DOCSLIB.ORG

Space Weather ± Physics and Effects Volker Bothmer and Ioannis A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Space Weather ± Physics and Effects Volker Bothmer and Ioannis A Space Weather ± Physics and Effects Volker Bothmer and Ioannis A. Daglis Space Weather ± Physics and Effects Published in association with Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK Dr Volker Bothmer Dr Ioannis A. Daglis Institute for Astrophysics National Observatory of Athens University of GoÈttingen Athens GoÈ ttingen Greece Germany SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 10: 3-540-23907-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13: 978-3-540-23907-9 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra®e; detailed bibliographic data are available from the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de Library of Congress Control Number: 2006921904 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Preface ............................................. xiii List of ®gures ........................................ xvii List of tables ......................................... xxvii List of abbreviations and acronyms ........................... xxix About the authors ......................................xxxiii List of contributors ..................................... xxxv 1 Introduction (Volker Bothmer and Ioannis Daglis) .............. 1 2 Space weather forecasting historically viewed through the lens of meteorology (George Siscoe) ............................ 5 2.1 Sibling sciences ................................. 5 2.2 Steps in the advance of environmental forecasting: the meteorological experience .......................... 6 2.3 Relevant analogies between terrestrial weather and space weather 10 2.4 Steps in the advance of space weather forecasting .......... 11 2.4.1 Stage 1: social impacts ....................... 11 2.4.2 Stage 2: visual observations. ................... 13 2.4.3 Stages 3 and 4: instrument observations and synoptic images ................................. 14 2.4.4 Stages 5 and 6: real-time predictions based on advection of static structures.......................... 17 2.4.5 Stage 7: subjective analysis .................... 19 2.4.6 Stage 8: objective space weather forecasting ......... 21 2.4.7 Stage 9: numerical space weather prediction ......... 23 vi Contents 2.4.8 Stage 10: storm tracking...................... 24 2.4.9 Critical supplementary step: university teaching of space weather forecating.......................... 25 2.5 Important comparative topics not covered . .............. 25 2.6 Summary ..................................... 26 2.7 Acknowledgements............................... 26 2.8 References .................................... 26 3 The Sun as the prime source of space weather (Volker Bothmer and Andrei Zhukov)..................................... 31 3.1 Introduction ± the Sun's energy output and variability ....... 31 3.2 Space weather effects of the quasi steady-state corona ....... 37 3.2.1 Slow and fast solar wind streams and their source regions 37 3.2.2 Solar wind impact on the Earth's magnetosphere ..... 40 3.2.3 Space storms due to co-rotating interaction regions and high-speed ¯ows ........................... 42 3.3 Space weather effects of the dynamic corona ............. 48 3.3.1 The ever changing photospheric magnetic ®eld ....... 48 3.3.2 The explosive corona ± coronal mass ejections and ¯ares 50 3.3.3 Interplanetary consequences of coronal mass ejections ± shocks and ICMEs ......................... 55 3.3.4 Examples of space storms driven by CMEs/ICMEs .... 58 3.3.5 Major SEP events, CME-driven shocks and radio-wave signatures ............................... 65 3.4 Space storms over the solar cycle ± times of occurrence and importance of solar, heliospheric and magnetospheric modulations 71 3.5 Solar observations and modeling for space weather forecasts . 80 3.5.1 Modeling the quasi steady-state corona and solar wind . 81 3.5.2 Forecasting coronal mass ejections and solar energetic particle events ............................ 83 3.6 Acknowledgements............................... 90 3.7 References .................................... 92 4 The coupling of the solar wind to the Earth's magnetosphere (Christopher T. Russell) ............................... 103 4.1 Introduction ................................... 103 4.2 The bow shock and the magnetosheath . .............. 106 4.3 The size and shape of the magnetosphere. .............. 112 4.4 Reconnection .................................. 114 4.5 Dayside reconnection ............................. 117 4.6 Substorms .................................... 119 4.7 Storms ...................................... 124 4.8 Field-aligned currents ............................. 126 4.9 Summary ..................................... 129 4.10 Acknowledgements............................... 