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Multiculturalism in Public Policies MULTICULTURALISM IN PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLISHED BY Academic Network for Cooperation in South-East Europe Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade Institute for Ethnic Studies, Ljubljana Centre for International and Security Studies, Faculty of Political Science, Zagreb EDITED BY Dr Goran Bašić Prof. Dr Mitja Žagar Prof. Dr Siniša Tatalović INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL Prof. Dr Joseph Marco (Institute of Public Law and Political Science, University of Graz, Austria), Prof. Dr Florian Bieber (Centre for Southeast European Studies, University of Graz, Austria), Prof. Dr Rudi Rizman (Faculty of Philosphy, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia & University of Bologna), Prof. Dr Marijana Pajvančić (Faculty of Law, University of Novi Sad, Serbia), Prof. Dr Lidija Kos Stanišić (Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia), Prof. Dr Stefano Bianchini (Departmant of Political and Social Studies, University of Bologna, Italy), Dr Sonja Novak Lukanovič (Institute of Ethnic Studies, Ljubljana, Slovenia), Prof. Dr Mirjana Rašević (Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia), Prof. Dr Šaćir Filandra (Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) The papers in this volume were published on the basis of reviews written by: Prof. Dr Vladimir Vuletić, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade Dr Vera Klopčič, Institute for Ethnic Studies, Ljubljana Prof. Dr Robert Mikac, Faculty of Political Science, Zagreb TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH AND PROOFREADING „M.Prevodi“, Belgrade GRAPHIC DESIGN AND LAYOUT Milorad Mitić PRINTED BY Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy of the University of Belgrade, Development and Research Centre of graphic engineering edited volume edited MULTICULTURALISM IN PUBLIC POLICIES EDITED BY Dr Goran Bašić Prof. Dr Mitja Žagar Prof. Dr Siniša Tatalović Belgrade, 2018 Contents 6 Foreword 8 Part 1 Mitja Žagar Diversities, Multiculturalism, Inter-Culturalism and Diversity Management in Southeast Europe 36 Part 2 Ružica Jakešević Siniša Tatalović Security Policies, Practices and Narratives on Migration in the Countries on the Balkan Route 62 Part 3 Goran Bašić Policy of Multiculturalism in Serbia: Between Legal Confusion and Social Segregation 96 Part 4 5 Antonija Petričušić Siniša Tatalović volume edited In Search of Multicultural Elements of the Croatian Minority Policy: Threatening Assimilation and Cultural Segregation 128 Part 5 Mirza Smajić Multiculturalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina 150 Part 6 Danijela Vuković-Ćalasan Multiculturalism Policy in Montenegro 182 Part 7 Rubin Zemon Macedonian Salad: Managing Virtual Reality among the Imaging of the Nation- State, Dreaming Multiculturalism and Developing Bi-Cultural Policies 211 About the authors Foreword The Academic Network for Research Support in Southeast Europe was based on the ideas and activities developed and fostered through the research of multiculturality and ethnicity by researchers in several university centres in the region – the Institute for Ethnic Studies in Ljubljana, the Centre for International and Security Studies at the Faculty of Political Science in Zagreb, and the Centre for Ethnicity Research in Belgrade. Although formal cooperation has never been established among these rather diverse institutions and organisations, the flow of ideas and communication among them has been maintained continually. Since 1996, a group of experts gathered around Professor Siniša Tatalović of the Faculty of Political Science in Zagreb, has been organising multidisciplinary scholarly gatherings on ethnicity research methods and diversity management practices in multiethnic societies. In Belgrade, a group of dedicated experts from the Centre for Ethnicity Research has developed the first comparative research of multiculturalism policies in the region, published in the collections of papers Demokratija i nacionalne manjine [Democracy and National Minorities] (2002), Democracy and Multiculturalism in South East Europe (2003) and Perspektive multikulturalizma u državama zapadnog Balkana [Prospects of Multiculturalism in Western Balkan States] (2004). Finally, in Ljubljana, at the Institute for Ethnic Studies, founded in 1925, diverse research has been conducted on the phenomena of multiculturality and ethnicity. Although they developed independently of one another, these research endeavours and activities have been linked in intellectual synergy and the common need to provide answers to the questions on the organisation of multiethnic societies, emerging in the course of the democratic transition of the region, consequently resulting in the creation of a tightly knit network of researchers and ideas, which easily attracted and expanded