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Home , Cimbrian War, Cremera, Decemviri, Latin War, Latin War (498–493 BC), Lex Canuleia

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

I. IMMIGRATIONS c. 2000. Italian tribes cross and settle round Northern Lakes. c. 1500. Italians push southwards into Umbria, , etc. c. 900. Etruscans settle in and Western Umbria. From 800 onwards, Greeks found colonies in Sicily and S. .

II. UNDER THE KINGS

*753- Foundation of Rome by from Alba Longa. * 71 5-673. Numa Popilius (Sabine), traditional founder of religious institutions. *673-642. Tullus Hostilius () destroys Alba Longa. Ancus Martius (Latin) bridges and founds Ostia. *6i 6-579. Tarquinius (Etruscan) makes war on Latius. *5 78-53 5. (Etruscan ?) builds wall : Constitution by ' classes '. *535~5io. Tarquinius Superbus (Etruscan) completes Temple on Capitol. 510. Expulsion of Tarquin, who summons aid of fellow- Etruscans. 496. Defeat of Lars Porsenna at Lake Regillus. (* These dates are purely traditional.)

III. THE EARLY REPUBLIC External Internal 494. Secession of plebs to Sacred

Mount : creation of . 493- Roman alliance with . c. 480. Volscian War (Coriolanus) 477- War against Veii : battle of Cremera. 474- Etruscans defeated at Cumae. c. 460. War against (Cin- cinnatus) 455 456 THE

External Internal 451- begin tabulation of Laws. 450. Decemviri (Appius Claudius) de posed. 449- Valerio-Horatian Laws : rights to . 445- : permitting inter marriage of Orders. 431- Aequi defeated at Mt. Algidus. 396. Capture of Veii by Camil- lus. 390. Rome sacked by . 376. Licinian proposals : violent strife results.

367- Licinian proposals become law : one consul plebeian, etc. 360-50. Gallic Invasions. 287. Lex Hortensia gives plebescita authority of law. IV. CONQUEST OF ITALY

A. First Samnite War (343-41) : Rome intervenes in to aid . B. Latin War (340) : Latius and defeated at Vescris : end of League. C. Second Samnite War (327-04) : Rome intervenes at Naples : defeated at Caudine Forks (321) : founds Luceria and is defeated at Lautulae (315) : Via Appia begun (312) : Samnites joined by Marsi (308) : peace (304). D. Third Samnite War (299-290) : Romans capture Bovianum (298) : defeat Samnites and Gauls at Sentinum (296) : found colony at Venusia (291). E. War with Pyrrhus (282-75) : Pyrrhus defeats Romans at Heraclea (280) : and at Ausculum (279) : crosses to Sicily (278) : returns and is defeated at Beneventum (275) : Tarentum surrenders (272).

F. Extension of citizenship : civitas given to Latium : to (268) : half-franchise, to Campania and S. Etruria : Greek cities of South become free allies : rest of Italy, . G. Foundation of colonies : Ardea (442) : Setia (382) : Sutrium,

Nepete (383) : Antium (338) : Anxur (329) : Fregettae (328) : Luceria (314) : Saticula (313) : Interamna (312) : Sora (303) : Alba (303) : Carsioli (302) : Narnia (299) : Sinuessa (296) :

Venusia (291) : Hatria (289) : Sena (283) : Ariminum (268) : Paestum (273) : Beneventum (268) : Cremona, Placentia (218) : Bononia (189) : Parma, Mutina (183) : (184). (N.B. Latin Colonies in italics.) CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 457

V. (264-41)

A. Romans gain hold on Sicily : seize Messana and defeat Hiero

and Carthaginians (264) : joined by Hiero (263) : defeat Hanno at Agrigentum (262). B. Romans gain control at sea : defeat Carthaginians off. (260) : off Ecnomus (256) : send Regulus to Africa (256) : where he is defeated (255) : capture Panormus (254).

