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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Marc Raeff, “Les Slavs; Les Allemands et les ‘Lumières,” Canadian Slavic Studies 1, no. 4 (1967): 521–51. See also idem, “The Well- Ordered Police State and the Development of Modernity in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth Century Europe,” in Mark Raeff, Political Ideas and Institutions in Imperial Russia (Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), 317–22; On natural law in Russia, see also Thomas Nemeth, “Kant in Russia: The Initial Phase,” Studies in Soviet Thought 36, no. 1 (1988): 79–110; “Kant in Russia: The Initial Phrase (Cont’d),” Studies in Soviet Thought 40 (Dec 1990): 293–338; A. N. Kruglov, Filosofiia Kanta v Rossii v kontse XVIII–pervoi polovine XIX vekov (Moscow, 2009). 2. See Derek Offord, Portraits of Early Russian Liberals: A Study of the Thought of T. N. Granovsky, V. P. Botkin, P .V. Annenkov, A. V. Druzhinin and K. D. Kavelin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 3; Laura Engelstein, Slavophile Empire: Imperial Russia’s Illiberal Path (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 2009), 4. 3. See, for instance, the biographies of Timofei Granovskii and Boris Chicherin, Offord, Portraits of Early Russian Liberals, 45–105; Priscilla Roosevelt, Apostle of Russian Liberalism: Timofei Granovsky (Newtonville, Mass.: Oriental Research Partners, 1986); G. M. Hamburg, Boris Chicherin and Early Russian Liberalism, 1828–1866 (Stanford University Press, 1992). 4. On the lack of interest in the bourgeois values among the Russian liberals, see Derek Offord, “ ‘Lichnost’: Notions of Individual Identity,” in Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution: 1881–1940, eds. Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 15; Frances Nethercott, “Russian Liberalism and the Philosophy of Law,” in A History of Russian Philosophy, 1830–1930, G. M. Hamburg and Randall Pool, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 256; Richard Wortman, “Property Rights, Populism, and Political Culture,” in Civil Rights in Imperial Russia, eds. Olga Crisp and Linda Edmondson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 14. It is, however, an exaggeration to say, as Szamuely did, that “Russian political literature, from Radishchev to Lenin, contains not a sin- gle work on legal theory, constitutionalism, the rights of man, the natural law or kindred subjects.” See T. Szamuely, The Russian Tradition (London: McGraw- Hill, 1974), 171. Andrzej Walicki convincingly argued that among the mid- to- late- nineteenth-century thinkers there were a number of legal philosophers who made the defense of law and property right central to their writings. See Andrzej Walicki, Legal Philosophies of Russian Liberalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987). On the philosophy of individualism in the West, see Steven Lukes, Individualism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1973). 5. On the dichotomies on the Slavophiles’ and Westernizers’ thought, see G. M. Hamburg and Randall Poole, “The Humanist Tradition in Russian Philosophy,” in A History of Russian Philosophy, 11–13; Offord, “Alexander Herzen,” in ibid., 52–68; idem, “ ‘Lichnost’,” 20; Leonard Schapiro, “Liberalism in Russia,” in 199 200 Notes to Pages 4–6 idem, Russian Studies, ed. Ellen Darrendorf with an introduction by Harry Willetts (London: Collins, 1986), 47. 6. See Offord, “ ‘Lichnost’,” 15. 7. For Russia’s social history, see Elise Kimberling Wirtschafter, Social Identity in Imperial Russia (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997). 8. For the gentry’s attitude toward serfs, see Esther Kingston- Mann, In Search of True West (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 51, 83–5. 9. F. N. Smirnov, “Obshchestvenno-politicheskie i pravovye vzgliady A. P. Kunitsyna” (Kandidat. Diss., Moscow, 1966), 19. See also idem, “Delo russkogo prosvetitelia pravoveda A. P. Kunitsyna,” Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, 1964, no. 1:63–5; idem, “A. P. Kunitsyn i dekabristy,” Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, 1961, no. 5:60–9; idem, “Mirovozzrenie A. P. Kunitsyna,” Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, 1963, no. 5:74–85. 10. A. F. Zaitsev, Mirovozzrenie A. P. Kunitsyna. Avtoreferat dissertatsii (Moscow, 1951), 3, 9. 11. Z. A. Kamenskii, Filosofskie idei russkogo prosveshcheniia (Moscow, 1971), 44, 46, 49. 