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Diversity of Macro Fungus Across Three Altitudinal Ranges in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and Their Utilization by Local Residents

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Diversity of Macro Fungus Across Three Altitudinal Ranges in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and Their Utilization by Local Residents BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 22, Number 1, January 2021 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 199-210 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220126 Diversity of macro fungus across three altitudinal ranges in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and their utilization by local residents Y. YUSRAN1,♥, E. ERNIWATI1, D. WAHYUNI1, R. RAMADHANIL2, A. KHUMAIDI3 1Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Tadulako. Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km. 9, Palu 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-451-422611, email: [email protected] 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Tadulako. Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km. 9, Palu 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia 3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Tadulako. Jl. Soekarno-Hatta Km. 9, Palu 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Manuscript received: 6 October 2020. Revision accepted: 20 December 2020. Abstract. Yusran Y, Erniwati E, Wahyuni D, Ramadhanil R, Khumaidi A. 2021. Diversity of macro fungus across three altitudinal ranges in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia and their utilization by local residents. Biodiversitas 22: 199-210. A large amount of biodiversity research has been carried out in Lore Lindu National Park, a major biodiversity center in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, but none have investigated the biodiversity of macrofungi and their traditional utilization. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the diversity of macro fungus in Lore Lindu National Park, and to identify their potential uses as food sources and medicinal uses by the local residents living around Lore Lindu National Park. Exploration of macrofungus species in Lore Lindu National Park was done at three locations representing three altitudinal ranges: (i) <500 m above sea level (asl); (ii) 500–1500 m asl; and >1500 m asl. Ten plots were placed in two major lines with a 100 m distance between plots in each sampling location. All macrofungi within the observation plots were then documented and identified. Ethnomycological studies were done by asking questionnaire to selective respondents, group discussion, and pictorial presentation studies to random respondents in five villages located in the buffer zone of the national park area. This study found 172 species (including unidentified species/sp.) from 33 families of macro fungus in Lore Lindu National Park in which 159 of them belong to the Basidiomycota division, while 13 of them were of the Ascomycota division. Our results also showed varying diversity of macrofungus at different altitudes. At the elevation of <500 m asl, as many 77 species were found, while 117 and 142 species were found at the elevation of 500-1500 and >1500 m asl, respectively. Marasmius spp and Hygrocybe spp were the most abundant genera, and nine species (i.e. Schizophyllum commune, Termytomyces sp, Auricularia auricular- judge, Auricularia sp., Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Xylaria sp., Agaricus sp. dan Lentinus sajor-caju) were utilized as a food source and in traditional medicine by the residents around the national park area. Keywords: Ethnomycology, Lore Lindu National Park, macro-fungi diversity, traditional knowledge INTRODUCTION 2,2-3,8 million species in the world. Macrofungus is a major component of the fungal kingdom. This group of Indonesia is a tropical country with rich natural fungi plays important roles in the wider natural ecosystem, resources, including high diversity of flora, fauna and including as decomposers and food sources for animals microorganisms. Sulawesi is an island in Indonesia that (Tan et al. 2015). Ecologically, macrofungus can be biogeographically is located within the Wallace lines, a classified into three major groups: saprophytes, parasites, region between Asia and Australasia lines (Wallace 1869) and symbiotic species. Almost all terrestrial macrofungus and between the Laurasian and Gondwanan plates (Corlett are saprophytes or mycorrhizal symbionts, but some of and Primack 2006). This unique biogeographical position them are plant pathogens. Taxonomically, most of them along with suitable environmental conditions make belong to Basidiomycota or Ascomycota, with a few being Sulawesi have enormous abundance of species diversity, a member of Zygomycota (Mueller et al. 2007). Based on including numerous endemic species. About 15% of habitat characteristics, the known macrofungus are flowering plant species from Sulawesi have been identified classified into three, whether they