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Land, Water, Rights Voices from the Tibetan Plateau to the Mekong Delta Land, Water, Rights

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Land, Water, Rights Voices from the Tibetan Plateau to the Mekong Delta Land, Water, Rights Land, Water, Rights Voices from the Tibetan Plateau to the Mekong Delta Land, Water, Rights Voices from the Tibetan Plateau to the Mekong Delta A collection of reports by students of the EarthRights School Mekong Land, Water, Rights Copyright © 2012 EarthRights International www.earthrights.org US Office Southeast Asia Office 1612 K St. NW P.O. Box 123 Suite 401 Chiang Mai University Washington, DC Chiang Mai 50202 20006 Thailand tel: +1 202 466 5188 tel: +66 81 531 1256 [email protected] [email protected] Printed in Thailand Cover photos courtesy of Mekong School alumni Tsering Drolma and Ly Quoc Dang, who took them just outside their homes near the source and mouth of the Mekong River. Mother Mekong Tibet 䞭ངས་གཙང་୲་讫་᭴་佲་གངས་ཅན་ཨ་མ荲་佴་筼་蝲ན། Gtsang gi rdza chu ni gangs can a’mi nu zho yin The holy Mekong River is the Snowland mother’s milk China 你源远流长 孕育天下儿女 Ni yuan yuan liu zhang yun yu tian xia er nu You run a long course as the source of the people’s lives Burma အေမ႕ရင္ခြင္လုိ ၾကင္နာမွဳေတြေ၀၊ လုိအင္ဆႏၵမ်ာျဖည္္ေပးတဲျမစ္ေရ႕ ႕ ထာ၀ရအျမဲစီးေစခ်င္ အေမ႕ရင္ခြင္လုိ ၾကင္နာေႏြးေထြးမွဳေတြေ၀၊ လုိအင္ဆႏၵမ်ား ျဖည္္ေပးတဲ႕ ႕ ျမစ္ေရ ထာ၀ရ အျမဲ စီးေစခ်င္ May yin korn lo ginar nway htwe mu twa way, lo inn sandamyar phaybayta myit yaa Htarwara amyair see xay chin The river is our mother’s heart and love; She gives us warmth and care We wish for our mother river to flow freely forever Lao PDR ແມ່ນ້ຳ�ຂອງໄ꺼ຜ່ານ້ຳແດນ້ຳລາວຊາວປະຊາໄດ້ດ�ມກິນ້ຳໃຊ້ ຢາກຂໍໄວ້ໃຫ້ມີແມ່ນ້ຳ�ເປັນ້ຳຄວາມງາມ ປະດັບໄວ້ໃນໃຈລາວຕະ꺼ອດໄປ Mae nam khong lai phan daen Lao xao pa sa dai duem kin sai Yak kor wai hai mee mae nam pen kwuam ngam Pa dab wai nai jai Lao talod pai The Mekong River flows through the land of Laos We Lao people rely on it for our lives We wish to hold the beauty of the Mekong in our hearts forever Thailand คือสายน�้าที่พวกเราได้พึ่งพาด้วยชีวิต ที่เชื่อมโยงให้พวกเราได้เป็นมิตร คือรัก คือความห่วงใย Kue sai nam thi phuak rao dai pheung pha duay chiwit Thi cheuam yong hai phuak rao dai pen mit Kue rak kue khwam huang yai This is the river that we depend upon for our lives The river connects us in friendship It is what we love and care for Cambodia Yer som oi ton ley Mekong kons tat tey kong vong Yer sa ror sam rub pdol to tien mor jor jeiy jon We wish the Mekong long life and beauty She offers resources for our people Vietnam Sông Cửu Long chảy vào lòng biển cả Mang điệu hò hòa lẫn với phù sa Cùng bồi đắp cho mối tình sông nước Của những con người hồn hậu thiết tha The Mekong River runs into the open sea’s entrails Bringing songs with her silt and raising her love Through waterways past sincere and good-hearted people Chorus Shall we come together to protect our river Holding hands to be as one The Mekong is our mother We are all children of her Feeding us to be alive Languages Spoken by Mekong Alumni Amdo (Tibetan) Brao Burmese Chinese Dawei Hmong Jarai Kachin Karen Kavet Kham (Tibetan) Khmer Khmer Krom Khmu Krueng Lao Lisu Mon Naxi Pa-O Palaung Phutai Pumi Shan Tampuen Thai Thai Lue Vietnamese Project Sites LAND, WATER, RIGHTS Table of Contents 13 Holy Water A Study of Sacred Tibetan Beliefs by Tsering Drolma 17 Impacts of Ecological Reconstruction Projects on Tibetan Nomadic Life in Qinghai by Skal Bzang Metok 29 The Inadequacies of Chinese Overseas Investment Regulations A Case Study of the Myitsone Dam, Burma by Zuo Tao 47 The Role of Burmese and Kachin Civil Society in the Suspension of the Myitsone Dam by Kyi Phyo Wai 57 World Bank and ASEAN Involvement in Labutta New Town Construction Projects Following Cyclone Nargis by Naw Grace 68 Local Action, Central Policy, and the Law The Dawei Deep Sea Port and Special Economic Zone by Myo Aung 80 Potential Impacts of the Pak Chom Dam on Local Food Security in Loei Province, Thailand by Tipakson Manpati 94 The Impacts of Chinese Rubber Concessions on Local Livelihoods in Northern Lao PDR A Case Study of China-Lao Ruifeng Rubber Company in Long District, Luang Namtha Province by Athu TABLE OF CONTENTS 106 The Effects of Elite Recreation Projects on Local Food and Social Security in Vientiane, Lao PDR by Thepvayha Suksayna 118 Impacts on the Water Quality of the Xe Bang Fai River as a Result of the Nam Theun 2 Dam by Kong Xebangfai 131 Livelihood-Related Conflict Surrounding Dam Construction Planning in Xe Pian – Xe Nam Noi by Sieng Xe Namnoy 140 Watering Down the Law A Legal Analysis of the Proposed Lower Sesan 2 Dam Project by Panha 156 Local People’s Opinions on the Potential Impacts of the Kamchay Dam by Peou Chansopheakny 167 Public Participation in EIA Processes A Case Study of the Proposed Power Plant at Stung Hav, Sihanoukville by Khiev Kanal 175 Community