , 609 Finlay-Freundlich, Erwin , 138 radial velocity , 606–611, 613, First men in the moon, the (Wells) , 514 617–620 Fischer, Daniel , 459 timing , 609 Fisher, Willard J. , 69 transits , 605, 609–614 Flammarion, Nicolas Camille , 67, 196, 367, early speculation , 520 368, 394, 418, 419 exoplanets, transiting Flamsteed, John atmospheres , 610, 614 Historia Coelestis Britannicae , 291 databases , 621, 642 Flaugergues, Honoré , 525 detection Floyd, Richard S. , 426, 427 biases , 613 Focas, Jean-Henri , 222 relative detectability , 621, 622 Fomalhaut , 179, 606 strategies , 620–624 Forbes, George , 387, 395, 404 observational programs Forbes, James David , 123, 126 CoRoT , 613, 615, 621, 639 Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon , 372, 374, 378 HAT , 613, 615, 639–641 Fouchy, Jean-Paul Grandjean de , 317 HATS , 615 Fountain, Walter F. , 71 KELT , 615 Franklin, Benjamin , 348, 353 Kepler, 602, 609, 612–618, 621, Fraser, Thomas Edward , 426 623, 640 Fraunhofer, Joseph von , 365, 366 K2 , 616, 618, 619 Freeman, Alexander , 220, 222 MEarth Project , 615 Frey, Herbert V. , 207 OGLE , 609, 613, 615, 641 Frost, Royal Harwood , 73 Planet Hunters , 617, 621 Fukuhara, Takeshi , 479 Qatar , 615, 641 Fulham, Len , 479 SWEEPS , 613, 615, 641 TrES , 613, 615, 641 WASP/SuperWASP , 613, 614, 616, G 640–642 G (gravitational constant) , 434, 435 WFCAM , 616 Gaia (satellite) , 552, 583, 618, 619 XO , 613, 616, 642 Galilei, Galileo period variations , 611 arrest , 268, 276 radial-velocity application , 610, 611, 613, Letters on Sunspots , 264, 282 617, 618, 620 Sidereus Nuncius , 40, 186, 623 Index 697

Galileo (spacecraft) , 199, 208, 238 Gruithusien, Franz von Paula , 478 Galle, Johann Gottfried , 373, 377, 414, 541, 548 Gustavus II Adolphus (Swedish king) , 268, Ganymede (moon of Jupiter) , 10, 186, 189, 271, 284 195, 197–205, 207, 209, 210, 212, 213, 534, 576 Gardner, Alexander , 128 H Garnier, Paul , 418 Haas, Walter H. , 73, 94, 459 Gascoigne, William Hadley, John , 217 death , 287 Haffner, Hans , 526 invents fi lar micrometer , 285 Hale, George Ellery , 143 Gassendi, Pierre Hall, Asaph , 41, 132, 186, 228, 234, 235, 273, 1631 Mercury transit, observes , 490 286, 296, 424 1631 Venus transit, fails to observe , 452 Halley, Edmond gelatino-bromide dry plates , 440, 443 death , 296 Gellibrand, Henry , 274 observes 1677 Mercury transit , 246, 290, 627 General Relativity , 37, 138–141, 197, 599 Oxford, attends , 290, 296 light defl ection , 138, 139, 141 predicts return of Comet of 1682 , 296, 299 geodesy , 387, 511 proposes transit method to determine solar Geomagnetic storm , 1859, 127 parallax, 321 George III (British king) , 301, 324, 325, 418 publishes Historia Coelestis Grants £4000 for 1769 transit , 325 Britannicae, 291 Geostationary Operational Environmental solar eclipse maps , 114 Satellite-15 (GOES-15) , 472 St. Helena observations , 302 geosynchronous satellites , 437, 547 voyage in Paramour , 290, 327 Gerard of Cremona , 31 youth , 283 Gill, David Hamy, Maurice Théodore Adolphe , 550 assistant to Lord Lindsay , 387, 389, Hapke, Bruce William , 207 403–405 Harding, Karl Ludwig , 549 measures parallax of Mars , 373 Hardy, Thomas , 409 observes 1874 Venus transit , 402, 405 Harkness, William , 132, 374, 378, 386, 399, 431 Gillis, James Melville , 126, 129 Harriot, Thomas , 40, 262 Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) , Harris, Alan W. , 223 442, 452, 463, 475 Harris, Daniel L. , III, 199 Global Positioning System (GPS) , 17, 57, 92, Harrison, John , 369 209, 234, 365, 553, 561, 563–565 Harvard College Observatory Goodricke, John , 592–595, 599, 600, 605 (Massachusetts), 425 Google , 135, 451, 452, 561, 579 Hawke, Edward , 327 Gordon, Charles George , 383, 388, 407 Hay, William T. (“Will”) , 229 gravitational constant (G) , 434, 435 Heath, Alan W. , 221, 339, 543 Great Southern Continent , 326, 328, 329, 343 Hebe (Asteroid 6) , 237 Green, Charles , 35, 58, 221, 327, 330, 337, satellite suspected , 238 340, 341, 343, 371 Hector (Asteroid 624) , 237 appointed astronomer, Cook’s fi rst binary nature suggested , 237 voyage , 327 Hedelt, Pascal , 446 Green fl ash , 8 heliometer , 366, 391, 402, 403, 405, 413, 414, Greenwich (Royal) Observatory (England) , 431, 491 39, 113, 196, 290, 301, 371, 377, heliostat , 366, 391, 392, 397, 403, 420, 475 382, 403, 417 helium , 71, 131, 132, 492, 534, 637 founding , 434 Hell, Maximilian Gregorian calendar , 22, 114, 248 controversy over 1769 observations , 346 Gregory, James , 41, 291 observes 1769 Venus transit from Vardø , suggests transit method to determine solar 345, 346 parallax, 321, 412 observes 1761 Venus transit from Vienna , Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von , 317, 318 345, 346 698 Index