C. Romans' failure at sea : fleets wrecked (255 and 253) : defeat off Drepana (249) : siege of Lilybaeum foiled by tactics of Hamilcar Barca (247).

D. Romans' final effort : new fleet built : Catulus wins victory off Aegates Islands (241) : Carthaginians compelled to evacuate Sicily and pay large indemnity.

VI. BETWEEN THE WARS

239. Annexation of Sardinia (made province with Corsica, 227). 232. C. Flamininus parcels out Ager Gallicus. 229. Illyrian Queen Teuta's pirate lieutenant Demetrius defeated. 228. Corcyra and strip of coast brought under Roman protectorate.

226-22. Gallic invasions : Romans defeat Gauls at Telamon (225) : capture (222) : carry to Ariminum (220). 237-219. Carthaginian conquest of Spain : Hamilcar overruns south

west (237-29) : Hasdrubal founds New : under pressure from Rome and Massilia, undertakes not to cross Ebro (226) : Hannibal attacks Saguntum (219). 458 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

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VIII. EXTENSION OF EMPIRE

A. Conquest of Cisalpine , etc.

(i) Defeat of Insubres (196) : defeat of (191) : colony at Aquileia (181).

(ii) Conquest of Liguria (180). B. Spain. Divided into Hither and Further Province (197) : insur rection quelled by Cato (195). C. (200196). Philip defeated at Cynoscephalae (197) : Flamininus proclaims freedom of Hellas (196). D. War with Antiochus of Syria (192-190), Antiochus invades (192) : defeated at (191) : retires to Asia Minor and is defeated at (190) : Volso attacks Galatians (189). E. , etc. (172-167).

(i) Perseus (successor to Philip in 179) defeated at Pydna by Aemilius Paullus (168).

four : to (ii) Macedon split into (167) 1,000 Achaeans deported Rome (167).

(iii) Revolt of quelled by Metellus (148) : Macedon becomes a province (146). (iv) sacked by Mummius : Greece under Macedonian governor (146). F. (149-146) settle 153. (i) Commission of Cato to between Carthage and Massinissa (153).

149. (ii) Death of Cato : Romans attack Carthage. sent to 147. (iii) (consul) out Carthage. 146. (iv) Capture and destruction of Carthage. Africa becomes province. G. Spanish Wars 179. Governorship of T. Sempronius Gracchus. 171. Latin colony at Carteia: natives protest against extortion. 154. Revolt of Lusitanians. 153. Revolt of 150. Treachery of Galba pro- partially quelled. longs revolt. 148. Rising of Viriathus. 143. Revolt encouraged by 140. Treaty repudiated by Viriathus's success. of Caepio : murder of 141. Siege Numantia begun. Viriathus. 138. D. Junius Brutus quells revolt. 137. Mancinus forced to sur render. 133. Scipio Aemilianus takes Numantia. 460 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

H. Asia Minor. Attains III of Pergamum bequeaths kingdom (133) : made Province (128). I. Transalpine Gaul. Campaign against and Arverni (125) : formation of (122) : colonization of Narbo (118).

IX. PERIOD OF THE

A. Tiberius Gracchus. : land reforms : seeks re-election and is murdered (133).

B. Interval. Scipio champions Italians, death (129) : expulsion of allies from Rome (126) : F. Flaccus proposes Italian enfranchise ment (125) : revolt of Fregettae (125).

C. Returns Sardinia : Caius Gracchus. from (124) tribune (123) : second tribunate and visit to Carthage (122) : death (121). D. Senatorial Reaction. Land Commission dissolved (n 8) : squatter- tenants allowed free possession (in) : equestrian juries not upset.

X. RISE OF MARIUS

A.

(i) Senate adjudicates between Adherbal and : Jugurtha seizes Cirta (112) : Bestia sent out but makes peace (m).

Albinus's surrender : Metellus (ii) (no) makes headway and attacks Zama Regia (109).