130 4.11 References .................................... 130 Contents vii 5 Major radiation environments in the heliosphere and their implications for interplanetary travel (Norma B. Crosby) .................... 131 5.1 Introduction ................................... 131 5.1.1 The heliosphere . .......................... 132 5.1.2 Cosmic rays.............................. 132 5.1.3 Other particle populations .................... 134 5.1.4 Summary................................ 135 5.2 Galactic cosmic rays . .......................... 136 5.2.1 The energy spectrum ........................ 137 5.2.2 Origin and acceleration mechanisms .............. 138 5.2.3 Summary................................ 141 5.3 Anomalous cosmic rays . .......................... 141 5.4 Solar energetic particles . .......................... 143 5.4.1 Impulsive and gradual events .................. 143 5.4.2 Solar proton events (empirical models and forecasting). 145 5.5 Energetic storm particles . .......................... 147 5.6 Corotating interaction regions ....................... 149 5.7 Planetary bow shocks. .......................... 150 5.8 Geomagnetically trapped particles ..................... 153 5.8.1 Earth's radiation belts ....................... 154 5.8.2 Radiation belts of other planets ................. 158 5.9 Interplanetary space weather and the implications .......... 159 5.9.1 Case study: mission to Mars scenario ............. 161 5.10 Summary ..................................... 164 5.11 Acknowledgements............................... 165 5.12 References .................................... 165 6 Radiation belts and ring current (Daniel N. Baker and Ioannis A. Daglis) 173 6.1 Introduction and historical context .................... 173 6.2 Radiation belt sources . .......................... 175 6.3 Radiation belt structure and dynamics.................. 179 6.4 Ring current structure, sources and formation............. 184 6.5 Ring current dynamics . .......................... 188 6.6 Synopsis ..................................... 195 6.7 References .................................... 196 7 Ionospheric response (Kristian Schlegel) ..................... 203 7.1 Introduction ................................... 203 7.2 Particle precipitation . .......................... 204 7.3 Conductivities and currents ......................... 206 7.4 Magnetic signatures on the ground and geomagnetic indices . 213 7.5 Aurorae...................................... 214 7.6 Consequences of electron density enhancements and ¯uctuations. 218 7.7 Solar-¯are and cosmic-ray related effects ................ 220 7.8 References .................................... 223 viii Contents 8 Solar effects in the middle and lower stratosphere and probable associa- tions with the troposphere (Karin Labitzke and Harry van Loon)..... 225 8.1 Introduction ................................... 225 8.2 Data and methods ............................... 227 8.3 Variability in the stratosphere ....................... 229 8.4 Solar in¯uences on the stratosphere and troposphere ........ 231 8.4.1 The stratosphere during the northern winter......... 231 8.4.2 The stratosphere during the northern summer........ 233 8.4.3 The troposphere ........................... 237 8.5 Models and mechanisms ........................... 240 8.6 Acknowledgements............................... 241 8.7 References .................................... 242 9 Space weather effects on communications (Louis J. Lanzerotti) ...... 247 9.1 Introduction ................................... 247 9.2 Early effects on wire-line telegraph communications ......... 248 9.3 Early effects on wireless communications . .............. 251 9.4 The beginning of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bolden Testimony
    HOLD FOR RELEASE UNTIL PRESENTED BY WITNESS November 17, 2011 Statement of The Honorable Charles F. Bolden, Jr. Administrator National Aeronautics and Space Administration before the Subcommittee on Science and Space Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation U. S. Senate Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss the outlook for NASA’s human space flight program. This has been a remarkable year, as we have completed assembling and outfitting of the U.S. On-orbit Segment (USOS) of the International Space Station (ISS), allowing us to focus on full utilization of the Station’s research capabilities; taken key steps in moving forward into the future of exploration beyond Low-Earth Orbit (LEO); celebrated the 50 th anniversary of human spaceflight; and witnessed the successful conclusion of the historic Space Shuttle Program. We are also pleased with the progress our industry partners have made in developing an American capability to transport cargo and eventually astronauts to the ISS, and end the outsourcing of this work to foreign governments. More importantly, this will add a critical level of redundancy for transporting cargo and crew to the ISS. A robust transportation architecture is important to ensuring full utilization of this amazing research facility. Enabling commercial crew and cargo transportation systems in LEO allows NASA to focus on developing its own systems for sending astronauts on missions of exploration beyond LEO. This split between commercial and Government systems allows for a cost effective approach to promote a broad base for human exploration by the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Severe Space Weather