Hencke, Karl Ludwig , 549 Huygens, Christiaan Hennessy, John Pope , 131 Cosmotheoros , 311, 605 Henry, Joseph , 378, 408 Saturn rings , 214, 215 Heppenger, Josef von , 59 Hven (site of Tycho’s observatory) , 33, 259 Herculina (Asteroid 532) , 237, 553 Hydra (moon of Pluto) , 11, 547 satellite suspected , 238 Hyperion (moon of Saturn) , 212, 213, Herodotus of Halicarnassus , 109, 317, 513, 604 216, 217 Herschel, John Frederick William discovery , 217 Enceladus and Mimas, discovery , 216 Mercury transit, observed , 491 Titan phenomena, observed , 186, 219 I Uranus, discovery , 186 Iapetus (moon of Saturn) Venus, atmosphere, opinion about , 196 brightness variation , 223 Hetu’u Global Network , 468 discovery , 212, 213 Hicks, Zachary , 340 eclipses Himalia (moon of Jupiter) , 196, 212, 213 1977-1978 , 222 Hind, John Russell , 124, 132 2007 May 05 , 224 Hinode (prev. Solar-B; satellite) , 465, 472, 1889 Nov 01 , 221, 541 476, 481 orbital inclination , 216, 219 Hipparchus of Nicaea , 29 phenomena Hipparcos (satellite) , 14, 551, 552, 583, 2022-2023 , 224 592, 602 thermal characteristics , 223 Hipparcos Catalog , 551 IAU Minor Planet Center (MPC) , 539 Hirst, William , 309, 319 IC443 (supernova remnant) , 515, 523 Holden, Edward Singleton , 136, 137, 191, Ida (Astreroid 243) 221, 230, 318 Dactyl (satellite) , 238 Hooke, Robert , 286, 289, 290 Ida-Dactyl orbital plane passages , 238 horizon dip , 45 Imai, M. , 479 Hornsby, Thomas , 324, 373 immersion. See ingress Horrocks (Horrox), Jeremiah ingress , 8, 222, 244, 252, 253, 279, 292, 294, astronomy interests , 274 298, 318, 341, 342, 345, 350, 378, death , 283 379, 391, 395, 401, 402, 411, 412, education , 272–274 418–420, 431, 438, 440, 443, 446, Kepler, studies works , 275–278 448, 455, 456, 459, 460, 462, 465, St. Michael’s Anglican Church, attached 473–476, 480, 481, 483, 489, 496, to , 276 497, 499–505, 517 Venus in Sole Visa , 281, 282, 287 Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Venus transit , 1639 Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), estimates astronomical unit , 290 197, 453 estimates Venus angular diameter , 467 interferometry , 434, 483, 515, 550 observes event , 281 International Astronomical Union (IAU) , 42, Hortensius (Martin van den Hove) , 282 43, 73, 93, 137, 182, 432, 433, 435, Dissertatio de Mercurio in Sole Viso , 282 449, 533, 549 Hsi and Ho , 25, 47 International Polar Year , 1882-1883, 421 Huairou Solar Observing Station , 483 International Space Station (ISS) , 6, 10, 43, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) , 196, 197, 208, 44, 99, 472 226, 229, 231, 233, 235, 238, 472, intra-mercurial planet , 124, 125, 132, 133, 484, 536, 538, 545, 546, 549, 553, 141, 418, 424 606, 613–615 Io (moon of Jupiter) Huggins, William , 126, 165, 513 post-eclipse brightening , 208 Hunter, Maureen , 359 tidal ﬂ exure , 190 Hüttemeister, Susanne , 459 IOTA (International Occultation Timings Huygens (Titan probe) , 186, 214, 536. Association), 553, 560, 561, 569, See also Cassini -Huygens 579, 585, 587–589 Index 699

J K Jacob, William Stephan , 218, 221, 606 Kaguya (spacecraft) , 567, 580 Jaeggli, Sarah A. , 477 Kampschulte, Tobias , 459 James Clerk Maxwell telescope , 476, 477 Kater, Henry , 541 James I (British king) , 264, 271 Keeler, James Edward , 543 James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) , 620 Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) , 361, 362 Janssen, Pierre Jules César Kepler, Johannes cinema, inﬂ uence on , 404 Astronomia Nova , 35, 262 revolver photographique , 393, 394 Imperial Mathematician, appointment , solar eclipse observations , 368 33, 261, 262 spectroscopy experiments , 368 Laws Janssen, Pierre Jules Cèsar , 131, 133, 134, First Law , 35 137, 368, 382, 391, 393, 394, 396, Second Law , 33 397, 400, 404, 409, 418, 447, 486 Third Law , 35, 194–195, 376 Janus , 212, 213, 222 Mars, motion , 33 discovery , 222 Mercury Jefferson, Thomas , 116, 353 1607 transit prediction and search Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Phaenomenon , 262 Deep Space Network , 434 Singulare seu Mercurius in Sole , 262 Solar System Dynamics Group , 38, 435 1631 transit prediction , 277 Johnson, Hugh M. , 230 Mysterium cosmographicum , 257 Johnson, Samuel , 330, 517 Rudolphine Tables, 265, 267, 275, 277, 490 Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides (Samuel Venus, 1631 transit prediction , 268 Johnson) , 130 Kerberos (moon of Pluto) , 11 Julius Firmicus Maternus , 111 King, Edward Skinner , 199 Juno (Asteroid 3) , 549–551, 553 Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert , 126, 366 Jupiter Koukarine, Alexandre , 312, 471 apparitions, 2012/13-2025/26 , 238–240 Kourou (French Guiana) , 618 atmosphere , 199, 207 Kowal, Charles Thomas , 555 ellipticity , 35, 36, 91 Krasil’nikov, Andrey D. , 310, 313 ring , 546 Kravzev, Ditfrich , 88 Jupiter, satellites. See also individual satellites Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) , 527, brightness variations , 526 528, 530, 532, 536, 544, 545 diameters , 209, 240 Kuiper Belt discovery , 214 Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) , 11, 537, 538, eclipses by Jupiter 540, 559 eclipse timings KBO 55636 , 539 CCD photometry , 199 Kuiper, Gerard Peter , 196, 207, 527, 534 photoelectric , 199 Kurganov, Nikolay G. , 310, 313 photographic photometry , 199 visual , 197, 199 visual photometer , 201, 207, 221 L predictions , 209 La Caille, Nicolas Louis de identiﬁ cation , 209 Earth, diameter , 370 mutual phenomena , 200–201 plans for 1753 Mercury transit , 370 occultations by Jupiter , 210 Lagrange, Joseph Louis , 195 optical illusions La Hire, Philippe de , 58 shadow transits, during , 210 Lainey, Valéry , 197 transits, during , 203–207 la Lande, Joseph Jérôme de , 114, 202, 319, orbital periods , 188, 189, 214 346, 357, 373, 483 orbital resonances , 180, 195 Lambert, Johann Heinrich , 58 rotation, synchronous , 203 Lambert, Walter Davis , 511 shadow transits of Jupiter , 9, 210, 218 Langley, Samuel Pierpont , 111, 134, 137, 398, transits of Jupiter , 250 416, 477 700 Index

