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PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/146345 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-03 and may be subject to change. Jobs around Automated Machines Jos Benders Jobs around Automated Machines * CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Benders, Josephus Gerardus Johannes Maria Jobs around automated machines / Josephus Gerardus Johannes Maria Benders. - [S.l. : s.n.|. - III. Proefschrift Nijmegen. - Met. lit. opg. ISBN 90-9005870-2 Trefw. : arbeidsverdel ing. © Jos Benders, Tilburg 1993 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Behoudens uitzonderingen door de wet gesteld, mag niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektrisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Jobs around Automated Machines een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Beleidswetenschappen PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 21 april 1993 des namiddags te 1.30 uur precies door Josephus Gerardus Johannes María Benders geboren op 13 februari 1965 te Venlo druk wibro dissortaliodrukkerij. helmond Promotores Prof. dr. F. Huijgen Prof. ir. P.W. Sanders, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Copromotor Dr. J.A.C, de Haan, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant Leden manuscriptcommissie Prof. dr. W.L. Buitelaar, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. F.D. Pot, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden Prof. dr. A.M. Sorge, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Overige opponenten Prof. dr. J. Bundervoet, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Prof. dr. A.L. Mok, Universiteit Antwerpen Prof. dr. L.U. de Sitter Prof. dr. J. Vilrokx, Vrije Universiteit Brussel VOORWOORD 'Himmelhoch jauchzend, und zum Tode betrübt' tekent aardig het verloop van dit promotietraject, dat uiteindelijk op de eerstgenoemde wijze afgesloten is. Daarvoor ben ik een groot aantal personen dank verschuldigd. Job de Haan heeft zich gedurende meer dan vier jaar grote moeite getroost in de moeilijke rol van begeleider. Hoewel onze ideeën niet altijd overeenkwamen, zoals herhaaldelijk in vaak verhitte discussies bleek, werd ik juist hierdoor gedwongen iedere volgende stap grondig te overwegen en beargumenteren. Zijn altijd drukke bezigheden hebben Fred Huijgen niet belet voortdurend op een betrokken en tegelijkertijd zakelijke manier op velerlei wijze steun te verlenen, zonder welke deze dissertatie niet zou zijn geschreven. Professor Sanders' enthousiasme stimuleerde om toch vooral door te zetten. Ieder empirisch werk is afhankelijk van de medewerking van respondenten. De contactpersonen in de onderzochte organisaties en de geïnterviewde deskundigen wil ik daarvoor bij deze bedanken. Imke Vermeulen verdient een speciaal woord van dank voor de geboden ondersteuning en het beschikbaar stellen van noodzakelijke gegevens. Mijn Tilburgse afstudeerders Robert Evers, Paul Leermakers en Ivo van der Vegt hebben bijgedragen aan de theoretische en\of empirische uitwerking van deze dissertatie. Klaas ten Have, Jos Mossink, Niels Noorderhaven, Erik Poutsma en Jannes Slomp hebben waardevolle suggesties gedaan na het lezen van concept-versies van delen van deze studie. De steun van Arthur Giesberts was onontbeerlijk voor het grafische werk. Verder wil ik de leden van de manuscriptcommissie, de hoogleraren Pot (voorzitter), Buitelaar en Sorge, bedanken voor het doorlezen en becommentariëren, maar vooral ook het goedkeuren van het manuscript. In mijn min of meer direkte omgeving wil ik hen bedanken, die ik de afgelopen jaren heb verveeld met het wel, maar vooral het wee van het schrijven van deze dissertatie. Met name Henk en Martij π zijn een grote steun geweest. Uiteindelijk is iedereen een produkt van de omgeving waaruit zij/hij is voortgekomen. De basis voor dit werk is dan ook al vroeg gelegd door de voortdurende stimulans thuis om me verder te ontwikkelen. Pap en mam, bedankt. Jos Benders Januari 1993, Tilburg CONTENTS Prologue 1 1.1 Spectacles and spectacles Э Work and organization design: Theoretical perspectives 9 2.1 Design orientations 9 2.2 Technical systems 25 2.3 Product markets 34 2.4 Labor markets 42 2.5 Research model and hypotheses 50 Automated manufacturing 57 3.1 Forms of automated manufacturing 57 3.2 The diffusion of automated manufacturing in the Netherlands 63 3.3 Conclusions and discussion 70 Work design and automated manufacturing in the Netherlands 73 4.1 CNC-machines 73 4.2 Industrial robots 92 4.3 Flexible