    Severe Space Weather ThePerfect Solar Superstorm Solar storms in +,-. wreaked havoc on telegraph networks worldwide and produced auroras nearly to the equator. What would a recurrence do to our modern technological world? Daniel N. Baker & James L. Green SOHO / ESA / NASA / LASCO 28 February 2011 !"# $ %&'&!()*& SStormtorm llayoutayout FFeb.inddeb.indd 2288 111/30/101/30/10 88:09:37:09:37 AAMM DRAMATIC AURORAL DISPLAYS were seen over nearly the entire world on the night of August !"–!&, $"%&. In New York City, thousands watched “the heavens . arrayed in a drapery more gorgeous than they have been for years.” The aurora witnessed that Sunday night, The New York Times told its readers, “will be referred to hereafter among the events which occur but once or twice in a lifetime.” An even more spectacular aurora occurred on Septem- ber !, $"%&, and displays of remarkable brilliance, color, and duration continued around the world until Septem- ber #th. Auroras were seen nearly to the equator. Even after daybreak, when the auroras were no longer visible, disturbances in Earth’s magnetic fi eld were so powerful ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY / © PHOTO RESEARCHERS that magnetometer traces were driven off scale. Telegraph PRELUDE TO THE STORM British amateur astronomer Rich- networks around the globe experienced major disrup- ard Carrington sketched this enormous sunspot group on Sep- tions and outages, with some telegraphs being completely tember $, $()*. During his observations he witnessed two brilliant unusable for nearly " hours. In several regions, operators beads of light fl are up over the sunspots, and then disappear, in disconnected their systems from the batteries and sent a matter of ) minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Doc.10100.Space Weather Manual FINAL DRAFT Version
    Doc 10100 Manual on Space Weather Information in Support of International Air Navigation Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority First Edition – 2018 International Civil Aviation Organization TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Space weather indicators .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 The hazards ........................................................................................................................................ 1-2 1.4 Space weather mitigation aspects ....................................................................................................... 1-3 1.5 Coordinating the response to a space weather event ......................................................................... 1-3 Chapter 2. Space Weather Phenomena and Aviation Operations ................................................................. 2-1 2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Geomagnetic storms ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology Program Updates NAC Technology, Innovation and Engineering Committee Meeting | March 19, 2020
    Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology Program Updates NAC Technology, Innovation and Engineering Committee Meeting | March 19, 2020 Christopher Baker NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology Program Executive National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1 CHANGING THE PACE OF SPACE Through Small Spacecraft Technology and Flight Opportunities, Space Tech is pursuing the rapid identification, development, and testing of capabilities that exploit agile spacecraft platforms and responsive launch capabilities to increase the pace of space exploration, discovery, and the expansion of space commerce. