Fruit Fly Control and Monitoring in the Near East: Shared Concern in a Regional Transboundary Problem

Proceedings of 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium 6–10 May 2002, Stellenbosch, South Africa pp. 155–171

Fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East: shared concern in a regional transboundary problem

J.P. Cayol1*, Y. Rössler2, M. Weiss3, M. Bahdousheh4, M. Omari5, M. Hamalawi6 & A. Almughayyar7 1International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria 2Israel Cohen Institute, Citrus Marketing Board, Bet Dagan, Israel 3Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Tel Aviv, Israel 4Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Amman, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 5Jordan Atomic Energy Commission, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Amman, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 6Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Gaza City, Territories Under the Jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority 7Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Hebron, Territories Under the Jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority

The Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann),is a pest of major economic significance in most of the temperate,subtropical and tropical countries.In 1997,a pilot project named the Arava Medfly Eradication Project (AMEP),was initiated in the Arava Valley region south of the Dead Sea in Israel to control Medfly populations using the sterile insect technique (SIT) and thus allow export of commodities from the region to the U.S.A. and Japan without expensive post-harvest treatments. In 1998, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan joined the AMEP and launched a project in the Araba, the Jordanian side of the Arava Valley region. From 1998, sterile males of a temperature sensitive lethal (tsl) strain of Mediterranean fruit fly originating first from Madeira-Med facility then later from the Guatemalan El Pino facility, were released weekly over the Arava/Araba region. From 1999, the Territories Under the Jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority (TUJPA) joined the regional effort and initiated Medfly monitoring operations in the Gaza Strip. In early 2001, the project was extended to the Western Negev region of Israel. Weekly, 15 million sterile tsl males of strain Vienna 4-Tol 94 from Guatemala and five million sterile tsl males of strain Vienna 7i/Mix-2001 from the IAEA Laboratories in Seibersdorf,Austria,are shipped and released over the Arava/Araba valley and the Western Negev. Despite some technical problems due to long-duration shipment of pupae from Guatemala, and to the lack of quarantine restrictions in the Arava/Araba, the Medfly population has been successfully suppressed on both sides of the Jordan River south of the Dead Sea. In 2000, as a result of the Medfly suppression effort, the area from which Israeli Arava producers have been able to export vegetables certified ‘free of Medfly’ to the U.S.A., without post-harvest treatment, has been expanded. On the basis of the success in the Araba, Jordan is considering the use of area-wide SIT to suppress Medfly in the commercial fruit- and vegetable-growing area of the Shuna Valley, between north of the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. Based on the experience gained by its neighbours and on data accumulated during monitoring, sterile male releases are expected to be initiated in 2003 in the Gaza Strip. The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), is a South-East Asian pest that is of major quarantine importance for exports to the U.S.A., Japan and European countries. In December 1998, this pest was officially identified and recorded for the first time in Egypt where it attacks some of the main fruit varieties in the Near East (e.g. mangos, peaches). In 2001, Egypt initiated a project to monitor and control this pest in the Sinai, using the male annihilation technique (MAT). Presence of the pest has now been confirmed from all areas of the Sinai,throughout the Nile Delta region and the entire Nile Valley. The plant protection authorities of Israel, Jordan and the TUJPA established emergency detection trapping networks in the border areas of Egypt, suspended importation/ transit of Egyptian commodities, and are prepared to launch emergency plans. Area-wide MAT operations will soon be initiated in Eastern Sinai, progressing westwards towards the Suez Canal. Current status and cooperation among the four projects regarding these two major fruit fly pests are presented and discussed.

INTRODUCTION and cultivated host plants (Liquido et al.1991).The The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata presence of Medfly in the Near East region was first (Wiedemann), is a pest of major economic signifi- recorded in 1904 (cited in Dridi 1990). Damage cance in most of the temperate, subtropical and caused by the Medfly can be considered from tropical countries where it attacks over 300 wild various aspects. As a primary pest, Medfly can

