Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)
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Doc.10100.Space Weather Manual FINAL DRAFT Version
Doc 10100 Manual on Space Weather Information in Support of International Air Navigation Approved by the Secretary General and published under his authority First Edition – 2018 International Civil Aviation Organization TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Space weather indicators .................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 The hazards ........................................................................................................................................ 1-2 1.4 Space weather mitigation aspects ....................................................................................................... 1-3 1.5 Coordinating the response to a space weather event ......................................................................... 1-3 Chapter 2. Space Weather Phenomena and Aviation Operations ................................................................. 2-1 2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Geomagnetic storms .......................................................................................................................... -
Space UK Earth’S Surface Water
Issue #49 IN THIS ISSUE: Staring at the Sun MYSTERIOUS Helpline from Space Weightless in the Clouds MERCURY Contents News Cornwall Calling Space Weather Watcher Mapping the Route to Mars Honour for UK Astronaut New Satellite Tracks Pollution UK-France Space Deal In Pictures The Sun Features Mysterious Mercury Zero-G Science Helpline from Space Education Resources UK Space History Skylark Made in the UK Earth-i Info News Cornwall Calling The first Moon landing Cornwall Calling Credit: NASA Cornwall could soon be Antennas at Goonhilly beamed communicating with the Moon and images of the 1969 Moon landing Mars, following the announcement and, shortly after it was built in that the world’s first commercial deep 1985, the 32-metre Goonhilly-6 space communication base will be at antenna carried the historic Live Aid the Goonhilly Earth Station. concert broadcast to TV viewers An £8.4 million investment will see a around the world. two-year upgrade of the Goonhilly-6 A Space Industry Bill, announced antenna so it can communicate as part of the Queen’s speech in One of the large dishes at Goonhilly with future robotic and crewed 2017, will introduce new powers missions to the Moon and Mars. The to allow rocket and spaceplane Credit: Goonhilly Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Local launches from UK soil. Goonhilly is Enterprise Partnership’s Growth Deal also offering spacecraft tracking and the European Space Agency and communications facilities as (ESA) – which the UK Space Agency part of the Spaceport Cornwall contributes to – funded the contract, funding bid. which will allow Goonhilly to support “We see huge opportunities for ESA’s worldwide network of spacecraft the developing space sector in monitoring ground stations. -
SPACE EXPLORERS NEED to BE SPACE FARMERS What We Know and What We Need to Know About Plant Growth in Space
MONOGRAPH Mètode Science Studies Journal, 11 (2021). University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.11.14606 Submitted: 10/04/2019. Approved: 04/09/2019. SPACE EXPLORERS NEED TO BE SPACE FARMERS What we know and what we need to know about plant growth in space FF.. JJavieravier MMedinaedina Space exploration will require life support systems, in which plants can provide nutrients, oxygen, moisture, and psychological well-being and eliminate wastes. In alien environments, plants must adapt to a diff erent gravity force, even the zero gravity of spacefl ight. Under these conditions, essential cellular and molecular features related to plant development are altered and changes in gene expression occur. In lunar gravity, the eff ects are comparable to microgravity, while the gravity of Mars produces milder alterations. Nevertheless, it has been possible to develop and reproduce plants in space. Current research seeks to identify signals replacing gravity for driving plant growth, such as light. Counteracting gravitational stress will help in enabling agriculture in extraterrestrial habitats. Keywords: plant biology, International Space Station (ISS), microgravity, root meristem, gene ex- pression. ■ INTRODUCTION lighting and nutrient delivery, but utilizes the cabin environment for temperature control and gas On 10 August 2015, the image of three crewmembers exchange (Figure 1b). of the International Space Station (ISS) eating «The farther and longer humans go away from a lettuce, grown and harvested onboard, impacted Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants mass media all over the world. «It was one small bite for food, atmosphere recycling and psychological or man, one giant leap for #NASAVEGGIE and our benefi ts», said Gioia Massa (NASA, 2015), Veggie’s #JourneytoMars. -
2. Going to Mars