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2 THROUGH SUBORBITAL FLIGHT The Flight Opportunities program facilitates rapid demonstration of promising technologies for space exploration, discovery, and the expansion of space commerce through suborbital testing with industry flight providers LEARN MORE: WWW.NASA.GOV/TECHNOLOGY Photo Credit: Blue Origin National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3 FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES BY THE NUMBERS Between 2011 and today… In 2019 alone… Supported 195 successful fights Supported 15 successful fights Enabled 676 tests of payloads Enabled 47 tests of payloads 254 technologies in the portfolio 86 technologies in the portfolio 13 active commercial providers 9 active commercial providers National Aeronautics and Space Administration Numbers current as of March 1, 2020 4 TECHNOLOGY TESTED IN SUBORBITAL Lunar Payloads ISS SPACE IS GOING TO EARTH ORBIT, THE MOON, MARS, AND BEYOND Mars 2020 Commercial Critical Space Lunar Payload Exploration Services Solutions National Aeronautics and Space Administration 5 SUBORBITAL INFUSION HIGHLIGHT Commercial Lunar Payload Services Four companies selected as Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CPLS) providers leveraged Flight Opportunities-supported suborbital flights to test technologies that are incorporated into their landers and/or are testing lunar landing technologies under Flight Opportunities for others.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp
    Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp AIAA Space Mission System 2019-2020 Virginia Tech Aerospace Engineering Faculty Advisor : Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Team Members : Olivia Arthur, Bobby Aselford, Michel Becker, Patrick Crandall, Heidi Engebreth, Maedini Jayaprakash, Logan Lark, Nico Ortiz, Matthew Pieczynski, Brendan Ventura Member AIAA Number Member AIAA Number And Signature And Signature Faculty Advisor 25807 Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Brendan Ventura 1109196 Matthew Pieczynski 936900 Team Lead/Operations Logan Lark 902106 Heidi Engebreth 1109232 Structures & Environment Patrick Crandall 1109193 Olivia Arthur 999589 Power & Thermal Maedini Jayaprakash 1085663 Robert Aselford 1109195 CCDH/Operations Michel Becker 1109194 Nico Ortiz 1109533 Attitude, Trajectory, Orbits and Launch Vehicles Contents 1 Symbols and Acronyms 8 2 Executive Summary 9 3 Preface and Introduction 13 3.1 Project Management . 13 3.2 Problem Definition . 14 3.2.1 Background and Motivation . 14 3.2.2 RFP and Description . 14 3.2.3 Project Scope . 15 3.2.4 Disciplines . 15 3.2.5 Societal Sectors . 15 3.2.6 Assumptions . 16 3.2.7 Relevant Capital and Resources . 16 4 Value System Design 17 4.1 Introduction . 17 4.2 Analytical Hierarchical Process . 17 4.2.1 Longevity . 18 4.2.2 Expandability . 19 4.2.3 Scientific Return . 19 4.2.4 Risk . 20 4.2.5 Cost . 21 5 Initial Concept of Operations 21 5.1 Orbital Analysis . 22 5.2 Launch Vehicles . 22 6 Habitat Location 25 6.1 Introduction . 25 6.2 Region Selection . 25 6.3 Locations of Interest . 26 6.4 Eliminated Locations . 26 6.5 Remaining Locations . 27 6.6 Chosen Location .
    [Show full text]
  • Space UK Earth’S Surface Water
    Issue #49 IN THIS ISSUE: Staring at the Sun MYSTERIOUS Helpline from Space Weightless in the Clouds MERCURY Contents News Cornwall Calling Space Weather Watcher Mapping the Route to Mars Honour for UK Astronaut New Satellite Tracks Pollution UK-France Space Deal In Pictures The Sun Features Mysterious Mercury Zero-G Science Helpline from Space Education Resources UK Space History Skylark Made in the UK Earth-i Info News Cornwall Calling The first Moon landing Cornwall Calling Credit: NASA Cornwall could soon be Antennas at Goonhilly beamed communicating with the Moon and images of the 1969 Moon landing Mars, following the announcement and, shortly after it was built in that the world’s first commercial deep 1985, the 32-metre Goonhilly-6 space communication base will be at antenna carried the historic Live Aid the Goonhilly Earth Station. concert broadcast to TV viewers An £8.4 million investment will see a around the world. two-year upgrade of the Goonhilly-6 A Space Industry Bill, announced antenna so it can communicate as part of the Queen’s speech in One of the large dishes at Goonhilly with future robotic and crewed 2017, will introduce new powers missions to the Moon and Mars. The to allow rocket and spaceplane Credit: Goonhilly Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Local launches from UK soil. Goonhilly is Enterprise Partnership’s Growth Deal also offering spacecraft tracking and the European Space Agency and communications facilities as (ESA) – which the UK Space Agency part of the Spaceport Cornwall contributes to – funded the contract, funding bid. which will allow Goonhilly to support “We see huge opportunities for ESA’s worldwide network of spacecraft the developing space sector in monitoring ground stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloud Download