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. cause losses as high as 80–100% of a fruit crop in E-mail: [email protected] the region (Rössler et al. 2000). This situation is - 156 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium often encountered in the Hashemite Kingdom of launched in Egypt to monitor and eradicate this Jordan (hereafter named Jordan) in backyards or pest from the Sinai. Considering the common orchards where no control methods are applied. threat that the peach fruit fly represents for export Considering the damage caused by Medfly, markets of Israel, Jordan, the TUJPA and Egypt, na- conventional insecticides need to be applied tional representatives decided to address this issue several times a year,at high economic and environ- at a supra-national level by sharing monitoring in- mental costs (Pimentel et al. 1992). In Israel, and formation, regional training and knowledge of con- to a lesser extent in the Territories Under the trol methods. Jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority (TUJPA), In the present document, the current status and ground or aerial bait spray applications need to be cooperation among the four projects regarding made over 12 times a year in order to effectively these two major fruit fly pests are presented and guarantee production. In such cases, Medfly discussed. control precludes the use of biocontrol methods against secondary pests such as the citrus leafminer, FRUIT FLY CONTROL IN THE NEAR EAST: A Phyllocnistis citrella, and is thus responsible for HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE increasing pesticide usage. This situation can be The control of Medfly in the Near East has a long found in areas such as the TUJPA and in some areas history. As early as 1958, a centralized control of Israel.Finally,in some areas where no or only few programme for Medfly was set-up in Israel (Rössler major Medfly hosts are grown commercially, only 1987). This programme was based on weekly the presence of Medfly,considered as a quarantine monitoring of trimedlure-baited traps,use of aerial pest, precludes access to high value Medfly-free photography and aerial application of malathion export markets such as the U.S.A. or Japan. This is bait sprays. This programme, slightly adapted to the case in the Arava Valley south of Israel. Con- include new technologies (use of GIS) remained sidering the common threat represented by the largely unchanged and it is still currently used by Medfly for Israel, Jordan and the TUJPA, three pro- the Citrus Marketing Board of Israel to control jects were launched that aim at controlling Medfly Medfly in citrus production areas. In 1989/90 in in various areas of the region.From 1999,the three Israel, a successful demonstration of the effective- projects started sharing knowledge and expertise, ness of the sterile insect technique (SIT) to control and various area-wide control strategies and Medfly was carried out in a 500-ha area in kibbutz objectives were established according to the Gvulot in Northern Negev (Nitzan et al. 1993). specific needs of each operational zone of this In 1993/94, the Oslo agreements between supra-national project. the State of Israel and the Palestinian Liberation The peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders), Organization, and the peace treaty between Israel is a South-East Asian pest that is of major quaran- and Jordan laid the groundwork for the develop- tine importance for exports to U.S.A., Japan and ment of regional cooperation. In 1994, a panel of European countries. This pest is known to occur in experts evaluated the potential of using SIT to the Indian Ocean (Réunion and Mauritius) and in control and/or eradicate Medfly in the Near East tropical Asia (India, Indonesia, Laos, Sri Lanka, region, including countries such as Cyprus, the Thailand and Vietnam) (White & Elson-Harris 1992). Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Some peach fruit fly detections occurred in 1998 the TUJPA (FAO/IAEA 1995).Considering that up to in the U.S.A. in Orange and Contra Costa Counties 12 pesticide applications were needed annually to of California (CDFA 1998a,b).Additional detections protect 530 000 ha of fruit production valued at occurred in Santa Clara and Riverside Counties in US$1.500 million per year (FAO/IAEA 1995), it was 2001. Infestations resulting from these introduc- suggested that SIT would greatly reduce the tions were eradicated using the male annihilation amount of pesticide used in the region,resulting in technique (MAT) (Dowell, pers. comm.). In Decem- a better, environmentally compatible and sustain- ber 1998, this pest was officially identified and re- able approach to Medfly control. The panel of corded for the first time from Egypt (Taher 1998) experts concluded that an economic analysis of the where it attacks over 50 known host plants,includ- cost/benefit of using various control methods was ing some of the main fruit varieties grown in the needed. Near East (e.g. mangos, peaches, apricots, citrus) In 1995/96 an economic evaluation of three (FAO/IAEA 2000). In 2000, the peach fruit fly was alternative methods (bait application technique first recorded on the border between the TUJPA (BAT) for suppression, SIT for suppression and SIT and Israel (NAPPO 2001a,b). In 2001, a project was for eradication) for the control of Medfly in the Near Cayol et al.: Transboundary fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East 157

Fig. 1. Operational zones of fruit fly projects in the Near East, as agreed in the USAID-MERC proposal (national boundaries are not mandatory and do not reflect any political opinion).

East was made.This study concerned Israel,Jordan, Medfly control project and started benefiting from the TUJPA (Enkerlin & Mumford 1997), Lebanon regional training and visits by fruit fly experts. and the Syrian Arab Republic (IAEA 2001). The In 2001, Israel, Jordan and the TUJPA were evaluation revealed that, should no control be awarded a US$2.5 million USAID grant to promote applied against Medfly, the annual fruit losses the Middle East Regional Cooperation (MERC). would amount to US$365 million for Israel, Jordan Aerial releases of Medfly in Israel were extended to and the TUJPA (Enkerlin & Mumford 1997). Under the Western Negev area. With the technical and thecurrentcontrolmethods,thedirectandindirect financial support of the IAEA, Egypt launched a damage was estimated as high as US$192 million project to eradicate peach fruit fly in the Sinai per year. Considering the economic impact of Peninsula.In a regional effort to control the fruit fly Medfly in the region,the use of SIT for suppression species in the Near East, Egyptian representatives was considered cost-effective over a nine-year were invited to join the meeting of the national period,and the use of SIT for eradication appeared coordinators of the fruit fly projects and to share cost-effective over a longer period, although the the knowledge and training made available to latter was more problematic. The area-wide bait other countries in the region. suppression strategy was not considered sustainable in the long term. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT A feasibility study to eradicate Medfly from the AravaValley,SouthoftheDeadSeawaslaunchedin Project area 1997 (Rössler et al. 2000) with the technical and The project area has been defined as seven oper- financial support of the International Atomic ational zones named: Arava Valley (I), Araba Valley Energy Agency (IAEA). During the same year, (II),Jordan Valley (III),Western Negev (IV),Gaza Strip Jordan joined the regional effort with the aim of (V), Northern Negev (VI) and Hebron (VII). The eradicating Medfly from the Araba Valley, the implementation of the project in these zones is Jordanian side of the Arava Valley. Aerial releases underthetechnicalresponsibilityofIsraelforzones of sterile Medfly males were initiated in late 1997 I, IV and VI, of Jordan for zones II and III, and of the and are continuing. TUJPA for zones V and VII (Fig. 1).The entire project In 1999, building upon the regional expertise area spreads from the Aqaba Gulf of the Red Sea in gained in the region, the TUJPA embarked on a the south to the Sea of Galilee in the north. 158 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium

Table 1. Objective and technical requirements for each operational zone of the fruit fly project in the Near East.