aMARTE A MARS ROADMAP FOR TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION Final Report International Space University Space Studies Program 2016 © International Space University. All Rights Reserved. The 2016 Space Studies Program of the International Space University (ISU) was hosted by the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel. aMARTE has been selected as the name representing the Mars Team Project. This choice was motivated by the dual meaning the term conveys. aMARTE first stands for A Mars Roadmap for Travel and Exploration, the official label the team has adopted for the project. Alternatively, aMARTE can be interpreted from its Spanish roots "amarte," meaning "to love," or can also be viewed as "a Marte," meaning "going to Mars." This play on words represents the mission and spirit of the team, which is to put together a roadmap including various disciplines for a human mission to Mars and demonstrate a profound commitment to Mars exploration. The aMARTE title logo was developed based on sections of the astrological symbols for Earth and Mars. The blue symbol under the team's name represents Earth, and the orange arrow symbol is reminiscent of the characteristic color of Mars. The arrow also serves as an invitation to go beyond the Earth and explore our neighboring planet. Electronic copies of the Final Report and the Executive Summary can be downloaded from the ISU Library website at http://isulibrary.isunet.edu/ International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden France Tel +33 (0)3 88 65 54 30 Fax +33 (0)3 88 65 54 47 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.isunet.edu I. -
Growing Knowledge in Space 1 December 2011, by Stephanie Covey
Growing knowledge in space 1 December 2011, By Stephanie Covey The use of plants to provide a reliable oxygen, food and water source could save the time and money it takes to resupply the International Space Station (ISS), and provide sustainable sources necessary to make long-duration missions a reality. However, before plants can be effectively utilized for space exploration missions, a better understanding of their biology under microgravity is essential. Kennedy partnered with the three groups for four months to provide a rapid turnaround experiment opportunity using the BRIC-16 in Discovery's middeck on STS-131. And while research takes time, the process was accelerated as the end of the Space Shuttle Program neared. Arabidopsis seedlings. Credit: NASA Plants are critical in supporting life on Earth, and with help from an experiment that flew onboard space shuttle Discovery's STS-131 mission, they also could transform living in space. NASA's Kennedy Space Center partnered with the University of Florida, Miami University in Ohio and Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation to perform three different experiments in microgravity. The studies concentrated on the effects microgravity has on plant cell walls, root growth patterns and gene regulation within the plant Undifferentiated Arabidopsis cells. Credit: NASA Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of the studies has future applications on Earth and in space exploration. Howard Levine, a program scientist for the ISS "Any research in plant biology helps NASA for Ground Processing and Research Project Office future long-range space travel in that plants will be and the science lead for BRIC-16, said he sees it part of bioregenerative life support systems," said as a new paradigm in how NASA works spaceflight John Kiss, one of the researchers who participated experiments. -
Mrs. Funmilola Adebisi Oluwafemi National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Abuja, Nigeria, [email protected]
70th International Astronautical Congress 2019 Paper ID: 48743 oral IAF/IAA SPACE LIFE SCIENCES SYMPOSIUM (A1) Biology in Space (8) Author: Mrs. Funmilola Adebisi Oluwafemi National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA), Abuja, Nigeria, [email protected] Mr. Adhithiyan Neduncheran Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, [email protected] Mr. Shaun Andrews University of Bristol, United Kingdom, [email protected] Mr. Di Wu University of Arizona, United States, [email protected] METHODS OF SEEDS PLANTING IN SPACE: SOIL-LESS OR NOT Abstract Botanists, gardeners, and farmers alike have worked for thousands of years to perfect growth in any environment. Plants and humans are ideal companions for space travel. Amongst many other things for space travel, humans consume oxygen and release carbonIVoxide, plants return the favor by consuming carbonIVoxide and releasing oxygen. Therefore, space farming's need has being greatly recognized in space travel starting from plants need as human companion to its need for feeding the astronauts. As on Earth, the method of planting seeds for short-term and the proposed long-term space missions require the same basic ingredients for the plants to grow. It takes nutrients, water, oxygen and a good amount of light to get it grown. Astrobotany as the study of plants in space therefore needs to know how to grow them. Space environment is characterized by microgravity or reduced gravity and radiation; and cannot fully support germination, growth and development of plants. Therefore, the most efficient processes for the development of crops in space can be done through closed, controlled or soil-less cultivation systems. -
Life in Space!