    NASA Technical Memorandum 106110 Comparisons of Selected Laser Beam Power Missions to Conventionally Powered Missions John M. Bozek National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio and Steven R. Oleson, Geoffrey A. Landis, and Mark W. Stavnes Sverdrup Technology, Inc. Lewis Research Center Group Brook Park, Ohio Prepared for the First Annual Wireless Power Transmission Conference sponsored by the Center for Space Power, Texas A&M University San Antonio, Texas, February 23-25, 1993 NASA COMPARISONS OF SELECTED LASER BEAM POWER MISSIONS TO CONVENTIONALLY POWERED MISSIONS John M. Bozek National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 and Steven R. Oleson, Geoffrey A. Landis, and Mark W. Stavnes Sverdrup Technology, Inc. Lewis Research Center Group Brook Park, Ohio 44142 SUMMARY Earth-based laser sites beaming laser power to space assets have shown benefits over competing power system concepts for specific missions. Missions analyzed in this report that show benefits of laser beam power are low-Earth-orbit (LEO) to geosynchronous-Earth-orbit (GEO) transfer, LEO to low-lunar-orbit (LLO) cargo missions, and lunar-base power. Both laser- and solar-powered orbit transfer vehicles (OTV's) make a "tug" concept viable, which substantially reduces cumulative initial mass to LEO in comparison to chemical propulsion concepts. In addition, electric propulsion OTV's powered by a laser beam have shorter trip times to and from GEO than do competing OTV's powered solely by the Sun. A round-trip savings of 3 months was calculated for the use of a laser OTV tug instead of a solar OTV tug.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary
    The Boston University Astronomy Department Annual Report 2010 Chair: James Jackson Administrator: Laura Wipf 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 5 Faculty and Staff 5 Teaching 6 Undergraduate Programs 6 Observatory and Facilities 8 Graduate Program 9 Colloquium Series 10 Alumni Affairs/Public Outreach 10 Research 11 Funding 12 Future Plans/Departmental Needs 13 APPENDIX A: Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Students 16 APPENDIX B: 2009/2010 Astronomy Graduates 18 APPENDIX C: Seminar Series 19 APPENDIX D: Sponsored Project Funding 21 APPENDIX E: Accounts Income Expenditures 25 APPENDIX F: Publications 27 Cover photo: An ultraviolet image of Saturn taken by Prof. John Clarke and his group using the Hubble Space Telescope. The oval ribbons toward the top and bottom of the image shows the location of auroral activity near Saturn’s poles. This activity is analogous to Earth’s aurora borealis and aurora australis, the so-called “northern” and “southern lights,” and is caused by energetic particles from the sun trapped in Saturn’s magnetic field. 3 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY associates authored or co-authored a total of 204 refereed, scholarly papers in the disciplines’ most The Department of Astronomy teaches science to prestigious journals. hundreds of non-science majors from throughout the university, and runs one of the largest astronomy degree The funding of the Astronomy Department, the Center programs in the country. Research within the for Space Physics, and the Institute for Astrophysical Astronomy Department is thriving, and we retain our Research was changed this past year. In previous years, strong commitment to teaching and service. only the research centers received research funding, but last year the Department received a portion of this The Department graduated a class of twelve research funding based on grant activity by its faculty.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Weather — History and Current Status
    Space Weather — History and Current Status Ji Wu National Space Science Center, CAS Oct. 3, 2017 1 Contents 1. Beginning of Space Age and Dangerous Environment 2. The Dynamic Space Environment so far We Know 3. The Space Weather Concept and Current Programs 4. Looking at the Future Space Weather Programs 2 1.Beginning of Space Age and Dangerous Environment 3 Space Age Kai'erdishi Korolev Oct. 4, 1957, humanity‘s first artificial satellite, Sputnik-1, has launched, ushering in the Space Age. 4 Space Age Explorer 1 was the first satellite of the United States, launched on Jan 31, 1958, with scientific object to explore the radiation environment of geospace. 5 Unknown Space Environment Sputnik-2 (Nov 3, 1957) detected the Earth's outer radiation belt in the far northern latitudes, but researchers did not immediately realize the significance of the elevated radiation because Sputnik 2 passed through the Van Allen belt too far out of range of the Soviet tracking stations. Explorer-1 detected fewer cosmic rays in its orbit (which ranged from 220 miles from Earth to 1,563 miles) than Van Allen expected. 6 Space Age - unknown and dangerous space environment 7 Satellite failures due to the unknown and Particle dangerous space environment Radiation！ Statistics show that the space radiation environment is one of the main causes of satellite failure. The space radiation environment caused about 2,300 satellite failures of all the 5000 failure events during the 1966-1994 period collected by the National Geophysical Data Center. Statistics of the United States in 1996 indicate that the space environment caused more than 40% of satellite failures in 1958-1986, and 36% in 1986-1996.