Involvement in the Decision-Making Process of an ADB Funded Railway Rehabilitation Project by Leng Sarorn 185 Negative Impacts of the Buon Kuop Dam and the Application of the Clean Development Mechanism by Tran Minh Tai LAND, WATER, RIGHTS Acknowledgments We would like to thank the Conservation Food & Health Foundation, the Foundation to Promote Open Society, ICCO, the MacArthur Foundation, Oxfam Australia and an anonymous funder for their generous support of EarthRights School Mekong and the Mekong Alumni Program. Thank you to the staff, management, and board of directors at ERI for your inspiration and guidance. Thank you to our friends at the Bank Information Center, Mekong Watch, International Rivers, the International Accountability Project and the NGO Forum on the ADB, as well as our special guest presenters and network members for the time and effort you have dedicated to supporting our students and alumni. Thank you to the community members at Pak Mun, Rasi Salai, Huay Ra Ha, Mae Moh, Kaeng Seua Ten, and along the Salween River for sharing your courage and insights. Finally, thank you to all of the interviewees in the six Mekong countries who generously gave their time to assist our researchers. PREFACE Preface The Mekong River has fed and nurtured the people of Southeast Asia for thousands of years, providing food, water and stable livelihoods. Today the river sustains over sixty million people, generating billions of dollars of income every year. It is also home to some of the world’s most critically endangered species, such as the Irrawaddy dolphin and Mekong giant catfish. Yet, this fragile ecosystem is facing grave threats. Throughout the Mekong region, hydropower dams, plantations, mines, power plants and other large-scale development projects are displacing communities and limiting access to the river’s bounty. China has already built several large dams on the Upper Mekong, and the governments of Cambodia, Laos and Thailand are planning eleven more on the Mekong River’s mainstream. If these dams are completed, they will block major fish migration routes and disrupt the natural flow of this vitally important river. China’s dam construc- tion on the Upper Mekong has already caused concerns among citizens downstream in northern Burma, Thailand and Lao PDR. It is essential for citizens of all the Mekong Basin’s six nations to work together to promote greater accountability in development planning. A new generation of Mekong activists is making this happen. Over the past six years, EarthRights School Mekong alumni have been working together to advocate for greater human rights and environmental protection in the region. Speak- ing twenty-eight different languages, they hail from communities at the source of the Mekong in Tibet all the way to the mouth of the river in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta. In sharing these reports from their communities, Mekong School Alumni hope to inspire citizens throughout the Mekong region to consider the social and environmental impacts of hydropower dams, mines, power plants and other large development projects and to join together to advocate for greater public participation in development planning. LAND, WATER, RIGHTS “We are the new generation of Mekong activists. We need to cooperate with one another more than our leaders have done in the past.” - Tanasak Phosrikun, alumnus from Ubon Ratchathani in Northeastern Thailand “When you learn to understand others’ perspectives, that is when you find a solution.” - Tibetan alumna, who traveled the length of the river sharing her experiences “If fish and water can cross borders, why can’t our love? I’ve always felt proud to be Chinese. But now, when I see the impacts of Chinese projects, I feel bad.” - Jia Jia, Chinese environmentalist “Together we can save the Mekong. Instead of arguing amongst ourselves, we should take this opportunity to engage in constructive dialogue.” - Yiling, graduate student in Kunming, China “The people of China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam are brothers and sisters; we have the same mother. We will work together to protect the Mekong, and ensure she flows freely.” - Thepvayha, environmental researcher in Vientiane, Laos “Communities along the Mekong don’t know what’s happening, especially in Cambodia. Every- thing’s changing, but people don’t understand why. We need to raise awareness. We have to pressure our governments to address our concerns.” - Sarorn, Cambodian environmentalist “Safeguard standards for development projects must be legally enforced to eliminate negative impacts. There must be meaningful engagement with communities already suffering the effects of large-scale development projects.” - Nov Piseth, Cambodian lawyer HOLY WATER: SACRED TIBETAN BELIEFS 13 Holy Water A Study of Sacred Tibetan Beliefs by Tsering Drolma Ms.
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