Lansbergen (Lansberg), Philippe, 274, 275, 282 observes 1761 Venus transit , 313, 314 La Palma Observatory (Canary Is.) , 535 suggests atmosphere of Venus , 315–317 Laplace, Pierre-Simon , 195, 201, 373, 516 longitude, terrestrial Large Angle and Spectrophotometric measurement Coronagraph (LASCO) , 146 chronometer , 193, 195 Larson, Stephen M. , 555 Jupiter satellite eclipses , 18, 394 La Silla Observatory (Chile) , 223, 485, 547 lunar culminations , 370, 403 Lassell, William , 186, 216, 217, 221, 546, 548 lunar distances (“lunars”) , 57, 120, 193, Le Gentil de la Galaisière, Guilliaume Joseph 195, 511 Hyacinthe lunar eclipses , 194 Jean-Baptiste , 303, 304, 307 lunar occultations , 511, 512 1761 Venus transit telegraphic time signals , 370 diffi culties on voyage , 306 Longomontanus (Severinus, Christian) , 260 observing plans , 303 Louis XIV (king of France) , 60, 191, 192, 214, watches from sea , 309 285, 296 1769 Venus transit Louis XV (king of France) , 196, 299, 304, clouded out for transit , 357 309, 317 returns to Paris , 330 Lovell, John L. , 426, 427 sets up observatory in Pondicherry , 308 Lowell Observatory (Arizona) , 73, 137, 237, waits for event in East Indies , 300, 302 429, 459, 464, 465, 479, 481, 553 le Monnier, Pierre Charles , 58, 304, 309, 317 Lowell, Percival Lawrence , 479 Lenard, Phillipp Eduard Anton von , 138 Luchtenburg, Andreas van , 115 Leo Diaconus , 111 Lukens, John , 351, 352 Leonard, Frederick C. , 542, 543 Lumière brothers (Auguste Marie Louis Le Roy, Pierre , 369 Nicolas and Louis Jean), 404 Lescarbault, Edmond Modeste , 126, 418, 419 Luna-3 (lunar mission) , 41 Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph Luna-19 (lunar mission) , 556 intra-mercurial planet , 124, 125, 132, 133, Luna-22 (lunar mission) , 556 141, 418, 424 lunar equation , 372, 374 Neptune, discovery , 125 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO; Levin, Arthur Everard , 224 spacecraft), 72, 567, 580 Lick Observatory (California) Lunokhod-1 (lunar mission) , 434 Crocker eclipse expeditions , 137, 623 Lunokhod-2 (lunar mission) , 434 Schaeberle eclipse camera , 137 Lyot, Bernard Ferdinand , 144 Todd, David, at , 423–429 Lyot fi lter , 144 Lieske, Jay H. , 197–199 light gravitational defl ection , 5 M gravitational lensing , 5 Machado, Adriane , 479 speed of , 18, 194, 372, 378, 414, 433, 435 MacMahon, Percy Alexander , 520, 521 limb darkening , 4, 55, 81, 155, 163, 179, 180, Madison, James , 116 203, 319, 320, 370, 446–448, 471, Mädler, Johann Heinrich , 58 492, 519, 534, 598, 616 Magellan, Ferdinand , 326 Lincoln, Abraham , 443 Majocchi, Giovanni Allesandro , 123 Lincoln Laboratory (MIT) , 434 Malacarne, Francesco , 123 Lindsay, James Ludovic (Lord Lindsay) Maley, Paul D. , 236, 237 Dun Echt observatory , 387 Mallama, Anthony , 187, 199, 224, 232 1874 Venus transit expedition , 387 Malzev, Vladimir , 88 Littrow, Carl Ludwig von , 124, 346, 347 Maraldi, Giacomo Filippo , 203, 592 Lobachevsky, Nikolai Ivanovich , 122 Maraldi, Giovanni Domenico , 202, Lockyer, Joseph Norman , 125, 131, 133, 203, 317 137, 393 Marcus Aurelius , 24, 255 Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasil’evich Mariner-4 (spacecraft) , 556 background , 310, 311 Mariner-10 (spacecraft) , 192, 490, 557 Index 701

Mars Minor Planet Center. See IAU Minor Planet atmosphere , 14 Center occultation of Epsilon Geminorum , 14, 528 MIOSOTYS (Multi-object Instrument for parallax measurements , 414, 433 Occultations in the Solar system satellites , 11 (see also Deimos; Phobos) and TransitorY Systems) , 538 Mars Global Surveyor (space mission) , 235, 556 Mira (o Ceti) , 592 Marth, Albert , 221 Miranda (moon of Uranus) , 196, 212, 213 Martial, Louis Ferdinand , 422, 423 Mitchell, Maria , 416 Martianus Capella , 31 Mitchell, Samuel Alfred , 25, 108, 109, Maskelyne, Nevil 131, 132 partial observation of 1761 Venus transit MIT Lincoln Laboratory , 434 from, 319, 324 Modic, Robert J. , 221 St. Helena , 304 Molaro, Paolo , 485 Transit Committee (1769) , 348–349 Mongut (King of Siam) , 131 Mason and Dixon Montanari, Geminiano , 592 attacked at sea , 1761, 305–306 month dispute with Royal Society , 1761, 304 draconic , 46, 106 observe1761 Venus transit from Cape sidereal , 24, 52, 570 Town , 308 synodic , 24, 25, 46, 106 Mason, Charles , 113, 193, 301, 345. Moolen, Syman van de , 114 See also Mason and Dixon Moon Matsushima, Satoshi , 69 atmosphere , 94, 513, 515 Mayer, Tobias , 58, 113, 116, 117, 512 brightness McLaughlin, Dean B. , 485 full-moon magnitude , 88 McMahon, James H. , 237, 553 opposition surge , 80, 81 Medina, Salvador de , 354 Cassini regions , 516 Mees Solar Observatory (Haleakala, diameter , 47, 51, 99, 517 Hawaii) , 479 distance , 30, 50, 104, 329, 566 Meldrum, Charles , 384, 420 eclipses (see Eclipses, lunar) Melloni, Macedonio , 69 lunar theory , 109, 112, 113, 287 Melotte, Philibert Jacques , 196 meteoritic impacts , 74, 79, 94, 95 Melville, Herman , 328 phases , 459 Menaechmus of Alopeconnesus , 35 satellite searches , 74 Mendaña y Neira, Alvaro de , 328 shape , 567 Mendelson, Haim , 531, 532 Moon, the (W. Pickering) , 73, 513 Menelaus of Alexandria , 93, 508 Moore, Jonas , 63 Mercury Moore, Patrick Alfred Caldwell , 221, 222, atmosphere , 492 312, 447, 526 diameter Morgan Thomas , 492 angular , 490 Morrison, David , 208, 531, 543, 557 physical , 490 motion, planetary precession of perihelion , 125 retrograde , 28, 32 Mercury, transits. See Transits, Mercury uniform circular , 27, 28, 30 Messier, Charles Mt. John Observatory (New Zealand) , 533 comet discoveries , 299 Much Hoole (Lancashire) , 277, 449 Messier catalog , 299 Muzhou Lu , 479 Michaud, Peter , 418 Myers, George William , 600 Michell, John , 520, 595 Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) , 71, 72 Miller, Scott , 468 N Milton, John , 276 Nakamura, Tsuko , 41 Mimas (moon of Saturn) , 212, 213, 216, 219, Nather, R. Edward , 522 220, 223 National Solar Observatory (Sunspot, New discovery , 216 Mexico) , 459 702 Index