    [Show full text]
  • Progress in Space Weather Modeling in an Operational Environment
    J. Space Weather Space Clim. 3 (2013) A17 DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2013037 Ó I. Tsagouri et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2013 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Progress in space weather modeling in an operational environment Ioanna Tsagouri1,*, Anna Belehaki1, Nicolas Bergeot2,3, Consuelo Cid4,Ve´ronique Delouille2,3, Tatiana Egorova5, Norbert Jakowski6, Ivan Kutiev7, Andrei Mikhailov8, Marlon Nu´n˜ez9, Marco Pietrella10, Alexander Potapov11, Rami Qahwaji12, Yurdanur Tulunay13, Peter Velinov7, and Ari Viljanen14 1 National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Greece *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 2 Solar-Terrestrial Centre of Excellence, Brussels, Belgium 3 Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium 4 Universidad de Alcala´, Alcala´ de Henares, Spain 5 Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos, Switzerland 6 German Aerospace Center, Institute of Communications and Navigation, Neustrelitz, Germany 7 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 8 Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN), Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia 9 Universidad de Ma´laga, Ma´laga, Spain 10 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy 11 Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia 12 University of Bradford, Bradford, UK 13 Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 14 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Received 19 June 2012 / Accepted 10 March 2013 ABSTRACT This paper aims at providing an overview of latest advances in space weather modeling in an operational environment in Europe, including both the introduction of new models and improvements to existing codes and algorithms that address the broad range of space weather’s prediction requirements from the Sun to the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • PSTEP: Project for Solar–Terrestrial Environment Prediction
    Kusano et al. Earth, Planets and Space (2021) 73:159 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01486-1 FRONTIER LETTER Open Access PSTEP: project for solar–terrestrial environment prediction Kanya Kusano1* , Kiyoshi Ichimoto2, Mamoru Ishii3, Yoshizumi Miyoshi4, Shigeo Yoden5, Hideharu Akiyoshi6, Ayumi Asai7, Yusuke Ebihara8, Hitoshi Fujiwara9, Tada‑Nori Goto10, Yoichiro Hanaoka11, Hisashi Hayakawa4, Keisuke Hosokawa12, Hideyuki Hotta13, Kornyanat Hozumi3, Shinsuke Imada1, Kazumasa Iwai4, Toshihiko Iyemori14, Hidekatsu Jin3, Ryuho Kataoka15, Yuto Katoh16, Takashi Kikuchi4, Yûki Kubo17, Satoshi Kurita8, Haruhisa Matsumoto18, Takefumi Mitani19, Hiroko Miyahara20, Yasunobu Miyoshi21, Tsutomu Nagatsuma22, Aoi Nakamizo3, Satoko Nakamura4, Hiroyuki Nakata23, Naoto Nishizuka3, Yuichi Otsuka4, Shinji Saito3, Susumu Saito24, Takashi Sakurai11, Tatsuhiko Sato25, Toshifumi Shimizu19, Hiroyuki Shinagawa3, Kazuo Shiokawa4, Daikou Shiota3, Takeshi Takashima19, Chihiro Tao3, Shin Toriumi19, Satoru Ueno26, Kyoko Watanabe27, Shinichi Watari3, Seiji Yashiro28, Kohei Yoshida29 and Akimasa Yoshikawa30 Abstract Although solar activity may signifcantly impact the global environment and socioeconomic systems, the mecha‑ nisms for solar eruptions and the subsequent processes have not yet been fully understood. Thus, modern society supported by advanced information systems is at risk from severe space weather disturbances. Project for solar–ter‑ restrial environment prediction (PSTEP) was launched to improve this situation through synergy between basic science research and operational forecast. The PSTEP is a nationwide research collaboration in Japan and was con‑ ducted from April 2015 to March 2020, supported by a Grant‑in‑Aid for Scientifc Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. By this project, we sought to answer the fundamental questions concerning the solar–terrestrial environment and aimed to build a next‑generation space weather forecast system to prepare for severe space weather disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)
    COSPAR 2020 AWARDS Press Release (for immediate release) Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) To be presented on 30 January during the 43rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly 28 January – 4 February 2021, Sydney, Australia See below for complete citations and a brief description of COSPAR. - COSPAR Space Science Award for outstanding contributions to space science: William J. Borucki (USA), Astrobiology and Space Research Directorate, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California Ken McCracken (Australia), CSIRO and Jellore Technologies, retired, New South Wales - COSPAR International Cooperation Medal for distinguished contributions to space science and work that has contributed significantly to the promotion of international scientific cooperation: John Kiss (USA) and Francisco Javer Medina Díaz (Spain), College of Arts & Sciences, University of North Carolina—Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina and PCNPµG Lab (Plant Cell Nucleolus, Proliferation & Microgravity), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas – CSIC, Madrid - COSPAR William Nordberg Medal commemorating the late William Nordberg and for distinguished contributions to the application of space science in a field covered by COSPAR: Daniel J. McCleese (USA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California - COSPAR Harrie Massey Award honoring the memory of Sir Harrie Massey, FRS, for outstanding contributions to the development of space research in which a leadership role is of particular importance: Alexander Held (Australia), CSIRO Centre of
    [Show full text]