(iii) Marius elected consul for 107 : secures Eastern

(107) : advance against Mauretania (106) : capture of Jugurtha by (105). B.

disasters : (i) Previous Carbo defeated by at Noreia

: defeated in (113) Silanus Transalpine Gaul (109) : Cassius Longinus defeated by near Tolosa (107) : Caepio and Manlius annihilated at Arausio (105), but Cimbri make for Spain. return (ii) Marius on from Africa reorganizes (104-102). (iii) Marius defeats Teutones and at Aquae Sextiae (102) : but Cimbri and Tigurini invading Italy from north-east drive back Catulus on R. A thesis. (iv) Marius defeats Cimbri at Vercellae on Raudine Plain (101). C. Internal affairs and Marius' s fall

(i) Piracy in East induces M. Antonius to annex Cilician coast (103). of Sicilian (ii) Revolt slaves (sequel to revolt of 134-31) led by Tryphon (104) : finally suppressed by Aquilius (100). CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 461 100 (iii) Marius, consul for sixth, time, outshone by Saturninus and Glaucia, who, desiring re-election, seize Capitol and are killed (100). 98 (iv) Marius leaves Rome. XI. RISE OF SULLA A. Social Way

(i) Expulsion of Italians from Rome (95). Italian 91. (ii) hopes roused by Drusus's programme: revolt follows his death.

90. (iii) Samnites penetrate Campania : Marsi overwhelm Rutilius : Marius takes command : siege of Asculum : Lex Julia placates waverers. 89. (iv) Sulla's successes in Campania : Lex Plauta Papiria gives franchise to individual Italians : rebels capitulate except at Nola^etc. B. Sulpicius and Marius

88. (i) Sulla blockades Nola : is given command against Mithri- dates.

(ii) Sulpicius, championing enfranchised Italians, offers com mand to Marius.

(iii) Sulla marches on Rome : flight of Marius. 87. (iv) After strengthening Senate Sulla sails for East. C. Mithridatic Way and Marian Reaction

Mithridates of Pontus annexes Paphlagonia (105) : seizes Cappadocia (96) : ousted (92) : invades Bithynia and (88) : sends Archelaus to Greece, where under Aristion rises against Rome (87). Eastern Front Italy 87. Sulla lands in Greece and Cinna and Marii seize Rome : reduces massacres.

86. Athens: defeats Archelaus Marius dies : Cinna in control of at Chaeronea. Rome. 85. Defeats Archelaus at

Orchowienos : Fimbria drives Mithridates into Pergamum. 84. Sulla imposes terms on Democrats prepare to resist Sulla. Mithridates : overcomes Cinna murdered by troops.

Fimbria : returns to Greece. D. Sulla's Return the north. 83. Sulla wins South Italy : democrats retire into 82. Democrats held in north by and Crassus : younger Marius besieged at Praeneste : Samnites' dash on Rome : battle of Colline Gate (Nov.). 81-80. Sulla dictator. Reactionary Constitution : retires (79) : dies (78). 462 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

XII. RISE OF POMPEY A. Risings of Lepidus, Sertorius and Spartacus

defeated Catulus : (i) Lepidus's coup by Pompey gets Spanish. command (77). tries to for (ii) Sertorius secure Spain Marians (83) : driven to North Africa : leads Lusitanian rising : reinforced by Lepidus's lieutenant Perpenna (77).

reaches : Sertorius (iii) Pompey Spain (76) murdered (71) : Pompey returns home (71).

Slaves rise under : overcome (iv) Spartacus (73) by Crassus (71) : remnant cut up by Pompey (71). (v) Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70) : Sullan constitution annulled : Trial of Verres (70). B. Pirates and Mithridatic War Mithridates Pirates 75. Claims Bithynia which Expedition of Servilius Isauricus. Nicomedes bequeaths to Rome : supported by Tigranes of Armenia. 74. Lucullus and Cotta pro ceed against him. 732. Mithridates driven from kingdom: flees to Tigranes 69. Lucullus t&kesTigranocerta. Expedition of Metellus. 68. Lucullus abandons march on Arxtaxata. 67. Senate orders supersession Lex Gabinia gives Pompey com of Lucullus. mand : pirates suppressed. C. Pompey and . Appointed under Lex Manilia (66). Pompey Italy 66 . Mithridates flees to Crimea : Riots in Rome : Catiline plots dies (63). with Piso.