Nautical Almanac , etc. (British) , 28, 38, 45, Babylonian , 511 60, 88, 197, 279, 363, 372, 375, Chinese , 511, 512 414, 424, 425, 483, 519, 551 equipment , 561–562 Nelson, Robert M. , 207 high-speed photometry , 569–570 Neptune light curve construction , 565 atmosphere , 228, 531 LiMovie (program; Miyashita) , 565 discovery , 39, 377, 378 observer’s position, fi nding , 559 equatorial plane passages time sources 1962-1963 , 231 Global Positioning System 2045-2046 , 231 (GPS) , 563 radius , 548 internet , 563 satellites , 45 (see also Triton) radio , 562, 563 shape , 536 timing Nereid (moon of Neptune) , 196 audio recorder , 564 Nesterenko, Igor , 471 drift-scan , 566 Newcomb, Simon , 137, 310, 346, 347, stopwatch , 563, 564 372–374, 378, 389, 414, 420, 431 video recording , 563–566 New Horizons (spacecraft) , 11, 233 video time inserter (VTI) Newton, Isaac IOTA-VTI , 563 birth , 32 Kiwi , 563, 564 elliptical motion , 351 occultation spikes , 527 gravitation , 38, 195, 252, 287, 290 predictions Hooke, confl icts with , 289 LOW (Lunar Occultation Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Workbench) , 560 Mathematica , 38 Occult , 556, 560 Nicholson, Philip D. , 223, 484, 529 occultations, by asteroids Nicholson, Seth B. , 70, 196 asteroid diameters , 551 Nix (moon of Pluto) , 11 Asteroid Occultation Updates (website; Nobeyama Radioheliograph , 476 Preston) , 585–589 Noble, William , 384, 514 asteroid profi les , 552 nodes , 12, 25, 26, 35, 37, 38, 45, 46, 51, 97, diffraction fringes , 590 106, 195, 208, 224, 242–246, 260, Global Asteroid Events (website; Breit) , 586 262, 277, 282, 438, 570 observation nodes, line of , 35 event timing , 584 Noël, Alexander-Jean , 354 star identifi cation , 551 Nolthenius, Richard , 555 submitting results , 568–569 video recording , 589 Occult Watcher (program; Pavlov) , 586 O predictions Oberon (moon of Uranus) , 186, 212, 213, 578 2014-2025 , 581 discovery , 186 Asteroid Occultation Updates , 586 oblateness Global Asteroid Events , 586 stars , 482 Occult Watcher , 586 Sun , 473, 482 secondary events , 584 Observatorio Astrónomico Nacional shadow width , 586 (Mexico), 538 visibility region , 585–587 occultations (general) occultations, by comets , 555, 559 defi nition , 219, 435 occultations, by Moon diffraction effects , 521 anomalous events , 515, 517 graze , 13, 560 applications , 523 International Occultation Timing Babylonian records , 511 Association, 553, 560 Cassini regions , 516 Journal for Occultation Astronomy , 560 Chinese records , 511 observation Crab Nebula , 509, 515, 523 Index 703

diameters, planets , 508 occultations, spacecraft diameters, satellites , 519 optical bands , 556 diameter, stars , 522, 523 Voyager-2. Saturn rings , 1981, 556 double stars , 516–517 radio occultations Earth’s rotation history , 512 Cassini , Saturn rings , 556 European Southern Observatory lunar atmosphere , 556 program, 523 Mariner 4 , Mars , 1965, 556 event types Mariner-10 , Mercury , 1974, 556 bright-limb disappearance (DB) , 568 Mars Global Surveyor , 1998, 556 bright-limb reappearance (RB) , 568 occultations, specifi c dark-limb disappearance (DD) , 567 asteroidal, of stars dark-limb reappearance (RD) , 567 Antiope, 2011 Jul 19 , 587, 588 galactic center , 509 Eros, 1975 Jan 24 , 553 geodetic application , 511 Herculina, 1978 Jun 07 , 553 grazing Juno applications , 580 1979 Dec 11 , 553 predictions , 553 1958 Feb 19 , 551 high-speed photometry , 584 Pallas, 1961 Oct 02 , 553 Juno , 550, 553 comets, of stars longitude determination , 192 Biela’s, 1832 Sep 22 , 526 lunar atmosphere , 13, 74, 512, 513, 515 Bowell, 1982 Apr 26 (appulse) , 555 lunar digital terrain models , 567 Burham 1959k, April 1960 lunar limb profi le , 514 (appulse), 555 lunar shape , 515 Hale-Bopp C/1995 O12, 1996 lunar swath , 507–523 Oct 05, 555 McDonald Observatory program , 522 IRAS-Araki-Alcock 1983d, non-stellar objects , 523 1983 May 12 , 555 optical effects , 508, 516 95P/Chiron, 1993 Nov 07 , 555 predictions lunar, of asteroids , 560, 562, 580, 581 2014-2025 , 570 lunar, of planetary satellites , 560, 580, 581 sources , 515 lunar, of planets solar-system bodies, of 357 May 04 BCE, Mars , 508 applications , 580–581 1973 Sep 04, Ceres , 519 predictions , 42 1974 Mar 30, Saturn , 519 2014-2025 , 583 lunar, of stars submitting results , 569 1720 Apr 21, γ Virginis , 516 occultations, by planets and satellites 1819 Apr 13, Antares , 516 mutual events , 201, 209, 224–225 1933 Apr 06, Regulus , 520 observation , 582–583 1938 Sep 06, β Capricorni , 522 planetary rings 1938 Sep 07, ν Aquarii , 522 Neptune , 582, 583 planetary, mutual Saturn , 583 1737 May 28,Venus/Mercury , 22, 524 Uranus , 583 1818 Jan 03 Venus/Jupiter , 22, 524 planetary/satellite atmosphere 2065 Nov 22 Venus/Jupiter , 22, 525 central fl ash , 527, 529, 534 2067 Jul 15 Mercury/Neptune , 22, 524 Jupiter , 524–526, 534 2123 Sep 14 Venus/Jupiter , 22, 524 Mars , 524–526, 534 2223 Dec 02 Mars/Jupiter , 524 Neptune , 524, 527, 531, 534 planetary, of stars Pluto , 531–534, 536 Jupiter Saturn , 529, 530, 536 1879 Sep 14, 64 Aqr , 526 Titan , 534–536 1952 Nov 20, σ Ari , 526 Uranus , 528 1971 May 13, β Sco , 527 Venus , 526, 527, 531 2009 Aug 03-04, 45 Cap , 531 predictions , 2014-2025, 573, 574 Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) 704 Index

occultations, speciﬁ c (cont.) Venus 2009 Oct 09, KBO 55636 , 539, 540 1959 Jul 07, Regulus , 526 2010 Nov 06, Eris , 540 1988 May 11, 136 Tau , 660 2011 Jan 08, KBO 208996 , 540 2044 Oct 01, Regulus , 527 2011 Apr 23, Makemake , 540 planetary satellite, of stars 2011 May 04, Quaoar , 540 Callisto 1693 Mar 20 , 524 2011 Nov 29, Charon , 540 Charon 2012 Feb 03, KBO 208996 , 540 1980 Apr 06 , 536 2012 Apr 25, KBO 119951 , 540 2005 Jul 11 , 537 2012 Jul 13, Quaoar , 540 2008 Jun 22 , 537 Mars 2011 Jun 04 , 537 1672 Oct 01, ψ2 Aqr , 524 2011 Jun 23 , 534 1822 Feb 21, 42 Leo , 524 Titan 1831 Mar 17, 37 Tau , 525 1989 Jul 03, 28 Sgr , 543 1976 Apr 08, ε Gem , 14, 527, 528 1995 Aug 21 , 535 Mars Global Surveyor , by (radio; 2001 Dec 20 , 535 1998 Dec), 556 2003 Jan 05, Crab Nebula , 535 Mercury 2003 Nov 14 (2 stars) , 535 Mariner-10, by (radio; 1974 Mar), 556 Triton MESSENGER , by (radio) , 557 1993 Jul 10, GSC 6309-1811 , 536 Neptune/ring 1995 Aug 14 , 536 1968 Apr 07, SAO 159409 , 527 1997 Nov 04 , 536 1981 May 24 (appulse) , 547 transneptunian objects, of stars , 537 1983 Jun 15 , 547 Odierna, Giovanni Battista , 191 1985 Aug 20, N39 , 530 Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm , 549 1988 Sep 12, N51 , 530 O’Meara, Stephen James , 536 1989 Jul 08, N55 , 530 Oort Cloud , 537–539 Pluto Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) 1965 Apr 29 , 531 OSO-1 , 145 1985 Aug 19 , 531 OSO-7 , 129, 145 1988 Jun 09 , 532 orbits 2002 Jul 20 , 532 aphelion , 35 2002 Aug 21 , 532, 533 ascending node , 35 2003 Aug 21 , 532 elements 2006 Jun 12 , 533 mean , 36, 37 2007 Mar 18 , 533 osculating , 37 2007 Jul 31 , 533 epoch , 36, 38 2008 Aug 25 , 534 inclination , 10, 37, 597, 610 2009 Apr 21 , 534 orbital planes , 10, 12, 28, 35, 188, 200, 2010 Jul 04 , 534 209, 231, 237, 598, 602 2011 Jun 23 , 534 perihelion , 35, 433, 532 2012 Sep 09 , 534 period 2013 May 04 , 534 sidereal , 33–35, 212 Saturn Globe/Rings synodic , 34, 35, 38, 212 1917 Feb 09 , 542 Owen, Tobias C. , 546 1939 Nov 24 , 542 1957 Apr 28 , 543 1981 Aug 25, δ Sco (Voyager-2 P ﬂ yby) , 556 Palermo Observatory (Sicily) , 549 1989 Jul 03, 28 Sgr , 534 Palisa, Johann , 432 Cassini mission, by (radio) , 544 Palitzsch, Johann Georg , 39 Uranus/rings Pallas (Asteroid 2) , 551 1977 Mar 10, SAO 158687 , 528, 544 Palomar Mountain Observatory (California) , 1998 Nov 06, U149 , 529 223, 530 Index 705