Manufacturing Systems 99 4.4 Conclusions and discussion 105 The division of labor around arc welding robots 109 5.1 Methodology 109 5.2 Case descriptions 113 5.3 Cross-case analysis 122 5.4 Conclusions and discussion 132 Epilogue 135 Bibliography 155 Nederlandstalige samenvatting Banen rond geautomatiseerde machines 167 Curriculum vitae 169 CHAPTER ONE PROLOGUE The Roman emperor Vespasian, who ruled from 69 to 79, once rewarded the inventor of a new machine to convey columns, but decided not to use the machine as it would cause unemployment amongst the poor. This example shows that technical inventions, displace­ ment of labor and strategic behavior with respect to these issues date back to the times of the Romans at least. Probably, they are as old as man himself. This can not be said for the systematic study of these phenomena, which started only recently. Although many notions around the theme 'man and machine' can be traced back to long forgone periods, they were not the subject of academic and practitioner investigations until the founders of disciplines such as mechanical engineering and political economy started their work in the eighteenth century. Since then, the study of the increasing division of labor has been subject to an increasing division of labor itself. Disciplines such as ergonomics, psychol­ ogy, sociology, and industrial engineering gradually became involved in research on the theme, generally without much mutual contact. The growth of the field of researchers went hand in hand with the growth of the field of research. New machines were and are invented continuously. This also holds for organization and management techniques, which are to guarantee that man and machine cooperate productively. Among relatively recent examples of both categories are 'industrial robots' and 'sociotechnical systems theory', which both originated in the 1940s and 1950s. Both have an aura of 'flexibility' and 'smoothness', which have to be seen in relation to developments at product markets and the deployment of labor. The opinions about the factual and desirable paths of development differ on a variety of accounts. This book is a sketch of a map, which hopefully serves to clarify at least part of the landscape formed by man and machine. More concrete: work content around programmable automation forms the topic of study, a topic which can not be studied fruitfully without also examining a score of external factors. The second chapter sketches the theoretical context of the debate. The first section focuses on work design by juxtaposing two alternative 'design orientations', i.e. the organizing logic underlying the assignments of tasks to functions. These design orienta­ tions are called, respectively, 'fractionized' and 'integrative'. Historically, the first approach has been dominant, but during the last forty years a multitude of integrative design methods has been developed, often as a reaction to so-called 'dysfunctions' of fractionized ways of organizing. Are integrative designs actually being implemented to an increasing degree? What are the boons and merits of both design orientations? The next section discusses the impact of technology, or preferable 'technical systems'. These are frequently held responsible for changes in work content, yet the notion that they would determine work content is widely rejected. To what extent are such views justified? Do certain systems more or less automatically lead to specific work designs, or are there 'degrees of freedom', implying that the role of technical systems is limited at most? As organizations do not operate in an environmental vacuum, developments at product and labor markets are discussed in, respectively, the sections 2.3 and 2.4. At product markets, batch sizes are increasing according to some, whereas others point to the need for 'flexibility' has been frequently stressed, requiring an adaptive organization as well. What is the relationship between changes in work content and developments at product markets? Mass education has resulted in a continuously rising level of education at the 1 (supply side of the) labor market. Much literature in the 1980s and early 1990s has suggested that fractionized organizations have become obsolete and need to be converted into integrative ones. Yet, questions abound. What is the descriptive value of this development? How do developments at the labor market influence work design? What alternatives are thinkable? The fifth and final section of chapter
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