65 . Tigranes submits : Pompey Plot fails : Catiline's trial for in Caucasus. extortion.

64. Gabinius in Syria : Pom Rullus's Land Bill : Rabirius's pey at Jerusalem. trial. 63. Settlement of East. Cicero defeats Catilinarian con spiracy. 62. Pompey returns to Italy Manlius and Catiline killed (Jan,) : and disbands army Clodius's profanation of Bona (Dec.) Dea (Dec.). D. Julius

Born (102) : escapes Sullan massacres (82) : serves in East (Si) : returns to Rome (78) : studies in (75) : elected Pontifex, returns to Rome (74) : in Further Spain (68) : (65) : (64) : (62) : pro-praetor in Further Spain (61). CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 463

XIII. RISE OF CAESAR

A. Caesar's Consulship (59)

60. : (i) dispute contract for Asia concordia ordinum breaks down : FIRST , Pompey, Crassus and Caesar : Caesar elected consul for 59.

59. (ii) Caesar consul : ignores Bibulus : confirms Pompey's acts and settles veterans.

58. (iii) Clodius procures Cicero's exile : Cato sent to Cyprus : Caesar goes to Gaul. B. Period of Caesar's (58-49)

Gaul Italy, etc. 58. Caesar rounds up : Clodius in control. drives Suebi (Ariovistus) beyond Rhine. 57. Subdues Belgae : sells Cicero recalled (autumn) : Pom Nervii as slaves : Crassus pey food-controller : Ptolemy invades Veneti. in Rome.

56. Brutus subdues Veneti : Clodius aedile : disunion of Pom

Crassus overruns Aqui- pey and Crassus : conference tania : conquest com at Lucca. plete. 55. Caesar defeats Usipetes : Pompey and Crassus consuls : pursues across Rhine : Cicero retires : Gabinius restores reconnoitres Britain. Ptolemy. 54. Second invasion of Britain : Pompey gets Spanish command Cassivellaunus o v e r- for five years but stays in

come. Indutiomarus of Rome : Crassus invades North

Treveri heads revolt : Mesopotamia : winters in Eburones under Ambio- Syria : death of Julia. rix ambush Sabinus and Cotta.

53. Caesar crosses Rhine : Crassus's disaster at Carrhae. hunts Ambiorix. 52. Vercingetorix of Arverni Milo kills Clodius at Bovillae :

: of leads revolt : Caesar Pompey sole consul law besieges and provinces. Alesia.

51. Caesar captures Uxello- Cicero in Cilicia : Marcellus works dunum: completes settle against Caesar. ment of Gaul.

50. Caesar cedes two legions Curio negotiates at Rome : retires to Pompey. (Dec.). 49. Caesar crosses Rubicon Ultimate decree, Jan. 7 ; Antony

flee to Caesar : (Jan. n) : reduces Domi- and Cassius tius at Corfinium Pompey sails East. (March) : reaches Rome (). 464 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

XIV. CIVIL WARS

Italy, Spain, Africa Sicily, Greece and East 49. Caesar defeats Afranius at Pompey organizes army in Mace Ilerda : Massilia surren donia : Dolabella defeated by ders : Valerius secures Pompeian fleet.

Sardinia : Curio secures Sicily but is killed by Varus in Africa. C. debt Caesar lands in 48. Rufus promulgates (Jan.) : laws. blockades Pompey at Dyrr-

hachium : battle of Pharsalia

(Aug.) : Pompey killed in : Caesar in . 47. Dolabella suppressed by An Caesar gets upper hand at Alex tony : Spain restive under andria : defeats Pharnaces at Q. Cassius : Caesar quells Zela : Pompeian fleet, defeated

legions (Sept.) : reaches by Vatinius, retires to Africa. Africa (Dec.)- 46. Defeats Pompeians at Thap- sus (April) : returns to Rome (July) : goes to Spain. 45. Defeats Pompey at Munda (March) : Sext. Pompeius escapes : Caesar returns to Rome (Sept.).