Operational zone Objective Requirements Potential SIT release area (hectares)*

I Arava Valley • Medfly eradication • Operational quarantine 4 000 • PFF emergency plan • Approved plan and materials ready II Araba Valley • Medfly eradication • Operational quarantine 4 000 • PFF emergency plan • Approved plan and materials ready III Jordan Valley • Monitoring/mapping • GIS based 20 000 • Infrastructure for SIT • Area-wide suppression (bait spray) • Centrally organized IV Western Negev •Monitoring/mapping • GIS based 2 100 • Area-wide suppression (SIT) • Centrally organized • PFF emergency plan • Approved plan and materials ready V Gaza Strip • Monitoring/mapping • GIS based 20 000 • Infrastructure for SIT • Area-wide suppression (bait spray) • Centrally organized VI Northern Negev • Monitoring/mapping • GIS based 40 000 • PFF emergency plan • Approved plan and materials ready VII Hebron • Monitoring/mapping • GIS based 8 000 VIII Egyptian Sinai** • Mapping of the area • GIS based 33 000 • PFF eradication (MAT) • Centrally organized

*Potential area that could be under SIT operations for Medfly control. **Though Egypt is not part of the projects funded by USAID, zone VIII has been added to illustrate actions needed to control peach fruit fly.

Strategies and objectives methyl-eugenol impregnated lure & kill blocks or Though the common overall objectives in the Min-U-Gel spot applications) for the control of region are to achieve the area-wide control of peach fruit fly. Medfly, to eradicate peach fruit fly from Egyptian Sinai and to avoid its spread throughout the Near Project implementation and management East countries, the strategy and the foreseen Each of the three projects is implemented at a medium-term objectives vary for each of the oper- national level with regional or local teams in charge ational zones. On the basis of the local economical of the field activities in each of the operational interest, and of the technology and personnel zones. available,the objectives and the relevant technical In Israel, the operations in the Arava Valley and requirements have been designed specifically for in the Western Negev are implemented by the each of the operational zones (Table 1). personnel of the Arava Medfly Eradication Project, According to the objectives, and on the basis of under the supervision of the Plant Protection and the economic assessment made in 1996/97 (IAEA Inspection Services (PPIS) of the Ministry of 2001), the different strategies aim at eradicating Agriculture and the Israel Cohen Institute for Medfly in areas where there is a potential export Biological Control of the Citrus Marketing Board of market for fruit fly-free commodities (such as the Israel (CMBI). A National Medfly Committee, U.S.A.), or at suppressing Medfly in areas where chaired by the Head of the PPIS, reviews the activi- local or export markets accepting low Medfly infes- ties related to Medfly undertaken under the pro- tation rates (mainly Europe) are targeted. The ject. Activities related to peach fruit fly are strictly strategy foreseen for peach fruit fly is eradication in under the supervision of the PPIS. the Egyptian Sinai and in any area where it could be In Jordan, the field operations are implemented accidentally introduced. by the regional agriculture services in the Araba The various methods used or foreseen are SIT for Valley and in the Jordan Valley, under the supervi- the control of Medfly, BAT (using cover sprays of sion of the Plant Protection Services of the Ministry protein and insecticide) and MAT (using either of Agriculture in close cooperation with the Jordan Cayol et al.: Transboundary fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East 159

Atomic Energy Commission. (zone V) in the coming years is to set up a central- In the TUJPA,implementation of field operations ized area-wide bait spray programme to suppress is the responsibility of the regional offices of the and not eradicate Medfly (Table 1). Plant Protection and Inspection Services in the In Jordan,BAT is also used in ground applications Gaza Strip and in the West Bank for zones V and VII on a smaller scale to control Medfly hotspots in the respectively. Araba Valley (zone II) and especially to control National coordinators of each of the four projects Medfly in backyards on private properties in Aqaba (including Egypt) meet once a year to review the City. In this case, 200–300 ml per tree (15–20 l/ha) technical progress achieved,review the work plans the mixture (1% malathion technical formulation; for the coming year,and decide on joint operations 4% protein hydrolysate; 95% water) is applied at (training, field activities) to be carried out, with the 7–10-day intervals for 30–40 days. As a first step in technical support of the IAEA. the Jordan Valley (zone III), it is foreseen to estab- A Management Committee for the use of the lish, through the coordinated efforts of the local USAID-MERC funds was established. This Manage- fruit growers, a centralized area-wide bait spray ment Committee meets twice a year and is com- programme to suppress and not eradicate Medfly. posed of representatives of Israel, Jordan, the TUJPA and the IAEA. The Management Committee Sterile insect technique endorses the work plans defined by the national The sterile insect technique developed in the coordinators, assesses the appropriate use of 1950s (Knipling 1955) has since been successfully funds, and decides on the long-term objectives of used for many key pests worldwide (Krafsur 1998). the regional project. One of the main limiting factors faced by SIT projects in the Near East is the lack of a Medfly CONTROL AND MONITORING METHODS mass-rearing facility in the region. Previous SIT projects in the Near East have been Bait application technique among the first to use a Medfly genetic sexing The application of a mixture of protein and killing strain (GSS) at an operational level (Franz etal.1996; agent, called bait application technique (BAT), was Robinson et al. 1999), and to benefit from the used in the 1950s against the oriental fruit fly, increased effectiveness of male-only releases Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), in Hawaii (Steiner (Hendrichs et al. 1995). From December 1997 until 1952; Rössler 1989).Since then, some aspects of its July 1998, two and then four million sterile pupae mode of action,such as the behavioural responses of the GSS Vienna 6-96 strain were received weekly of the flies (Prokopy et al. 1992), or new formula- from the Madeira-Med facility in Portugal (Pereira tions,such as the use of photoactive dyes as killing 1999) and released over zone I.From July 1998 until agent (McQuate & Peck 2000; Mangan & Moreno the present, an average of 12–13 million male pu- 2001),or new insecticides,such as Spinosad (Wood pae (of the GSS Vienna4/Tol-94, and as of 2000 of & Hardin 2000), have been studied. the Vienna 7/Tol-2000 strain) were shipped weekly In Israel, Medfly populations are successfully (in two batches) from the El-Pino MOSCAMED rear- maintained below the economic threshold ing facility in Guatemala and released over zones I through the use of aerial BAT over citrus crops by and II (Rössler et al.2000).From 2001,an average of the Citrus Marketing Board in collaboration with two million sterile male pupae have been released the Ministry of Agriculture (Rössler & Chen 1994). once a week over the Western Negev (zone IV). In However this method is not used in the Arava August 2002,as part of the R&D activities of Medfly Valley or in the Western Negev (zones I and IV). In SIT programme, field-cage mating compatibility particular in zone I,where mainly organic products tests of a new GSS developed by the IAEA, Vienna are grown,aerial bait sprays cannot be used; BAT is 7D53/Mix-2001, were arranged in Israel with the therefore applied from the ground, when needed, cooperation of the Israel Cohen Institute and the to control emerging populations in some Medfly IAEA. Two trial shipments were made from Austria hotspots and away from areas of commercial and tests were run according to the International crops.mm Standards described in the FAO/IAEA/USDA In the TUJPA, a centralized BAT programme is Manual (FAO/IAEA/USDA 2002). Local wild flies currently used by the Ministry of Agriculture, were obtained as pupae from Valencia oranges applied from the ground, but strictly limited to the collected in Maa’barot, Israel. The mating compati- citrusorchardsduringthefruitingseason.Themain bility of sterile males with wild females from Israel objective of the fruit fly project for the Gaza Strip and the relative competitiveness of those males 160 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium

Table 2. Mating compatibility in field-cage mating compatibility tests of the Vienna 7D53/Mix-2001 genetic sexing strain and a wild Medfly population from Israel (Gazit & Rössler, unpubl. data).

Control V-7D53/Mix-2001 Both shipments First shipment Second shipment

Proportion of mating* 0.46 aA** 0.42 a 0.38 A 0.45 A Standard deviation 0.15 0.16 0.14 0.18 (n = 6) (n = 24) (n = 12) (n = 12) Relative sterility index (RSI) 0.49 bB 0.33 b 0.34 B 0.31 B Standard deviation 0.13 0.21 0.21 0.21 (n = 6) (n = 24) (n = 12) (n = 12)

*FAO/IAEA/USDA (2003). **Means with the same letter in the same row do not differ significantly according to the Tukey-Kramer HDS test at P = 0.05; n = number of replicates. with wild males were measured and the results from December 2002 an additional six million (Table 2) show that the two populations are sexually pupae of Vienna 7D53/Mix-2001 are shipped compatible. weekly from the IAEA rearing unit in Austria.These No significant difference could be found between additional sterile flies are released over zones I and the mating competitiveness of the Vienna 7i/Mix- IV. Some of the major Quality Control (QC) data 2001 and the wild males as shown by the relative obtained for the three sources of pupae are pre- sterility index (RSI) (McInnis et al. 1996) value sented in Table 3. (Table 2). Additional critical information, such as Even though the MOSCAMED facility is the the time of calling (a prerequisite male behaviour furthest source of sterile pupae,it compares favour- to attract female mates), and the duration of ably with the two other sources (Table 3). For mating, confirms that there is no behavioural reasons due mostly to the size of the facility (to date incompatibility between the two populations. On over one billion sterile male pupae per week), that basis, it was concluded that sterile males from MOSCAMED authorities can ship selected first- the V-7D53/Mix-2001 strain were competitive in quality pupae (i.e. first-collection pupae), which copulation with and insemination of the wild under small capacity rearing conditions is nearly females in Israel. Based on these positive results, impossible,atareasonablecost.Thehighershipping

Table 3. Comparison of quality control data obtained in Israel from shipments of sterile Medfly pupae from Madeira (Vienna 6-96), Guatemala (Vienna 4/Tol-94 and Vienna 7/Tol-2000) and Austria (Vienna 7i/Mix-2001) (after Rössler et al. 2000 and Rössler, unpubl. data).

Origin of pupal shipment* Madeira Guatemala Austria

Hypoxia duration (h) 44.88 ± 6.06 54.30 ± 9.44 45.33 ± 2.84 (n = 50) (n = 307) (n = 10) White pupae (%) 9.28 ± 2.87 0.15 ± 0.21 0.00 ± 0.00 (n = 51) (n = 300) (n = 10) Pupal weight (mg) 7.92 ± 0.34 7.70 ± 0.34 8.34 ± 0.17 (n = 54) (n = 303) (n = 10) Emergence (%) 60.77 ± 9.07** 73.62 ± 9.46 59.75 ± 5.56 (n = 51) (n = 298) (n = 10) Flying males (%)*** 61.70 ± 9.34 64.32 ± 11.59 47.67 ± 7.07 (n = 50) (n = 300) (n = 10) Survival (%) 75.57 ± 20.82 79.93 ± 13.23 63.84 ± 11.52 (n = 51) (n = 296) (n = 10)

*Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation; n = number of replicates. **Emergence rate in grids. ***As percentage of the total number of pupae. Cayol et al.: Transboundary fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East 161 cost from Guatemala to Israel is compensated for infested areas as described by Rössler et al. (2000). by the lower cost of the product in Israel due to Aerial releases, which take place only once a week cheaper labour. Last but not least, security regula- in the Western Negev, cover the area between tions are applied to shipments sent to Israel upon Dimona and Nizzana. departure from Europe,which ‘artificially’increases SIT will be used to eradicate Medfly from zones I the duration of hypoxia and thus negatively affects and II,once effective quarantine is set up to protect the emergence rate of adults. Under such circum- thosetwoareas,andtosuppressMedflyinzoneIV. stances, the benefit of a closer source of pupae, limiting the duration of hypoxia, is lost (Table 3). Male annihilation technique However, since the events of September 11, 2001, This method, first developed in the 1940s, has 18 shipments out of 51 did not arrive in Israel from proved efficient against several species of Guatemala due to re-routing or cancellation of Bactrocera worldwide (Cunningham 1989; Marwat flights.The shipments that arrived in Israel suffered et al. 1992). Among others, it is currently used to an increased duration of hypoxia, up to 61.10 ± eradicate the Carambola fruit fly, Bactrocera 10.40 hours (n = 39). These problems highlighted carambolae (Drew & Hancock), from the northern the lack of commercial alternative sources of sterile portions of South America where the pest was male Medfly GSS pupae which could supply opera- accidentally introduced in the 1970s (Malavasi et al. tionalprojectsonlargescaleandonaregularbasis. 2000) and against the peach fruit fly on Réunion In order to process the sterile pupae, an ‘emer- Island (Jeuffrault et al. 2000). MAT is based on the gence and release’ center was built by the Israeli attractiveness of the males to methyl-eugenol, a authorities in 1997 in the Sapir Center in the Arava component of the male pheromone. B. zonata Valley (Rössler et al. 2000). The center, operated by males are attracted from long distances to a source the AMEP,is capable of processing up to 20 million of methyl-eugenol on which they feed usually once sterile male Medfly pupae per week (Ravins, AMEP, only in their lifetime (Shelly 1997, 2000). MAT aims pers. comm.; Rössler et al. 2000). The Sapir Center at distributing an absorbent substrate impreg- serves the needs of zones I, II and IV where aerial nated with a mixture of pesticide and methyl- releases, and sometimes supplementary ground eugenol (also called ‘lure & kill’ stations) in the releases take place. Upon reception of the pupal targeted area. Only the males are attracted by the shipment and transfer to the Sapir Center, pupae lure & kill stations, they feed on the mixture, ingest are placed into PARC boxes (45 000 pupae per box) the insecticide and die. By effectively maintaining (see Pereira 1999), provided with agar-based food impregnated stations (500 km2) in the field in an and maintained at 21–22°C for four days, after area-wide manner during 40 consecutive weeks, which they are knocked down in a cold room for the male population disappears, leaving the wild transfer into the chilled box used in the release females without mates. Therefore, after such a machine. period only residual infested areas (often limited to The project is equipped with a Brittney Islander one tree), also called ‘hotspots’,may persist. These aircraft fitted with a chilled Medfly adult release hotspots can then easily be treated by localized machine loaded with a release module with a ground-applied bait sprays and/or cultural prac- capacity of four million Medfly adults. While in the tices (fruit collection and destruction).The methyl- release module the 3–4-day-old adult Medfly eugenol attracts specifically some species of males are maintained at 4–5°C.The aircraft flies 300 Bactrocera, and thus has with very little, if any, metres above ground level at 200 km/h, releasing impact on non-target insect species as demon- an average of 220 000 Medfly adults per minute. strated in Hawaii (Kido et al. 1996).Various types of The flying and release operations takes about four lure & kill stations have been used worldwide. hours and takes place twice a week over the Arava/ These bait stations are of two major types: sta- Araba Valley (zones I and II). AMEP is operating the tions made of material impregnated with a mixture release on behalf of the Jordanian authorities over of methyl-eugenol and killing agent (such as the Araba Valley and for the Israeli project over the Malathion) (ratio 3:1), such as is used in Suriname Arava Valley and the Western Negev. In zone I, against B.carambolae (Malavasi et al. 2000),or spot releases cover 19 agricultural settlements and the applications of a thick gel (Min-U-Gel®) mixing city of Eilat, while in zone II, releases cover only methyl-eugenol and killing agent, such as used in three agricultural settlements and the city of California (Cunningham & Suda 1985). Blocks are Aqaba. The area represented by zones I and II is hung preferably on host trees and are replaced naturally isolated from other potentially Medfly- every six weeks; spot Min-U-Gel® applications are 162 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium

Table 4. Numbers of each type of traps and lures in place in the fruit fly projects in the Near East in 2001.

Type of trap (and lure) Jackson Tephri® IPMT Jackson (TML) (Biolure®) (Biolure®) (ME)

Arava Valley (I) 121 350 0 * Araba Valley (II) 32 0 100 20 Jordan Valley (III) 70 0 0 20 Western Negev (IV) 57 88 0 * Gaza Strip (V) 518** 0 0 80 Northern Negev (VI)*** – – – * Hebron (VII) 150 0 0 0 Egyptian Sinai (VIII) – – – 638