Panser, Symon , 116 Pigott, Edward , 592 parallactic inequality , 372–374, 414 Pilcher, Carl B. , 531 parallax , 39, 58, 102, 103, 115, 119, 128, 258, Pingré, Alexander-Gui 291–293, 295, 299, 310, 320, 366, observes 1761 Venus transit , 483 413, 414, 431–436, 439, 442, plans to observe 1761 Venus transit , 483 467–470, 487, 509. See also solar travels to Rodrigue , 1761, 309 parallax Pioneer-11 (spacecraft) , 546 stellar (annual) , 39 Pitt, William (the Elder) , 347 Paramour , 290, 327 planetarium programs , 86, 87, 560, 568, Parkinson, Sydney , 332, 334, 336, 338 573, 586 painter on Cook’s ﬁ rst voyage , 331 planets Parmenides of Elea , 23 inferior planets , 11, 27, 32, 250, 255 Parsons, Lawrence , 70 occultations, mutual , 235, 524, 525 Pasachoff, Jay , 316, 319, 460, 475, 479, 482 superior planets , 27, 28, 31 Pasiphae (moon of Jupiter) , 196 Plato , 26, 27 Paul I (czar of Russia) , 313 Plato 2.0 (Planetary Transits and Oscillations Pauly , 356 of Stars), 620 Peale, Stanton Jerrold , 190 Plutarch of Chaeronea (Lucius Mestrius Pease, Francis Gladheim , 522 Plutarchus), 110 Peirce, Benjamin , 378 Pluto penumbra , 2–4, 7, 9, 10, 49–53, 55, 56, 59, 62, atmosphere , 531, 533, 534 64, 65, 69, 70, 75–82, 86–91, 99, radius , 533 103, 158, 168, 206, 220, 221, 310, satellites , 233, 237, 533 ( see also 341, 342 Charon; Hydra; Kerberos; Nix; Styx) Péridier Observatory (La Houga, France) , 526 temperature , 533 Periesc, Nocolas Claude Fabri de Pogson, Norman Robert , 368 (Peirescius), 191 Polar Spots (Venus) , 480 Pérot, Jean-Baptiste Alfred , 144 Porco, Carolyn C. , 228 Perrine, Charles Dillon , 196 Potter, Andrew E. , 470 Perry, Stephen Joseph , 387 Potter, Michael , 208 Personal equation , 371, 563. See also Pound, James , 203 occultations (general) Preuss, Charles (orig. George Karl Ludwig), 190 Person, Michael J. , 534 Prince, Charles Leeson , 418 Peter I (Peter the Great, Russian czar) , 297 Prince of Wales’ Fort (Fort Churchill), 292, 349 Peters, Christian Heinrich Friederich , 135, Principia (Newton) , 194, 290 397, 399 Proba- 2 (Project for OnBoard Autonomy-2; Pétit, Fréderic , 122 satellite), 473 Petrunin, Yuri , 313, 471 Proctor, Richard Anthony , 379, 380, 520 Pettit, Edison , 71, 121, 123 protuberances. See Sun, prominences phase angle , 80 Prutenic Tables , 32 Phobos (moon of Mars) Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) discovery , 186 Almagest , 30, 258, 508 Mars-Phobos events , 234, 235 diameters, stars and planets , 28, 256, 508 Phoebe (moon of Saturn) , 45 occultation observations , 24, 30 photography system, planetary , 255 dguerreotype , 123, 124, 399 transits, planetary , 7, 23 photo-heliograph , 127, 391, 392, 426 Puiseux, André , 418 wet-collodion process , 127 Putnam, William Lowell , III, 479 Piazzi, Giuseppi , 237, 549 Pythagorean School , 31 PICARD (satellite) , 473, 482 Pickering, Edward Charles , 199 Pickering, William Henry , 73, 513 Q Pickersgill, Richard , 340 Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques , 122 Pigot, George , 309 Quietanus, Johannes Remus , 266 706 Index

R S Rannou, Pascal , 532 Sagittarius A , 509 Ranyard, Arthur Cowper , 134 Saint Helena (island) , 290, 301, 302, 304, Rayet, Georges Antoine Pons , 368 309, 324 reappearance , 9, 123, 207, 208, 210, 221, 223, Sajnovics, Johann , 345 235, 421, 512, 514, 516, 520, 521, Sampson, Ralph Allen , 197 529, 562, 564, 566–569, 580–582, Sands, Benjamin Franklin , 348, 353 584, 589 Sanjovic, Evgen , 347 Rees, John Krom , 416 satellites, artiﬁ cial , 9, 14, 17, 43, 471, 511, Regulus , 22, 79, 482, 509, 520, 522, 526, 527, 512, 547 570, 571, 579, 585 satellites, natural Reinhold, Erasmus , 32 mutual eclipses , 201, 235, 238 Reitsema, Harold James , 223, 547, 553 mutual occultations , 200, 235, 524 retroreﬂ ectors , 13, 434 orbital data , 212 Rhea (moon of Saturn) , 212, 213, 216, physical data , 187, 213 220–224, 519, 537, 577 shadow transits , 210, 218, 219, 221 discovery , 216 transits , 201, 203, 221 RHESSI (Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Saturn, Globe Spectroscope Imager) satellite, atmosphere , 228 473, 482 ellipticity , 223, 225 Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope (DST) , 460, radius , 544 473, 475 shadow on Rings Richards, George Henry , 380 cooling of Rings , 11 Richichi, Andrea , 517, 523 distortion of shadow edge , 229 Richter, Nikolaus , 87, 88 Terby White Spot , 229, 230 Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Coleridge) , 515 temperature , 229 Rittenhouse, David Saturn, Rings observations Cassini division , 216, 226, 227, 541, solar eclipse 1778 Jun 24 , 116 544, 556 Venus transit 1769 Jun 3-4 , 290 components, characteristics , 240 Roche lobe , 600, 601, 637 dimensions , 222 Rodriguez, David R. , 468 discovery , 214, 217, 230 Roger of Hereford , 57 divisions (general) , 541, 542 Romare, Oscar E. , 139 Encke division , 223 Rømer, Ole , 194, 372, 524 mass , 544 Rondi, André , 479 nature , 230, 541 Rondi, Sylvain , 479 optical density/transmission , Rossiter-McLaughlin effect , 485 541–543 Rossiter, Richard Alfred , 485 Ring A , 216, 218 Row, Ankitam Venkata Nursing , 401 Ring B , 216, 218 Royal Society (British) Ring C (Crape) , 218 Transit Committee (1769) , 339 ring plane passages (see also Individual members) 1891-1892 , 220–221 appoints James Cook , 327 1907-1908 , 224 chooses observing stations , 324, 364 1920-1921 , 222 Memorandum to King George III , 325 1936-1937 , 222, 224 Rudolf II (Holy Roman emperor) 1950 , 222 Kunstkammer , 261 1966 , 222 occult interests , 261 1979-1980 , 222 Rumovsky, Stepan Yakovievich , 307, 310 1995-1996 , 223, 225 Rush, Benjamin , 352 2009 , 223 Russell, Henry Chamberlain , 400 2025 , 219, 222 Russell, Henry Norris , 237, 415, 598, 609 shadow on Globe , 225 Russia (Asteroid 232) , 432 effect on planet , 227 Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris , 416 visibility cycle , 222 Index 707