44 . Preparations against Parthia : Brutus occupies Macedon : Cassius death (March 15) : Octa- goes to Syria.

vian arrives (April) : An tony besieges D. Brutus at Mutina (Nov.) : Cicero's 'Philippics'. 43. Antony defeated by Octa- Dolabella kills Trebonius : is de vian and consuls : joins feated by Cassius : Brutus joins Lepidus in Gaul : Octavian Cassius in Asia : coerce Rhodes, consul : Triumvirate, An etc.

tony, Lepidus, Octavian :

Proscription : death of Cicero. 42. Sextus Pompeius in Sicily. Brutus and Cassius defeated at . 41. Octavian settles veterans: Antony settles East : joins Cleo L. Antonius besieged in patra in Egypt. Perusia.

40. Fall of Perusia : Compact of Parthians overrun Syria. Brundisium. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 465

Italy, Spain, Africa Sicily, Greece and East 39- Bargain with. S. Pompeius.- Ventidius defeats Parthians. at 38. Octavian attacks Pompeius : Ventidius defeats Parthians is defeated. Pacorus.

36. Pompeius crushed : Lepidus's Antony invades Parthia. revolt. 34- Octavian subdues Dalmatia. Antony with Cleopatra. 32. War declared on Cleopatra. Antony winters in Greece. 31- Battle of Actium (Sept.). 30. Mutiny of Veterans in Italy. Octavian in Egypt : death of Antony.

XV. CONSTITUTIONAL

Magistrates Senate and Assemblies 509. 2 consuls (? = ) : Servian Constitution adopted : : pontifex. comitia centuriata supreme : curiata ceremonial.

494- 2 tribuni plebis : soon Comitia tributa elects tribunes. raised to 10.

449. Valerio-Horatian Law : sanctions plebescita (i.e. resolutions of comitia tributa). 444- Military tribunes instead of consuls as often dur ing next 80 years. 443- Censorship created for en rolment, etc.

Licinian Law : one consul

plebeian : creation of praetor for justice : 2 .

350- Plebeian first censor : prae tor (337) : priest (300). 327- Proconsular power for Campanian War. 311- Duo-viri navales instituted. 287. Lex Hortensia : Plebescites have force of law : power of popular Assembly grows. 242. Praetor insti* tuted. 241. Centuriata reorganized more democratically. 227. 2 additional praetors for Punic War weakens power of Sicily and Sardinia Assembly and Senate becomes supreme. 30 466 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Magistrates Senate and Assemblies i So. Lex Vilia regulates . 153. Lex Aelia gives religious ban on assembly. 139- Secret ballot in Comitia. 133, 123. Gracchi assert power Senate's ultimate decree exercised. of tribunate. Sulla adds 300 equites to Senate. 81 Tribunate degraded by Sulla gives Senate complete con Sulla : who adds 2 prae trol of legislation and adminis tors, thus providing 10 tration. pro-magistrates. 70. Tribunician power com Assembly's power recovered. pletely restored. 67-6. Tribunes used by Pompey to gain command through popular vote.

XVI. JUDICIAL de to (i) Lex Valeria pvovocatione. Appeal Assembly (509).

(ii) XII Tables adopted by Valerio-Horatian Law (449).

(iii) Creation of praetor (367) : praetor peregrinus (242). (iv) Quaestio de Repetundis created by Lex Calpumia (149) : courts de vi and de majestate added subsequently. (v) Juries transferred to equites (123) : restored to senators by de inter sicarios Sulla, who adds courts peculata, t de falsis (82). (vi) Juries shared between senators, equites, tribuni aerarii (70). (vii) Caesar reorganizes procedure (59) : abolishes tribuni aerarii (46).