*A total of 600 and 133 Jackson ME traps have been set up in Israel and in Jordan, respectively. **One of these traps is located in the Israeli settlements of the Gaza Strip. ***No activities related to the fruit fly project have yet been started in zone VI. often used in cities and are applied on telephone et al. (1999). This trap has proven extremely sensi- poles or street signs. Min-U-Gel® treatments need tive to low Medfly populations and for the capture to be reapplied every two weeks. of wild Medfly females. In areas under SIT opera- In Israel, in kibbutz Kerem Shalom where about tions, a few strategically placed Jackson traps are 20 B. zonata males were captured in the last now used to confirm the efficiency of the sterile months of 2001, spot applications are done on male releases,and Tephri® traps are used mainly to each potential host tree every two weeks. Preven- monitor the wild Medfly population. Steiner traps tive MAT operations have been extended to the baited with liquid methyl-eugenol and Malathion adjacent agricultural settlements along the Gaza are used to detect peach fruit fly. Strip and Egyptian border. In Jordan, Jackson traps baited with trimedlure In the Gaza Strip, preventive MAT operations plugs have been used in the Araba Valley since the were due to be launched in 2003/04, through the early days of the project.A network of Jackson traps technical support of the Israeli PPIS. is being set-up in the Jordan Valley. In the Araba In Egypt,it is anticipated that either locally-made Valley, International Plastic Pheromone traps or ready-to-use lure & kill stations will be used, (IPMT) (Katsoyannos 1994) baited with Biolure® are such as the BactroMAT™ M-E blocks developed by used.In summer,water and surfactant are added to Aventis CropScience Ltd. the traps. Jackson traps baited with liquid methyl-eugenol and Malathion are used to detect Trapping peach fruit fly. The number and type of traps currently used in In the TUJPA,Jackson traps baited with trimedlure the projects in 2001 are summarized in Table 4. replaced Steiner traps in 2001. Jackson traps During this period, traps were serviced weekly in baited with liquid methyl-eugenol and Malathion zones I, III and IV, and tentatively twice a month in are used to detect peach fruit fly. the other operational zones. In the Egyptian Sinai, Jackson traps baited with In Israel,Steiner traps baited with liquid trimedlure liquid methyl-eugenol and Malathion have been were used exclusively before the initiation of set up to monitor peach fruit fly populations. sterile releases (Rössler et al. 2000). In 1998 in zone I, Steiner traps were replaced by Jackson traps Fruit sampling (Katsoyannos 1994) baited with trimedlure (liquid Fruit sampling has been done in the Arava Valley or as a silicone plug) which were found more since 1997, as part of the routine operations of the convenient for evaluating the ratio of fertile:sterile project. Samples are held at the Sapir Center. From males. This project was among the first worldwide September 1997 until December 2001, 3503 fruit to use Tephri® traps (Ros et al. 2000) baited with samples with a total weight of 1943 kg were Biolure®, a registered formulation of putrescine + collected. During this period an average of 67.37 ± trymethylamine + ammonium acetate described 43.98 samples were collected monthly from 70 fruit and tested by Epsky et al. (1999) and Katsoyannos varieties. Cayol et al.: Transboundary fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East 163

Fig. 2. Fruit sampling data collected in the Arava Valley from September 1997 to 2001 (bars: annual mean number of Medfly pupae per kg of randomly-collected fruit; line: annual mean percentage of infested fruit samples).

In the Western Negev,fruit sampling was initiated Fig. 3 highlights the specific problem encountered in July 1999. Until the end of 2001, a total of 179 in the Arava Valley. The settlements in the valley fruit samples with a total weight of 140 kg were comprise agricultural fields with the ‘residential checked. areas’being totally separated from the commercial Fruit sampling has not yet been utilized on a agricultural areas. While c. 85% of the agricultural sufficiently large scale in other operational zones of activities in the valley take place inside green- the project to be reported here. houses, Medfly host trees are planted in backyards where very little if any control can be applied. The RESULTS data clearly show that while the fruit infestation rate decreased constantly in the orchards and open The Arava Valley (zone I) fields, it was relatively stable in residential areas The Medfly population has been maintained after 1999. under control in zone I, despite successive sterile Jackson TML trapping data (Fig. 4) confirms that pupae delivery failures and the absence of quaran- sterile Medfly males were effectively distributed tine. When compared to data from 1997, fruit over the region, with over 20% of the traps captur- infestation in terms of number of pupae per kg ing more than one sterile male per trap per day in of fruit sampled decreased (Fig. 2). However, the 2001. The data also illustrate the effectiveness of percentage of fruit samples infested was still as the suppression operations, with 80% of the traps high as ~25%. capturing less than 0.1 wild Medfly male per trap Assessing the data from a qualitative standpoint, per day.

Fig. 3. Mean number of Medfly pupae per kg of randomly collected fruits in the Arava Valley from September 1997 to 2001, illustrating the relative effectiveness of SIT operations in orchards/open fields (grey bars) and in residential areas (white bars). 164 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium

Fig. 4. Percentage of Jackson TML traps capturing different numbers of wild and sterile male Medflies in the Arava Valley in 2001.

Data obtained from Tephri® Biolure® traps in Medfly population in the Arava Valley in 2001 was 2001 (Fig. 5) confirmed the observation made with possible through the combination of cultural prac- the Jackson TML traps. Tephri® traps are known to tices (collection of fruits in backyards), the relative be more sensitive than Jackson traps in detecting support of the communities (especially in the low levels of Medfly populations, and they are moshavim) and the immediate response (ground mainly used for the early detection of wild females bait sprays) to the lack of sterile pupae shipments out of which a wild population can build up very from September to November. rapidly. The data show that, during 2001, over 90% Further improvement in Medfly eradication of the Tephri® traps caught less than 0.1 wild activities was expected with the anticipated estab- female per trap per day. lishment in 2002 of internal quarantine to protect The relatively successful suppression of the wild the Arava Valley.

Fig. 5. Percentage of Tephri® Biolure® traps capturing different numbers of wild males and females, and sterile males, in the Arava Valley in 2001. Cayol et al.: Transboundary fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East 165

Fig. 6. Captures of wild (bars) and sterile (line) male Medflies in Jackson TMLtraps in the Araba Valley in 2001.

