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Informe Final ______________________________________________________________________________ “COMPOSICIÓN Y DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAUNA DE AMPHIPODA (CRUSTACEA, PERACARIDA) ASOCIADA A INSTALACIONES ACUÍCOLAS DE BAHÍA METRI, REGIÓN DE LOS LAGOS, CHILE.” Informe Final Jorge A. Pérez Schultheiss [email protected] Agosto, 2009 ______________________________________________________________________________ Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh). Osorno, Chile, Agosto, 2009. 2 Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________ Índice general Índice de figuras...................................................................................................................4 Índice de tablas.....................................................................................................................4 Resumen................................................................................................................................5 Introducción..........................................................................................................................6 Material y Métodos..............................................................................................................8 Metodología de muestreo..........................................................................................8 Análisis taxonómico....................................................................................................8 Herramientas de identificación.................................................................................9 Análisis de diversidad................................................................................................9 Resultados.............................................................................................................................9 I. Taxonomía.................................................................................................................9 Aora cf. maculata (Thomson, 1879)....................................................................9 Monocorophium acherusicum (Costa, 1851).....................................................11 Jassa marmorata Holmes, 1903.........................................................................12 Apohyale hirtipalma (Dana, 1852).....................................................................13 II. Guía práctica de identificación...........................................................................15 Morfología de un anfípodo generalizado.....................................................15 Clave práctica para el reconocimiento de las especies estudiadas...........18 III. Análisis de abundancia y diversidad...............................................................20 Discusión y conclusiones..................................................................................................22 Literatura citada.................................................................................................................26 3 Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________ Índice de Figuras Figura 1. Aora maculata (Thomson, 1879)........................................................................10 Figura 2. Monocorophium acherusicum (Costa, 1851)......................................................11 Figura 3. Jassa marmorata Holmes, 1903...........................................................................13 Figura 4. Apohyale hirtipalma (Dana, 1852)......................................................................14 Figura 5. Morfología general de un anfípodo gammarídeo.........................................16 Figura 6. Principales apéndices y estructuras en anfípodos........................................17 Figura 7. Especimenes conservados en alcohol para mostrar los patrones de coloración..........................................................................................................19 Figura 8. Dendrograma resultante del análisis de cluster de las estaciones, basado en el índice de diversidad de Simpson.........................................................21 Índice de tablas Tabla 1. Descripción de las estaciones de muestreo y características del sustrato.................................................................................................................8 Tabla 2. Número de especimenes por especie en cada una de las estaciones analizadas..........................................................................................................20 Tabla 3. Índice de diversidad de Simpson, uniformidad y riqueza de especies para cada una de las estaciones estudiadas...........................................................21 4 Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN Se analiza la composición y diversidad de la fauna de anfípodos asociados a instalaciones acuícolas de flujo abierto, provenientes de Bahía Metri, Región de Los Lagos, Chile. Se entregan antecedentes taxonómicos, biogeográficos, ecológicos y se presenta una guía práctica para la identificación de cada taxon. Se reporta la presencia de cuatro especies, los tubícolas filtradores Aora cf. maculata, Jassa marmorata y Monocorophium acherusicum; y el nadador ramoneador Apohyale hirtipalma. La comunidad está dominada por la especie Jassa marmorata, que mostró las más altas abundancias en todas las estaciones analizadas, mientras que las demás especies aparecieron siempre en bajo número. La mayor diversidad se observó en estaciones compuestas por sustratos de alta complejidad estructural, donde Apohyale hirtipalma estuvo mejor representada. Se discute acerca de la necesidad de intensificar los estudios en anfípodos de Chile, especialmente en relación con especies invasoras. Palabras clave: Amphipoda, Instalaciones acuícolas, Bahía Metri, Taxonomía, Identificación, Diversidad, Especies invasoras. 5 Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________ COMPOSICIÓN Y DIVERSIDAD DE LA FAUNA DE AMPHIPODA (CRUSTACEA, PERACARIDA) ASOCIADA A INSTALACIONES ACUÍCOLAS DE BAHÍA METRI, REGIÓN DE LOS LAGOS, CHILE Jorge A. Pérez Schultheiss Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh) Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] Agosto, 2009 INTRODUCCIÓN Los crustáceos anfípodos constituyen uno de los componentes más importantes en comunidades marinas, especialmente en los océanos del sur (De Broyer et al., 2007). Debido a que generalmente presentan pequeños tamaños, estos animales son capaces de utilizar una amplia variedad de microhábitats, en particular aquellos proporcionados por animales sesiles y algas (Sepúlveda et al., 2003; Thiel, 2002), donde pueden estar entre los organismos más abundantes (Takeuchi & Watanabe, 2002). Los anfípodos representan un grupo importante de consumidores involucrados en la conversión de materia orgánica (Thiel et al., 2003), suelen formar gran parte de la dieta de otros organismos (Carrasco & Arcos, 1984; Wakabara et al., 1982) y algunas especies facilitan la reproducción de algas (Buschmann & Bravo, 1990). Asimismo, debido a su ubicuidad y particulares características biológicas, los anfípodos son importantes bioindicadores y en consecuencia suelen ser utilizados rutinariamente en programas de monitoreo ambiental (Thomas, 1993; Rinderhagen et al., 2000). A pesar de su importancia ecológica, el conocimiento de este grupo es aún incompleto en Chile, especialmente en relación con especies de distribución cosmopolita (González, 1991). Intensos estudios llevados a cabo recientemente en el extremo sur han permitido doblar el número de especies registradas para el país, incluyendo alrededor de un 20% de especies nuevas aún no descritas (De Broyer & 6 Centro de Estudios en Biodiversidad (CEBCh), Av. Diego Portales 901, Osorno, Chile [email protected] _____________________________________________________________________________________ Rauschert, 1999), sugiriendo que la fauna de anfípodos de la región biogeográfica magallánica es aún incompletamente conocida, especialmente en su sector norte (Chieza & Alonso, 2007). De acuerdo a lo anterior, actualmente se producen importantes dificultades al momento de realizar el reconocimiento práctico de muchos de los taxa en este grupo de crustáceos, lo que incide en la escasa resolución taxonómica o eventual exclusión en estudios ecológicos (González, 1991). En los últimos años, las diversas actividades acuícolas que están siendo desarrolladas en gran parte del mundo, están produciendo importantes modificaciones en las comunidades bentónicas (Buschmann et al., 2006), principalmente a través de la perdida significativa de biodiversidad en zonas aledañas (Buschmann, 2002; Soto & Norambuena, 2004) y el aumento en el riesgo de introducción de especies exóticas (Piola & Johnston, 2008).
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