Saturn, satellites. See also individual satellites Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star mutual events , 224–225 Catalog (SAO) , 230, 237, 419, 465, PHESAT 95 , 225 527, 528, 542, 544, 545, 551, 557, orbital inclinations , 598 578, 597 phenomena Smithsonian Institution Libraries , 215, 452 eclipses by Saturn , 519 Smith, William , 386, 399, 422 occurrence cycles , 225 Smyth, Charles Piazzi , 122 shadow transits, 218, 219, 221, 222, 235 Smyth, William Henry , 515 transits , 219, 229, 235 SOHO. See Solar and Heliospheric Saunders, Patrick , 340 Observatory (SOHO) scale height , 65, 74, 448, 449, 476, 526–528, Solá, José Comas , 534 530, 532, 533, 535, 582 Solander, Daniel Carlsson , 332 Schaeberle, John Martin , 204, 205 botanist on Cook’s ﬁ rst voyage , 332 Schaefer, Bradley E. , 319 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) , Scheiner, Christoph , 262, 592 146, 440, 441, 443, 491 Schenk, Petrus, the Younger , 115 Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) , 146, Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio , 230 147, 465–469, 473, 474, 481 Schickard, Wilhelm , 267 Solar Maximum Mission , 129, 146 Schindler, Kevin , 479 solar parallax. See also astronomical unit Schmidt, Johann Friedrich Julius , 58 adopted values, almanacs , 363, 375–376, Schneider, Glenn , 446, 479, 585 414, 432 Schroeter, Johann Hieronymus , 311, 367, 512 deﬁ nition , 44 Schumacher, Heinrich Christian , 123 determination methods Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich , 124 annual aberration , 414 Scurvy , 329, 330, 332, 335, 338 asteroid parallaxes , 431 SDO. See Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Mars parallax , 414 Searle, Arthur , 199 parallactic inequality , 373, 414 seasons (terrestrial) , 11 planetary perturbations , 414 length , 28, 33 estimates Secchi, Pietro Angelo , 128, 146, 385, 491 Venus transit Secosky, James J. , 208 1761 , 321, 363, 373 Seeliger, Hugo Hans von , 59, 384 1769 , 363, 372 Sekiguchi, Naosuke , 69 1874 , 413, 414, 431 Seneca the Younger (Lucius Annaeus 1882 , 431 Seneca), 554 International Astronomical Union adopted SETI Institute , 533 values , 435 Seven Years’ War , 300, 485 summary , 1771-1874, 373–375 shadow axis , 2, 3, 89, 90, 119, 529 Solar System , 2, 3, 12, 18, 19, 30–32, 35–40, Shapley, Harlow , 598 42, 45, 47, 186, 187, 194, 196, 203, Sharonov, Vsevolod Vasil’evich , 305, 312 209, 216, 225, 233, 236–238, 242, Sheehan, William Patrick: 5, 10, 13, 15, 16, 249, 251, 268, 275, 290, 296, 343, 43, 88, 103, 157, 165, 172, 232, 405, 424, 435, 449, 453, 484, 509, 240, 241, 242, 269, 302, 313, 359, 517, 524, 536, 539, 541, 547, 548, 406, 435, 443, 479, 487, 517, 531, 556, 580–581, 585, 607, 611, 612, 532, 563, 569, 570, 584 619, 620, 622 Shiltsev, Vladimir D. , 312, 313, 315, inventory , 42 316, 471 Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Shorthill, Richard Warren , 71 (STEREO), 146 Short, James J. , 320, 339, 349 Soldner, Johann Georg von , 138 Sicardy, Bruno , 532, 535, 537, 540, 547 Soma, Mitsuru , 225 Silberschlag, Georg Christoph , 317 SORCE (Solar Radiation and Climate Sirius , 155, 168, 520 Experiment) satellite, 473, 483 Skylab Manned Mission , 145 Souillart, Cyrille Joseph , 195 Smith, Dale W. , 223 Sousa, John Philip , 408, 429 Smith, Edwin , 399, 422 South, James , 524 708 Index

spacecraft , 7, 11, 18, 19, 41, 66, 72, 147, 190, chromospheres , 401 194–199, 202, 205, 207, 208, 218, corona 233, 235, 238, 249, 316, 435, 448, discovery by Ulloa , 116 476, 477, 481, 484, 490–492, 519, E component , 142 536, 543, 545, 553, 555–557, 567, F component , 142 580, 584, 609, 611, 614 K component , 142 spectroheliograph , 143 lunar vs. solar controversy , 207 spectroscope , 122, 131, 133, 142–144, 157, temperature , 46, 156, 341 366, 368, 390, 393, 395, 398, 401, variation with solar cycle , 68 473, 513, 526, 555, 582 coronal mass ejection (CME) Spitta, Edmund Johnson , 204 1971 Dec 13-14 , 145 Spöring, Herman Diedrich , 332, 337 1860 Jul 18 , 129 secretary on Cook’s ﬁ rst voyage , 337 corona, outer Sputnik (satellite) , 512, 547 particulate nature , 110, 142 stadium (ancient unit of distance) , 49 “coronium” (Fe XIV) discovery , 36, 49 stars diameter , 48, 99, 102, 179, 180, 282, 473, Achernar , 482, 637 483, 485, 491 Aldebaran , 79, 509, 511, 515, 570, 571, distance (Astronomical Unit) , 290, 467 580, 637, 638 eclipses (see eclipses, solar) Algol ( β Persei) , 592 helium, discovery , 71, 131, 132 Altair , 482, 637 limb darkening , 4, 55, 81, 155, 163, 179, angular diameters, interferometry , 523, 180, 203, 319, 320, 370, 446–448, 550, 569, 584 471, 492, 519, 534, 616 angular diameters, occultation , 569 parallax (see solar parallax) Antares , 13, 65, 79, 179, 509, 515, 516, prominences 522, 570, 571, 580 discovery , 123 Beta (β ) Lyrae , 17, 237, 595, 599, 600, 637 solar nature , 130 Cepheid variables , 595 reversing layer , 133 Epsilon ( ε ) Geminorum , 14, 528 discovery , 133 Fomalhaut , 179, 606 sunspots Mira (o Cephei) , 592 claims of discovery , 141 Regulus , 22, 79, 482, 509, 520, 522, 526, solar rotation proof 527, 570, 571, 579, 585 sunspot cycle , 68, 148 Sirius , 155, 168, 520 supernovae W Ursa Majoris , 60, 637 185 , 591 ZC996 , 517 393 , 592 Stebbins, Joel , 73, 597–598 1572 , 591 Stéphan, Édouard Jean-Marie , 131 1604 , 591 STEREO. See Solar Terrestrial Relations Surveyor-3 (spacecraft) , 66 Observatory (STEREO) Sussenbach, John S. , 459 Stone, Edward James , 384 Swan, William , 124 Strahan, George , 401 Swedish Vacuum Tower Telescope Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared (Tenerife) , 446 Astronomy (SOFIA) , 528, 530, 534 Swift, Lewis , 135, 229 Struve, Karl Hermann , 222 syzgy , 45, 97 Struve, Otto Lyudvigovich , 605 Struve, Otto Wilhelm von , 122, 137, 385, 386, 389 T Stuyvaert, Charles-Emile , 430 Tahiti (aka Otaheite, King George’s Land) Styx (moon of Pluto) , 11 discovery , 343 Sun Fort Venus , 336, 337, 342 atmosphere inhabitants and society , 333 magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)/Alfvén instruments for 1769 Venus transit, 470–471 waves , 142 Matavai Bay , 333–336 Index 709