Fig. 7. Captures of wild male (grey bars) and wild female (white bars) Medflies in IPMT Biolure® traps in the Araba Valley in 2001.

The Araba Valley (zone II) most tip of the valley (Figs 8 & 9). The Medfly control activities in the Araba Valley in The overall effectiveness (regardless of the type 2001 were more affected by the lack of sterile pupae of flies captured) of the Jackson and IPMT traps in shipments from Guatemala from September to the Araba Valley is illustrated in Fig. 10. November than was the Arava Valley. The delay in In order to achieve successful control and later applying alternative control actions resulted in eradication of Medfly in the Araba Valley, cultural wild Medfly populations building up in the second practices need to be improved.Communities in the half of the year as shown in Jackson TML and IPMT areaneedtobebetterinformedandinvolvedinthe Biolure® trapping data (Figs 6 & 7, respectively). project and effective quarantine measures should Unlike in the Arava Valley where agricultural be implemented. settlements are spread along the entire valley, villages in the Araba Valley are concentrated in the The Jordan Valley (zone III) northern part of the valley, where, consequently, The Jordan Valley is the most important commer- Medfly populations are higher.The data (Figs6&7) cial fruit-producing area in Jordan, with, among largely illustrate the situation encountered in others, over 5000 ha of citrus orchards. To date no villages such as El’Mazraa and Safi. Nevertheless, centralized fruit fly control operations had been Medfly was kept under control in the large and put in place, but a Jackson TML trapping network populated city of Aqaba located at the southern- was initiated in September 2001. The initial 166 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium

Fig. 8. Captures of wild (bars) and sterile (line) male Medflies in Jackson TML traps in Aqaba City (zone II) in 2001.

Fig. 9. Captures of wild male (grey bars) and wild female (white bars) medflies in IPMT Biolure® traps in Aqaba City (zone II) in 2001.

Fig. 10. Relative performance of IPMT Biolure® and Jackson TML traps in the Araba Valley in 2001. Cayol et al.: Transboundary fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East 167

Fig. 11. Percentage Jackson TML traps capturing different numbers of wild male Medflies per trap per day in the Jordan Valley from October to December 2001. trapping data (Fig. 11) showed that extremely high releases over this operational zone, the project Medfly populations were present in this region team gave priority to the Arava/Araba Valley, (approximately 30% of the traps caught more than when sterile pupae shipments were not timeously one wild Medfly male per trap per day). received. Consequently, the Western Negev On this basis, it is foreseen that the implementa- suffered from fewer shipments of sterile pupae tion of a centralized suppression programme than other zones in the project. (using BAT) will be needed before the use of SIT is Trapping data (Figs 12 & 13) clearly illustrate the considered. In 2002, training on area-wide fruit fly effect of the lack of consecutive sterile releases in control methods was carried out in the area for the July and in October and November (see sterile benefit of the fruit growers, and field operations males in Fig. 12). were initiated. Even though the results should not be compared to those of the Arava/Araba Valley, where several The Western Negev (zone IV) years of releases have already occurred, the large Pre-release operations were initiated in the wild Medfly population encountered in the West- Western Negev with fruit sampling from July 1999, ern Negev would require preliminary area-wide and data have been compiled to October 2001. A BAT operations or supplementary control methods total of 179 fruit samples were checked during this to take place rather than relying solely on the use period.These samples contained 2651 fruits with a of SIT. total weight of 140 kg. Out of these samples, 8215 Medfly pupae were collected from which 6080 The Gaza Strip (zone V) Medfly adults emerged; 45.81% of these samples The main objective of the project in the Gaza were infested. Eleven (57.89%) of the 19 settle- Strip was to build up capacity for area-wide Medfly ments of the operational zone area contained in- suppression operations. fested fruits.Nizzana,the settlement bordering the Until July 2001, 200 modified Steiner TML traps Egyptian-Israeli border-crossing in Sinai, had the serviced every 10 days were used as a Medfly- highest infestation rate, with 160 pupae/kg of monitoring network. However, this trapping net- collected fruits. The average infestation rate in the work monitored only citrus orchards. From August region is about 60 pupae/kg of collected fruits. 2001,and following the recruitment of a field team Sterile male releases over the Western Negev by the project, 518 traps were set up (Table 4) and were only initiated in January 2001. Since then, included backyards and non-commercial hosts. about two million sterile male pupae were going to Only ground spraying of Malathion plus Buminal be released over the region by the AMEP.However, was used in an to attempt to control Medfly in this administrative restrictions in flight over the area area,with little success.During the period February limited releases to once a week on Fridays. In to July 2001, 12 tons of Buminal and 1.5 tons of addition,considering that 2001 was the first year of Malathion were applied over 7700 hectares. The 168 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium

Fig. 12. Captures of wild (bars) and sterile (line) male Medflies in Jackson TML traps in the Western Negev in 2001. main goals of the project in the coming years are to The Hebron area (zone VII) set up an area-wide, functional and centralized One of the major goals of the project in this integrated pest management approach against operational zone was to set up and service a Medfly Medfly based on BAT, and at a later stage on SIT, monitoring network (Table 1).A Jackson TML trap- which would, in the long term, reduce the use of ping network was set-up in 2001 (Table 4) and data insecticide sprayed over the TUJPA, and to effec- will be made available in the near future to decide tively control the Medfly population. on an area-wide control strategy to be applied The peach fruit fly detection trapping network against Medfly in the area. comprising 80 Jackson ME traps did not catch any peach fruit fly since it was set up during 2001. The Egyptian Sinai (zone VIII) Preventive MAT operations were anticipated to To our knowledge, even though a Jackson ME take place in 2002 in the most exposed areas,south trapping network has been established in the of the Gaza Strip, with the technical support of the Egyptian Sinai (Table 4),no effective MAT operations Israeli authorities. have yet taken place. On the basis of data collected in Kalubia The Northern Negev (zone VI) Governorate in the Nile Delta region in 1998 No activity directly related to the fruit fly control (Hashem et al. 2001), extremely high populations project has taken place in the Northern Negev of B. zonata could be expected in the Sinai region zone. bordering operational zones I, IV and V.