are terricolous and categorized as endemic species (Whitten et al. 1987). saprophytic, wood-inhabiting, or ectomycorrhizal Van Balgooy et al. (Van Balgooy et al. 1996) recognized (Kutszegi et al. 2015). that 933 new plant species originated from Sulawesi, and Some wild macrofungus species are edible and found that 112 species were endemic. A plant group with considered as important food sources of communities in high diversity and endemism in Sulawesi is fungi. many countries due to their nutrient contents. An estimated Fungi is categorized as the second-largest biotic 1069 species of macrofungus have been used as sources of community after insects (Sarbhoy et al. 1996). Hawksworth food worldwide (Boa 2004). In some Asian countries, & Lűcking (2017) estimated that fungi emerged around macrofungus is also traditionally used for medicinal 200 BIODIVERSITAS 22 (1): 199-210, January 2021 purposes (Manzi et al. 1999). Ethnomycological research Park area, and complemented with surveying residents on was done by Rosemary-Kinge et al. (2017) and Nema et al. their level of knowledge and uses of macrofungus. (2014) revealed the uses of macrofungus from a variety of perspectives, such as for consumption, nutrients, and medicines. This research studied the potential utilizations MATERIALS AND METHODS of macrofungus in agro-industry sector and its commercial benefits in medical applications in developed countries. In Study period and area line with these studies, Okhuoya et al. (2010), Herawati et This study was conducted from January to August 2017 al. (2016), and Hussein et al. (2016) summarized that in Lore Lindu National Park. The park is located between macrofungus need to be successfully domesticated to Sigi District and Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province, unlock their commercialization potential. Once Indonesia. This area lies between 119º 90’ - 120º 16’ E and domesticated, they can become economically important 1º 8’ - 1º 3’ S with elevation from 200 to 2610 m above the commodities as food sources, medicines, biological control sea level. The park has precipitation of 1200-2200 mm per agents, and raw sources of chemical substances in year with average temperatures of 26°C (TNC/BTNLL pharmaceutical industry (Duarte et al. 2006). Kim & Song 2002). Lore Lindu National Park has legal status as a (2014) stated that many macrofungus show important National Park based on the Decree of the Minister of commercial characteristics, such as high protein, fiber, Forestry, Republic of Indonesia, No. 593/Kpts-II/93. Lore vitamin, and mineral contents, with low-fat levels, and Lindu National Park has an area of ± 229,177.5 ha. This produce medical compounds known to treat cancer and area has its own uniqueness because most of its constituent diabetes. For example, the macro fungus Trametes components are representative of the flora and fauna of the versicolor is known as decomposer of resistant organic Sulawesi mountain forests, where 90% of the total area is pollutants (Tran et al. 2010; Tran et al. 2013), and is used at an altitude above 1000 m above sea level (Pitopang as bioremediation agent for industrial waste and heavy 2006). In this area, there are also several types of metals (Demirbas 2000; Kalac et al. 2004). It has also been ecosystems such as lowland rain forest (200-1000 m asl), reported that macrofungus in the ectomycorrhizal group is montane rain forest (1000-2500 m asl), grasslands, and one of the most important non-wood forest products in highland swamp forests (TNC 2001). international trade, especially from the genera of Amanita, Exploration of macrofungus species in Lore Lindu Boletus, Tuber, Tricholoma, Cantharellus, and Lactarius, National Park was done at three altitudinal ranges. First site along with and saprophytic fungi from the genera of had elevation range of <500 m above sea level (asl), and Morchella, Pleurotus, and Agaricus. was administratively part of Bora Village, Sigi Biromaru While Indonesia ranks second in term biodiversity Sub-district, Sigi District. The other two sites had elevation richness after Brazil (Muchlisin and Azizah 2009), yet range of 500–1500 m asl (part of the Nokilalaki Trekking information on the diversity of macrofungus and their uses line), and >1500 m asl (part of Sedoa Village), both were local communities are scarce. There are still abundant administratively in Lore Utara Sub-district, Poso District. tropical fungal species that are yet to be identified, The sampling area was located around ± 30-80 km described, and documented. This lack of work is primarily southwest of Palu City, the capital of Central Sulawesi caused by minimal research effort and the limited number Province (Figure 1). of fungal taxonomists in Indonesia that can carry out rigorous identification, especially of medicinal and edible Survey, collection, and identification of macrofungus fungi. Recently, research done by several groups Sampling locations were chosen based on the worldwide were not able to provide sufficient data on the accessibility
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