Life in Space! Why do you think humans explore space? Organizations like NASA and scientists of all kinds across the globe are studying space because we want to learn more about where Earth came from, where we are headed, and what else is out there in the vast universe. What about life in the universe outside Earth? Scientists are using exploratory rovers to explore the geology and char acteristics of Mars to l earn w hether life ever existed on t he Red P lanet. Botanists and a stronauts are teaming up to study how we can g row plants as food on the I nternational Space Station and eventually on sediment from other planets. What can you learn and imagine about life in space from your own home here on Earth? 1. The Colors & Science of Martian Soil Why is the surface of Mars red? Rovers have shown us images of our neighbor planet’s dusty, rocky, red-brown surface. If this color reminds you of the rust we find here on earth, it’s because rust and Martian soil both contain a compound called iron oxid e! We can also see shades of gray, white, and red in the silica, ice, and mineral deposits across the surface of Mars. Just like the Earth, the soil and rocks of Mars contain a wide diversity of minerals that take on different shades and colors. The red, rocky, and dry Martian surface. Image: NASA / JPL Rust on iron here on Earth. Rust, or Earth soils contain o rganic materials iron oxide, f orms when iron is that make growing plants possible. -
Associations Between Space Weather Events and the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Deaths from Ischemic Heart Disease
atmosphere Article Associations between Space Weather Events and the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Deaths from Ischemic Heart Disease Vidmantas Vaiˇciulis 1,2,*, Jone˙ Vencloviene˙ 3,4, Abdonas Tamošiunas¯ 5,6, Deivydas Kiznys 3, Dalia Lukšiene˙ 1,5, Daina Kranˇciukaite-Butylkinien˙ e˙ 5,7 and RiˇcardasRadišauskas 1,5 1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (R.R.) 2 Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-44248 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (J.V.); [email protected] (D.K.) 4 Laboratory of Clinical Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50103 Kaunas, Lithuania 5 Laboratory of Population Studies, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50103 Kaunas, Lithuania; [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (D.K.-B.) 6 Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania 7 Department of Family Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +370-678-34506 Abstract: The effects of charged solar particles hitting the Earth’s magnetosphere are often harmful Citation: Vaiˇciulis,V.; Vencloviene,˙ J.; and can be dangerous to the human organism. The aim of this study was to analyze the associations Tamošiunas,¯ A.; Kiznys, D.; Lukšiene,˙ of geomagnetic storms (GSs) and other space weather events (solar proton events (SPEs), solar flares D.; Kranˇciukaite-Butylkinien˙ e,˙ D.; (SFs), high-speed solar wind (HSSW), interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and stream Radišauskas, R. -
Anti-Aging Effects of Long-Term Space Missions, Estimated by Heart Rate
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Anti-aging efects of long-term space missions, estimated by heart rate variability Received: 10 January 2019 Kuniaki Otsuka1,2, Germaine Cornelissen2, Yutaka Kubo3, Koichi Shibata3, Koh Mizuno4,5, Accepted: 5 June 2019 Hiroshi Ohshima5, Satoshi Furukawa5 & Chiaki Mukai5 Published: xx xx xxxx Reports that aging slows down in space prompted this investigation of anti-aging efects in humans by analyzing astronauts’ heart rate variability (HRV). Ambulatory 48-hour electrocardiograms from 7 astronauts (42.1 ± 6.8 years; 6 men) 20.6 ± 2.7 days (ISS01) and 138.6 ± 21.8 days (ISS02) after launch were divided into 24-hour spans of relative lower or higher magnetic disturbance, based on geomagnetic measures in Tromso, Norway. Magnetic disturbances were signifcantly higher on disturbed than on quiet days (ISS01: 72.01 ± 33.82 versus 33.96 ± 17.90 nT, P = 0.0307; ISS02: 71.06 ± 51.52 versus 32.53 ± 27.27 nT, P = 0.0308). SDNNIDX was increased on disturbed days (by 5.5% during ISS01, P = 0.0110), as were other HRV indices during ISS02 (SDANN, 12.5%, P = 0.0243; Triangular Index, 8.4%, P = 0.0469; and TF-component, 17.2%, P = 0.0054), suggesting the action of an anti-aging or longevity efect. The efect on TF was stronger during light (12:00–17:00) than during darkness (0:00–05:00) (P = 0.0268). The brain default mode network (DMN) was activated, gauged by increases in the LF-band (9.7%, P = 0.0730) and MF1-band (9.9%, P = 0.0281). -
A Profile of Space Weather