55. For similar remarks, see I. Ia. Shchipanov, Filosofiia russkogo prosveshche- niia (Moscow, 1977), 247, 250, 252. Other Soviet historians of the 1960s and 1970s tried to avoid such labels, but their articles on Kunitsyn, treating as they are only selected aspects of his work, do not amount to a comprehensive exam- ination of his ideas. See V. N. Speranskii, “Sotsial’no- politicheskie vzgliady A. P. Kunitsyna,” Uchenye zapiski Gor’kovskogo gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 72 (1964): 823–88; I. I. Solodkin “Ugolovno-pravovye vozzreniia A. P. Kunitsyna,” Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, 1966, no. 11:122–7; N. M. Mikhailovskaia, “A. P. Kunitsyn v zhurnale Syn Otechestva,” Voprosy istorii i teorii literatury, 1966, no. 11:165–70; N. Iu. Kalitkina, “A. P. Kunitsyn—professor Peterburgskogo universiteta,” Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Seriia Ekonomika, Filosofiia, Pravo, 1969, no. 5:147–9; N. Ia. Kuprits, “A. P. Kunitsyn—uchitel’ Pushkina i pravoved,” Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, 1978, no. 3:106–12. 12. The best biography of Kunitsyn in Russian is an article- length study by M. A. Liubavin, Litseiskie uchitelia Pushkina i ikh knigi (St. Petersburg, 1997), 25–71; See also Iu. D. Margolis and G. A. Tishkin, Edinym vdokhnoveniem. Ocherki istorii universitetskogo obrazovaniia v Peterburge v kontse XVIII- pervoi polovine XIX veka (St. Petersburg, 2000), 133–49; O. A. Iatsenko “A. P. Kunitsyn: nevos- trebovannoe nasledie,” Veche, 1995, no. 2:25–41. 13. The term “early liberalism” is now often applied to the era of Nicholas I. See Anthony Netting, “Russian Liberalism: The Years of Promise: 1842–1855” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1967); Derek Offord, Portraits of Early Russian Liberals. By contrast, Hamburg associates the same period with proto- liberalism. He argues that “Russian liberalism in the programmatic sense did not exist before 1855. Earlier, the leading doctrines of Russian social thought were Westernism and Slavophilism.” See G. M. Hamburg, Boris Chicherin,11. Leaving aside a contentious issue of the chronology of Russian liberalism, these are excellent studies that reveal the richness and complexity of Russian intellectual life in the mid- nineteenth century. In his recent review of Russian and Anglophone historiography of Russian liberalism, Konstantin Shneider also identifies mid 1850s as “the early stage in the development of Russian lib- eralism.” See, Konstantin Shneider, “Was There an “Early Russian Liberalism”? Perspectives from Russian and Anglo-American Historiography,” Kritika 7, no. 4 (2006): 825–41. 14. On Speranskii’s liberalism see John Gooding, “The Liberalism of Michael Speransky,” The Slavonic and East European Review 64, no. 3 (1986): 401-24. Notes to Pages 6–9 201 Leontovitch in his pioneering work on Russian liberalism was primarily interested in the enlightened monarchs and reforming bureaucrats. See V. V. Leontovitch, Geschichte des Liberalismus in Russland (Frankfurt- am- Main, 1957), also published in Russian, Istoriia liberalizma v Rossii 1762–1914 (Paris, 1980). 15. See James Flynn, The University Reform of Tsar Alexander I 1802–1835 (Washington: The Catholic University Academic Press, 1988), 110; Cynthia Whittaker, The Origins of Modern Russian Education: An Intellectual Biography of Count Sergei Uvarov, 1786–1855 (Dekalb, Ill: Northern Illinois University Press, 1984), 78, 81. 16. Barry Hollingsworth, “A. P. Kunitsyn and the Social Movement in Russia under Alexander I,” Slavonic and East European Review 43, no. 100 (1964): 116–28. 17. Marc Raeff, “Some Reflections on Russian liberalism,” Russian Review 18, no. 3 (1959); William H. Chamberlin, “The Short Life of Russia Liberalism,” Russian Review 26, no. 2 (1967); As Medushevskii put it, “it is much more interesting to study the history of liberalism than the history of liberals, that is the real contribution of liberal ideology into creating a new society and its politi- cal institutions.” See A. N. Medushevskii, Istoriia Russkoi sotsiologii (Moscow, 1993), 110–111. In Russian scholarship, the ideology of liberalism is often associated with the capitalist phase of Russian economy. See, for instance, V. Pustarnakov, Liberalizm v Rossii (Kazan’, 2002), 20–1. For a detailed review of Russian scholarship on the history of liberalism, see V. Shelokhaev, “Russian Liberalism in Terms of Historiography and Historiosophy,” Social Sciences 30 (June 1999) online via CIAO www.ciaonet.org. 18. Marc Raeff, “Some Reflections on Russian liberalism,” 226. 19. Chamberlin, “The Short Life of Russia Liberalism,” 144. 20. My understanding of Western liberalism is shaped by the works of Willson H. Coates and Hayden V. White, The Ordeal of Liberal Humanism: An Intellectual History (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1970), 3–51; and John Gray, Liberalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995). 21. For similar views, see V. Shelokhaev, “Russian Liberalism in Terms of Historiography and Historiosophy,” Social Sciences 30, no. 2 (1999) online via CIAO www.ciaonet.org. 22. The idea that liberal- minded intellectuals in Russia were able to “implicitly challenge the official obscurantism” was developed by Derek Offord. See Offord, xi. 23. Based on these criteria, he classified K. Kavelin as a Westernizer rather than liberal. See Daniel Field, “Kavelin and Russian Liberalism,” Slavic Review 32, no. 1 (1973): 59–78.
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