the circle of collocutors and collaborators. The Institute of Social Sciences in Belgrade, with its strong academic centres researching migration and ethnicity, recognised the importance of the aforementioned research and first joined in, and later developed and strengthened the structure of the network. The Academic Network for Research Support in Southeast Europe was established at the round table Democracy, Multiculturality and Ethno-Cultural Policies in West Balkan States and, in addition to the three aforementioned academic institutions, the co-founding document was also signed by the Faculties of Political Sciences from Sarajevo and Podgorica and the Euro-Balkan 7 University from Skopje in early September 2017. The collection of papers Multiculturalism in Public Policies offers volume edited a review of the ongoing issues concerning the status of national and ethnic minorities and immigrants, as well as of the ways in which their status is regulated in five countries of the region: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia. Although all these states have adopted multiculturalism policies, they are facing different challenges of multiethnicity. The institutional and social responses to these challenges have not always been in line with the expectations of the people to live safely, unafraid of being abused due to their nationality, religion or any other personal trait rooted in their ethnicity. The characteristics of the existing multiculturalism policies were carefully analysed in this publication and the ideas offered herewith by the authors to the scientific and social community are to contribute to deliberations on the organisation of multiethnic societies based on trust, the rule of law and stability. Goran Bašić Mitja Žagar Siniša Tatalović Mitja Žagar Institute for Ethnic Studies, Ljubljana, Slovenia 8 Аутор P a r t 1 Diversities, Multiculturalism, Inter-Culturalism and Diversity Management in Southeast Europe1 A b s t r a c t The chapter discusses concepts, defi nitions and maps of geographic and political regions, specifi cally Southeast Europe, The Balkans and Western Balkans. It shows that concepts and defi nitions of regions, as well as mental and geographic maps are not value and ideology neutral, but rather products of times, environments and circumstances, including values, ideologies and balance of power that infl uenced their authors. I present multi-ethnic, multicultural and multi-religious composition and nature of regions as, well as of individual countries that 9 determine the social framework in which diff erent approaches to, as well as concepts, ideologies, strategies and policies of volume edited multiculturalism and inter-culturalism are developed and applied. Ideologies, strategies and policies of multiculturalism and inter-culturalism are analysed as segments of successful diversity management, particularly of eff ective strategies of regulation and management of socially relevant diversities in plural and diverse contemporary societies. Keywords: Southeast Europe, the Balkans, multiculturalism, inter-culturalism, diversity management. 1 This chapter is based on research and different expert activities implemented in the past decades and funded by the ministries responsible for science, research and development of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenian Research Agency, European Commission, Council of Europe, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, United Nations with some of their specialised agencies, etc. 1. Introduction: The context Southeast Europe is one of Europe’s most diverse and plural regions. Diversities and pluralities there are logical consequences of historical developments, considering the fact that (traditionally) the Balkan Peninsula as the key constituent part of Southeast Europe has been a natural bridge for historical (human) migrations2 as well as traditional crossroads of peoples, civilizations and religions. As a consequence, the population(s) of Southeast Europe and, particularly, the Balkans, as well as individual states located there are ethnically, linguistically, culturally, religiously and otherwise plural and diverse.3 Speaking of geographic regions, we usually consider them objective facts. However, this is not the case. Politically as well as scholarly, defining regions and geographic areas – by including or excluding certain territories, by determining criteria for inclusion or exclusion and by attributing specific characteristics to certain areas – is of crucial importance. Maps are and have always been social 10 construct(ion)s. In other words, maps, mental and geographic ones, Mitja Žagar particularly political maps, as well as the selection of objective and subjective criteria and elements that determine geographic regions, are all subjective, socially and ideologically conditioned. They are products of their
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