observations, 1769 Venus transit solar eclipse expeditions , 424 contact timings , 372 US Naval Observatory, at description , 330 1882 Venus transit photography , 411, 412 drawings , 337 Todd, Mabel Loomis observing stations, secondary, 1769 Venus Austin Dickinson, affair with , 423 transit David Peck Todd, marriage to , 428 Moorea , 340 Toledan Tables , 31 Taaupiri , 340 Towneley, Richard , 286 Point Venus , 335–340 Tranquility Base (Apollo-11 landing site) , 434 Position , 329 transit (defi nition) , 341, 420 venereal disease , 338 Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite weather conditions, Venus transit day (TESS) , 619 Tanga, Paolo , 478, 479, 481 Transitional Region and Coronal Explorer TAOS (Transneptunian Automated Occultation (TRACE) , 146, 319, 440–442, 448, Survey) , 538 492, 493 Tarde, Jean , 263 spacecraft , 492 Tasman, Abel , 358 Transit of Earth (Arthur C. Clarke) , 11 telescope Transit of Venus (Hunter) , 359 refl ecting , 15, 339 transits, asteroidal , 14, 17, 241 invention , 22 Icarus (Asteroid 1566) , 241 refracting transits, Mercury aberrations , 41 contact timings , 365, 372 achromatic , 41 durations , 496, 499, 504 invention , 41, 42 frequency , 14 Tenerife (island) , 492 Mercury diameter , 262, 282, 489, 490 Tennant, James Francis , 368 nodes, location , 12 Terby, Francois Joseph Charles , 229 optical effects , 229, 492 Tethys (moon of Saturn) , 212, 213, 216, patterns , 252, 488 220–224, 226, 519 solar diameter measurement , 366 discovery , 216 summary Thales of Miletus , 26, 109 1631-2098 , 246 Thirty-Meter Telescope (TMT) , 620 2016-2124 , 494 Thirty Years’ War , 264, 485 transit cycles , 245–246, 248, 488 Thomson, William. See Kelvin, Lord transits, Mercury, Specifi c Thouvenin, Nicolas , 479 1607 Nov 07 (non-event: erroneous three-body problem , 46, 113 prediction and observation by Tilly (Johann Tserclaes) , 268 Kepler) , 261 time signals , 17, 209, 365, 502, 553, 562–564 1631 Nov 07 Timocharis of Alexandria , 508 observation by Gassendi , 278 Titan (moon of Saturn) prediction by Kepler , 265 atmosphere 1677 Nov 07 , 246, 627 composition , 63, 449, 485, 582 1753 May 06 , 246, 627 discovery , 214 1769 Nov 09 , 246, 627 winds , 535 1999 Nov 15 , 246, 628 discovery , 186 2003 May 07 , 246, 440, 490, 628 events , 219 2006 Nov 08-09 , 246, 628 temperature , 536 2016 May 09 , 246, 252 Titania (moon of Uranus) 2019 Nov 11 , 246, 494–496, 498 discovery , 186 transits, Planetary (general) orbital lag , 233 black drop Todd, David Peck causes , 447 Amherst period , 423–426 effect on timings , 455 later life , 427 colloquium in 2004 , 449 Mabel Loomis Todd, marriage to , 423 contacts , 313, 355, 377, 462, 490, 502 710 Index

transits, Planetary (general) (cont.) Britain , 385 Delislean poles , 298 Denmark , 420 graze transits , 244 France , 383 Halleyan/Cishalleyan poles , 293–295, 298 Germany , 383 occurrence conditions , 244 Italy , 378, 385 possibility acknowledged by Ptolemy , 28 Mexico , 385 seen from other planets , 249 Russia , 385 series , 245–247 United States , 386, 409 shadow ( see under satellites, natural) observations and results transits, Venus Australia , 392, 422 aureole , 314, 353, 448, 471 Hawaii , 395 circumstances , 1761-2012, 252 India , 378 nodes, location , 242 Japan , 388 optical illusions , 203–207 Kerguélen , 420 simulators , 371 Mauritius , 420 solar parallax determination methods New Zealand , 422 Delislean method , 252 Russia , 409 Halleyean method , 252 observing instruments , 389, 391 summary , 60-3956, 247 observing parties, summary , 392 transit cycles , 245, 247–249 photography transits, Venus, Speciﬁ c measurement , 393, 403, 414 1631 Dec 07 revolver photographique , 393 attempted observation by Gassendi, 490 solar parallax results , 375, 376, 409, prediction by Kepler , 490 413, 425 1639 Dec 04 stations, general observed by Crabtree , 457, 463 districts A-E, British , 383, 387 observed by Horrocks , 449, 463 locational constraints , 378–379 predicted by Horrocks , 457 locational controversy , 379–382 1761 Jun 06 ( see also individual stations, national , 383–386 observers) Britain , 382 aureole possibly observed , 318 Denmark , 378 black drop reported , 355, 369 France , 383, 396 Delislean poles , 295, 298 Germany , 361, 364, 396 Halleyan/Cishalleyan poles , 295, 298 Italy , 361, 364 nationalities participating , 300 Mexico , 364 observers, number of , 290, 309 Russia , 364, 396 stations, number of , 290 United States , 361, 364, 396 1769 Jun 03-04 ( see also individual 1882 Dec 06 observers) aureole reported , 418, 419 aureole possibly observed , 318 black drop reported , 418, 419 black drop reported , 318 Conférence international du passage de British preparations , 301 Vénus, Paris, 410 Halley’s method, suitability for , 326 national plans , 410 stations, speciﬁ c (see also Tahiti) United States , 410 Norriton , 351, 352 observations and results North Cape , 345 Algeria , 420 Pondicherry , 357 Argentina , 412 Prince of Wales’ Fort , 292 Australia , 412 San José del Cabo , 357 Brazil , 412, 420 1874 Dec 09 British Isles , 417–418 aureole reported , 448 Cape Horn , 422 black drop reported , 400, 447 Chile , 409, 420 method; Halleyan vs. Delislean , 365 France , 411, 412, 418 national plans Germany , 409, 411, 412 Index 711