Fig. 13. Captures of wild male (grey bars) and wild female (white bars) Medflies in Tephri® Biolure® traps in the Western Negev in 2001. Cayol et al.: Transboundary fruit fly control and monitoring in the Near East 169

CONCLUSIONS For these reasons, several countries in the region As from 2000, growers in the Arava Valley, as a have already banned Egyptian commodities for im- result of Medfly suppression efforts,have been able port and transit. to export vegetables (mainly tomatoes and bell With the increase in international trade, fruit and peppers) certified ‘free of Medfly’ to the U.S.A., vegetable commodities can reach many places without chemical post-harvest treatment. This worldwide in a few hours,thus increasing the risk of export market,valued at US$5 million/year in 1999 spreading pests and diseases across continents. (Hendrichs 2001), has been expanded to US$8 Pest and diseases ignore human political borders. million in 2001 (Ravins, AMEP, pers. comm.). It has After decades of small-scale local individual been estimated that the potential export market management, increasing the use of the area-wide for the Arava Valley, should Medfly be eradicated, approach to pest management is paving the way to would be valued at US$100 million/year. This the development of multi-national projects that achievement has been made possible with the address problems at a transboundary level.Among cooperation of the Jordanian project that took other examples,this approach has proven effective action to control Medfly in the Araba Valley, and in eradicating the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia thus avoid continuous invasion of a ‘cleaned’area. hominivorax (Diptera, Calliphoridae), from North On the basis of the success and the experience and Central America (Baumhover 2001). After 44 gained in the Araba, Jordan is considering the use years of continuous progress, this pest has been of area-wide SIT to suppress Medfly in the commer- eradicated from nearly half a continent, extending cial fruit and vegetable-growing area of the Shuna from southern U.S.A.to Panama (Krafsur 1998).This Valley, between the North of the Dead Sea and the transboundary approach also helped to maintain Sea of Galilee (part of zone III).Without cooperation southern Mexico free of Medfly, through coopera- with Israel, Jordan would not have had the emer- tion and action taken by Guatemala (Hendrichs gence and release capacity to undertake SIT opera- et al. 1983; Villasenor et al. 2000). tions in the Araba Valley. Should Medfly be The present work shows that, even though they eradicated from the Araba Valley, production of are handled at national levels and share common Medfly-free commodities could then be promoted funds, the projects illustrate the benefits and the for export to foreign markets, as is the case for the possibility for regional cooperation, on technical Arava. aspects, in the field of agriculture in the Near East Based on the experience gained by participating region. in regional technical training and meetings and with financial contributions to this project, the ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TUJPA is building its capacity to establish an The authors thank the field teams of the project area-wide integrated fruit fly management in Israel,Jordan and in the TUJPAfor their dedicated programme.On the basis of the data collected over work. The three projects described above have these years,the TUJPA will design the best strategy been made possible through the availability of the for fruit fly control with the objective of protecting Middle East Regional Cooperation funds (MERC) of its fruit and vegetable exports,and to decrease the USAID,and of Technical Cooperation Funds (TCF) of amount of pesticide applied per year. the IAEA.We thank them for their contribution.The The participation of Egypt in the regional activi- authors especially thank Patrick J. Gomes (USDA, ties contributed by maintaining the awareness of APHIS) whom, from 1998 to 2000, and through his its neighbours to the threat represented by peach knowledge and his dedication, contributed to a fruit fly, and by learning about specific control great extent to the establishment and success of methods available. However, there is scientific this regional cooperation project. The technical evidence that the B. zonata population encoun- implementation of these projects has significantly tered in Egypt is adapting its morphology to local benefited from the expertise of Jorge Hendrichs conditions compared with the original population (IAEA,NAFA,IPCS) and his team.The administrative in South East Asia (Iwahashi & Routhier 2001). The implementation of these projects has been greatly lack of control action in Sinai would present a facilitated by the strong support and advice of permanent threat for all the countries in the Near Shamim Chaudhri (IAEA,TCPB,WAS) since the very East and North African regions. Those countries early days of the regional cooperation.The authors would need to be permanently ready for emer- are also grateful to the team of the U.S.A. Mission gency action to eradicate outbreaks, as the Israeli and Embassy in Vienna for its continuous support authorities did in Kerem Shalom in 2000 and 2001. and technical advice.Thanks to Alan Robinson who 170 Proceedings of the 6th International Fruit Fly Symposium reviewed this manuscript and provided useful FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO), comments. This work was undertaken under IAEA INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA) & UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE TCP Nos ISR5009, ISR5010, JOR5007, JOR5009 and (USDA) 2003. Manual for Product Quality Control and PAL5002. Shipping Procedures for Sterile Mass-reared Tephritid Fruit Flies, Version 5.0. IAEA, Vienna. REFERENCES FRANZ, G., KERREMANS, P.H.,RENDON, P.& HENDRICHS, J. BAUMHOVER,A.H.2001. A personal account of programs 1996. 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