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History of Science Society Annual Meeting San Diego, California 15-18 November 2012

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History of Science Society Annual Meeting San Diego, California 15-18 November 2012 History of Science Society Annual Meeting San Diego, California 15-18 November 2012 Session Abstracts Alphabetized by Session Title. Abstracts only available for organized sessions. Agricultural Sciences in Modern East Asia Abstract: Agriculture has more significance than the production of capital along. The cultivation of rice by men and the weaving of silk by women have been long regarded as the two foundational pillars of the civilization. However, agricultural activities in East Asia, having been built around such iconic relationships, came under great questioning and processes of negation during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as people began to embrace Western science and technology in order to survive. And yet, amongst many sub-disciplines of science and technology, a particular vein of agricultural science emerged out of technological and scientific practices of agriculture in ways that were integral to East Asian governance and political economy. What did it mean for indigenous people to learn and practice new agricultural sciences in their respective contexts? With this border-crossing theme, this panel seeks to identify and question the commonalities and differences in the political complication of agricultural sciences in modern East Asia. Lavelle’s paper explores that agricultural experimentation practiced by Qing agrarian scholars circulated new ideas to wider audience, regardless of literacy. Onaga’s paper traces Japanese sericultural scientists who adapted hybridization science to the Japanese context at the turn of the twentieth century. Lee’s paper investigates Chinese agricultural scientists’ efforts to deal with the question of rice quality in the 1930s. American Motherhood at the Intersection of Nature and Science, 1945-1975 Abstract: This panel explores how scientific and popular ideas about “the natural” and motherhood have impacted the construction and experience of maternal identities and practices in 20th century America. Historians of science have long been intrigued by the ways in which scientific knowledge and practice has both informed, and been informed by, cultural ideas about gender. The papers in this panel analyze motherhood in the context of ideas about nature, the body, human behavior and practices of knowledge-making, as well as its applications. Nadine Weidman’s paper explores the popular impact of the work of animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz on Cold War popular ideas about emotion, instinct, gender, and motherhood. In her paper on the feminization of empathy, Susan Lanzoni explores the shift in scientific ideas that naturalized the association of empathy with female, and particularly maternal, identity in the post-war years. Jessica Martucci’s paper connects the ethological and physiological study of maternal instinct to a shift in the meaning and practice of breastfeeding amongst mothers in the 1950s and 1960s. By focusing on the struggle of California midwives to attain legal legitimacy in the 1970s, Wendy Kline suggests that health activists sought to maintain access to demedicalized childbirth, a process they deemed a natural and embodied aspect of their identity. Together, these papers suggest that contested ideas about the nature of motherhood intersected with the sciences of human and animal behavior to dramatically reshape the meaning and practice of being a mother in the decades following World War II. Animal Models Beyond Genetics Abstract: The overall aim of this symposium is to reconsider the role of animal models in the establishment of biomedical knowledge and its applications. Although there has been extensive exploration in the history, philosophy, and sociology of biology of choice and use of organisms in 20th century research practices, discussions have been dominated by a focus on genetically-based animal models. Central themes in this literature include how organisms are chosen, the epistemic roles played by non-human organisms in biomedical research, and the critical role of standardization processes. A key to the success of so-called ‘model organisms,’ which have dominated much of biomedical research in the late 20th century, has been their relatively simple genetic systems. Hence the question of how contemporary biologists understand what criteria need to be fulfilled for an experimental animal model to be ‘representative’ (particularly of the human) and to assess the potential scope of this representation has been answered within HPS scholarship largely in terms of these dominant genetic approaches. This symposium aims to go beyond existing scholarship to examine a wider range of animal models in order to contribute to a richer understanding of the choice, use, and application of animal models in 20th-21st century biomedicine. The papers utilize historical methods to address a range of questions in relation to what makes an animal model be considered to be valid, underlying concepts of standardization beyond genetics, and how and why particular models succeed (or fail) when transferred out of research settings into the clinic and beyond. Aristotle’s Chemistry between Theory and Practice Abstract: This session will explore three complementary aspects of Aristotle’s ‘chemical treatise’ – Meteorology IV. The emphasis will be on significant ways in which his philosophy of science, metaphysics and natural philosophy are put into practice in the context of his ‘chemistry’. The enormous interest that Aristotle’s Meteorology commanded mainly from late antiquity until early modern times can be measured by the scores of commentaries devoted to it (especially to book IV) and by the number of translations into Arabic and Latin. Besides its influence on developments in alchemy and “chymistry”, and more generally on philosophical and scientific thought, Meteorology IV is a remarkable text in its own right; a close reading of its twelve chapters reveals important and sometimes surprising aspects of Aristotle’s theory of matter and his treatment of dispositional properties, among other things. James Lennox’s study sheds new light on what he calls the emergence of material complexity and is centered on the consistent use of quasi-thermodynamic explanations. Tiberiu Popa’s presentation tackles some of the defining facets of Aristotle’s scientific method as put to work in Meteorology IV, such as division and the implicit use of syllogisms. Mary Louise Gill’s paper is a careful analysis of the concluding chapter of this book: chapter 12 turns out to be crucial to our properly grasping the relationship between material causation and Aristotle’s natural teleology. These three presentations will be followed by reactions from our commentator and chair, Andrea Falcon. ‘Baroque Science’: Roundtable discussion Abstract: The monograph 'Baroque Science' will be new off the press by the time of annual meeting. It explores the paradoxes, anxieties and compromises that shaped the New Science of the 17th century and enabled its spectacular success. The authors, Ofer Gal and Raz Chen-Morris present a radically new perspective to the study of early modern science. Enforcing order in the face of threatening chaos, blurring the boundaries of the natural and the artificial and mobilizing passions in the service of objective knowledge, they argue, the New Science is a Baroque phenomenon. The session will comprise critical presentations and discussions of the book's various themes. Before Technocracy: Scientific and Technological Expertise in Early Modern Europe Abstract: The diffusion of the new science in the early modern period coincided with a revolution in the theory and practice of war, experimentation with practical technologies, and a dramatic expansion and consolidation of state power. This environment created new opportunities across Europe for entrepreneurial figures who claimed to have scientific or technological expertise that could be of use to patrons. We are interested in understanding how soldiers and engineers who served rulers from the 16th-18th centuries thought about and used science and technology, why these individuals were perceived of as useful or important by rulers and their courts, and what happened to their expertise as institutions developed. Soldiers, architects, and engineers were one and the same for centuries, until this existing community proved too unspecialized and small to capably handle expanding military and public works projects. The construction of the state pushed scientists and technical experts to distinguish themselves from each other. The papers in this panel examine individuals whose lives straddled this frontier between the gentleman expert and the new scientific military strategist or civil engineer. Successes and failures marked the lives of engineers and architects whose professional capacities varied enormously for lack of practical training in specific fields. Calls for "scientific" organization and planning were innovative in challenging this status quo. The specific applications of technology and science examined here, in France, Austria, and Italy, illustrate how the ideas of “scientist,” “engineer,” and the “state” remained in flux in early modern construction and military cultures. Between Empires: Colonial Technology and Postcolonial Development in Asia Abstract: This session collaboratively examines the connection between the colonial network of science and technology under the Japanese empire, and the development network in cold war Asia under the US empire, a connection that has not been systematically studied. Japan undertook
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