A Profile of Space Weather Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere, and our location in the solar system. The active elements of space weather are particles, electromagnetic energy, and magnetic field, rather than the more commonly known weather contributors of water, temperature, and air. The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) forecasts space weather to assist users in avoiding or mitigating severe space weather. Most disruptions caused by space weather storms affect technology, With the rising sophistication of our technologies, and the number of people that rely on this technology, vulnerability to space weather events has increased dramatically. Geomagnetic Storms Induced Currents in the atmosphere and on the ground Electric Power Grid systems suffer (black-outs) Pipelines carrying oil, for instance, can be damaged by the high currents. Electric Charges in Space Solar Radiation Storms Satellites may encounter problems with the on- board components and electronic systems. Hazard to Humans Geomagnetic disruption in the upper atmosphere High radiation hazard to astronauts HF (high frequency) radio interference Less threathening, but can effect high-flying aircraft at high latitudes Satellite navigation (like GPS receivers) may be degraded Damage to Satellites Satellites can slow and even change orbit. High-energy particles can render satellites useless (either temporarily or permanently) The Aurora can be seen in high latitudes Impact on Communications HF communications as well as Low Frequency Navigation Signals are susceptible to radiation storms. HF communication at high latitudes is often impossible for several days during radiation storms Space Weather Prediction Center The Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) Forecast Center is jointly operated by NOAA and the U.S. -
Space Weather Effects Catalogue
SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS CATALOGUE ESTEC/Contract No. 14069/99/NL/SB ESA Space Weather Study (ESWS) WP 310 Range of space weather and effects SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS CATALOGUE ESWS-FMI-RP-0001 Issue 2.2 January 2, 2001 Authors: H. Koskinen 1,2, E. Tanskanen1, R. Pirjola1, A. Pulkkinen1 C. Dyer3, D. Rodgers3, P. Cannon4 J.-C. Mandeville5, D.Boscher5 1) Finnish Meteorological Institute, Geophysical Research, Helsinki 2) University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Helsinki 3) UK Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, Farnborough 4) UK Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, Malvern 5) Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, Toulouse ESA Technical Officer: A. Hilgers D/TOS Space Environments and Effects Analysis Section (TOS-EMA) ESWS-FMI-RP-0001 Page 1 SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS CATALOGUE Document status 1. Document Title: ESA Space Weather Study (ESWS) Space Weather Effects Catalogue, ESWS-FMI-RP-0001 2. Issue: 2 3. Revision: 2 4. Date: 02.01.01 Document change record Issue Date: Comments: 0.1 24.05.00 WP 310 internal circulation 0.2 26.05.00 All sections included 1.0 05.06.00 Draft delivered to ESTEC 1.1 09.08.00 Internal revision after ESTEC review 1.2. 18.08.00 Revised draft delivered to ESTEC 2.0. 19.10.00 Second revision delivered to ESTEC 2.1. 17.12.00 Revised after ESTEC review 2.2. 02.01.01 Final ESWS-FMI-RP-0001 Page 2 SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS CATALOGUE Abstract _______________________________________________________________4 Acknowledgements ______________________________________________________4 1. Introduction __________________________________________________________5 1.1. Purpose and composition of this document ___________________________________ 5 1.2. -
Space News Update – September 2020
Space News Update – September 2020 By Pat Williams IN THIS EDITION: • Hints of life on Venus. • NRAO joins space mission to the far side of the Moon to explore the early universe. • SpaceX to launch first Commercial Crew rotation mission to International Space Station. • Second alignment plane of solar system discovered. • Testing Time for Pills in Space. • New small satellite mission to rendezvous with binary asteroids. • Links to other space and astronomy news published in September 2020. Disclaimer - I claim no authorship for the printed material; except where noted (PW). HINTS OF LIFE ON VENUS Artist's impression of Venus, with an inset showing a representation of the phosphine molecules detected in the high cloud decks. Credit: ESO / M. Kornmesser / L. Calçada & NASA / JPL / Caltech An international team of astronomers, led by Professor Jane Greaves of Cardiff University, today announced the discovery of a rare molecule, phosphine, in the clouds of Venus. On Earth, this gas is only made industrially, or by microbes that thrive in oxygen-free environments. Astronomers have speculated for decades that high clouds on Venus could offer a home for microbes, floating free of the scorching surface, but still needing to tolerate very high acidity. The detection of phosphine molecules, which consist of hydrogen and phosphorus, could point to this extra-terrestrial ‘aerial’ life. The team first used the James Page 1 of 18 Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii to detect the phosphine and then with 45 telescopes of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile. Both facilities observed Venus at a wavelength of about 1 millimetre, much longer than the human eye can see, only telescopes at high altitude can detect this wavelength effectively.