Haiti , 421 drawing , 480 Italy , 418 optical phenomena , 464 Mauritius , 412, 420 photography , 464–467, 472 New Zealand , 422 solar limb darkening , 471 Nosy Vé , 420 Venus in sky 2011-2013 , 458 South Africa , 412, 420 visibility region , 474 U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey , weather prospects , 466, 471 416, 417, 422 websites , 464 U.S. Naval Observatory 2117 Dec 10-11 , 503, 504 (Washington DC) , 424 2125 Dec 08 , 247, 504, 505 photography transneptunian objects , 537 plans for , 408 Trépied, Jean-Charles , 135, 420 plate types , 427, 428 Triton (moon of Neptune) Todd, David, series , 424, 428 atmosphere , 534, 536 public interest , 407 discovery , 186, 539, 546 Stations orbital plane passages general areas , 412 1951-1952 , 231 locational constraints , 411 2046-2048 , 231 United States Transit , 412 temperature , 536 1874 Dec 09 and 1882 Dec 06 Trouvelot, Étienne Léopold , 207 world developments, prior to Tsapina, Olga , 315 astronomical instruments , 389–391 Tupman, George Lyon communications , 365 anomalous lunar occultations , 517 political , 379, 411 measures photographs, 1874 Venus transportation , 403, 423 transit , 448 2004 Jun 08 observes 1874 Venus transit , 517 ACRIM satellite measurement , 441, 446 observes 1882 Venus transit , 408 aureole recorded , 437, 442, 443, Turner, Joseph , 526 448–449 Tuttle, Charles Wesley , 541 black drop recorded , 437, 440, 447–448, 455 colloquium (2004 Jun 07-11) , 449 U Dutch Open Telescope images, 441, 443 Ueno, Hikoma , 396 GOES-12 satellite images , 441 Ulloa, Amtonio de , 116 Google coverage , 451, 452 umbra , 2–4, 9, 10, 44, 48–53, 55–59, 61–65, images on line , 453 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 82–86, imaging methods , 437 89–94, 99, 101–106, 109, 126, 145, public outreach , 450, 452 156–158, 206, 527, 579 SOHO satellite images , 440 apex , 2, 60, 104 solar irradiance measured , 446 Umbriel (moon of Uranus) , 212, 213, Swedish 1-meter telescope , 442 233, 578 TRACE satellite images , 448 orbital lag , 233 visibility region , 440, 450 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey VT-2004 program , 453 (United States Coast Survey) , 137, contact timings , 453–456 416, 417, 511 weather conditions , 438, 449 United States Naval Observatory websites , 450–453 Flagstaff Station (Arizona) , 470 2012 Jun 05-06 Washington DC , 470 circumstances, geocentric , 460, 461 Universal Time, Coordinated (UTC) , 17, circumstances, local , 482 209, 562 historical reconstruction , 470 Universe observation Copernican model , 32 aureole , 471, 480 geocentric model , 26, 40 black drop , 471, 480, 485 heliocentric model , 32, 40 712 Index

Universe (cont.) Venus, transits. See transits, Venus Ptolemaic model Venus Twilight Experiment , 477–481, 527 deferent , 30 cytherograph , 460–463 eccentric , 30 Very, Frank Washington , 89 epicycle , 30 Vesta (Asteroid 4) , 549 equant , 30, 31 Vincent, Leo , 132 Tychonic model Vindobona (Asteroid 231) , 432 Uranus Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging atmosphere , 14, 528 Spectrometer (VIRTIS) , 478 axial tilt , 235, 529 Vitagliano, Aldo , 241 discovery , 39, 528 Vogel, Hermann Carl , 596 equatorial plane passages Voyager-1 (spacecraft) , 190, 197, 199, 207, 2007-2008 , 231 208, 535, 543, 546 2049-2050 , 231 Voyager-2 (spacecraft) , 199, 231, 535, 536, rings 543, 545, 547, 548, 556, 557 discovery , 545 Vulcan. See intra-mercurial planet false sighting by W. Herschel , 237 properties rotation period , 528 W shape , 14 Waddington, Robert , 309 temperature , 529 Walcher of Malvern , 57 Uranus, satellites. See also individual Wales, William , 325, 349 satellites Wallenstein, Albrecht von , 264 mutual events , 210, 231 Wallis, John , 273 Wallis, Samuel , 328 Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm , 309 V Watson, James Craig , 135, 386 Vachier, Frederic , 479 Watts, Chester Burleigh , 516 Vassenius, Birger , 112 Weidenschilling, Stuart J. , 238 Vaucouleurs, Gérard de , 68, 123, 128, 405, Weiss, Edmund , 131 526, 527 Wells, Herbert George , 486, 514 Vaughn, Frank R. Wendell, Oliver Clinton , 199 Veillet, Chritian , 479 Werner, Johann , 57 Venus Wesselink, Adriaan Jan , 71 atmosphere Westfall, John Edward , 2–4, 6, 9, 12, 25, 27, detection , 484 28, 30, 34, 36, 37, 45, 49–51, scale height , 449, 476 53–55, 57, 59–62, 65–67, 70, aureole , 314 76–78, 81, 85–87, 89–95, 99–102, cusp/horn extension , 284, 311, 312, 367, 105, 107, 110, 111, 120, 121. 459 151–153, 162, 168–171, 179, 180, diameter , 315 187, 188, 198, 206, 211, 219, 220, angular , 24, 467 223, 226, 227, 242–244, 248–251, cloud-top , 312, 317, 484, 527 253, 256, 280, 293, 295, 320, 321, solid-body , 484, 527 326, 331, 348, 357, 367, 368, 374, occultation of Mercury (1737 May 28) 375, 379, 381, 402, 411, 418, 419, phase discovery , 40, 484 423, 438, 439, 445, 450–452, 455, polar spots , 480 458, 461, 465, 468, 469, 474, rotation period , 478, 528 488–490, 496, 498, 503, 504, 508, spectroscopic observations , 396 510, 518, 521, 525, 529, 557, 565, Venus Express Orbiter (satellite) , 473, 478 568, 577, 584, 588, 596, 601, 602, Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) , 478 608, 622, 623 Index 713

Whiston, William , 115 Y Whitford, Albert Edward , 127 Yanagi, Narayoshi , 396 Widemann, Thomas , 478, 479, 481 year Williams, Arthur Stanley , 20 tropical , 25 Williams, Samuel , 116, 119 Yeats, William Butler , 507 Willson, Richard C. , 446 Yoshikawa, Ichiro , 492 Wilson, William Parkinson , 399 Young, Andrew T. , 448 Winthrop, John , 305, 310, 347 Young, Charles Augustus , 132, 133, 222 Wolf, Charles Joseph Étienne, 371 Worthington, John , 273, 283 Z Wren, Christopher , 289 Zalucha, Angela , 533 W Ursa Majoris , 601, 637 ZC996 (star) , 517