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Ho Chi Minh Trail from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Ho Chi Minh trail From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Hồ Chí Minh trail (also known in Vietnam as the "Trường Sơn trail") was a logistical system that ran from the Hồ Chí Minh Trail Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) to the Southeastern Laos Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) through the neighboring kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia. The system provided support, in the form of manpower and materiel, to the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (called the Vietcong or "VC" by its opponents) and the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), or North Vietnamese Army, during the Vietnam War. It was named by the Americans after North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh. Although the trail was mostly in Laos, the communists called it the Trường Sơn Strategic Supply Route (Đường Trường Sơn), after the Vietnamese name for the Annamite Range mountains in central Vietnam.[1] According to the United States National Security Agency's official history of the war, the Trail system was "one of the great achievements of military engineering of the 20th century."[2] Contents 1 Origins (1959–1965) Ho Chi Minh Trail, 1967 Type Logistical system 1.1 Base areas Site information 2 Interdiction and expansion (1965–1968) Controlled by National Liberation Front 2.1 Air operations against the trail Site history 2.2 Ground operations against the trail Built 1959–1975 3 Commando Hunt (1968–1970) In use 1959–1975 Battles/wars Operation Barrel Roll 3.1 Fuel pipeline Operation Steel Tiger 3.2 Truck relay system Operation Tiger Hound Operation Commando Hunt 4 Road to PAVN victory (1971–75) Cambodian Incursion Operation Lam Son 719 5 See also Ho Chi Minh Campaign 6 Notes Operation Left Jab Operation Honorable Dragon Operation Diamond Arrow 7 Sources Project Copper Operation Phiboonpol Operation Sayasila Origins (1959–1965) Operation Bedrock Operation Thao La Parts of what became the trail had existed for centuries as Operation Black Lion primitive footpaths that facilitated trade. -
2019 FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to the Lao People's Democratic Republic
ISSN 2707-2479 SPECIAL REPORT 2019 FAO/WFP CROP AND FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT MISSION (CFSAM) TO THE LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 9 April 2020 SPECIAL REPORT 2019 FAO/WFP CROP AND FOOD SECURITY ASSESSMENT MISSION (CFSAM) TO THE LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 9 April 2020 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME Rome, 2020 Required citation: FAO. 2020. Special Report - 2019 FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission to the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8392en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISSN 2707-2479 [Print] ISSN 2707-2487 [Online] ISBN 978-92-5-132344-1 [FAO] © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). -
Gender and Social Inclusion Analysis (Gsia) Usaidlaos Legal Aid Support
GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION ANALYSIS (GSIA) USAID LAOS LEGAL AID SUPPORT PROGRAM The Asia Foundation Vientiane, Lao PDR 26 July 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... i Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... iii 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Laos Legal Aid Support Program................................................................................................... 1 1.2 This Report ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology and Coverage ................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Contextual Analysis ........................................................................................................................3 2.1 Gender Equality .................................................................................................................................. -
Balancing the Returns to Catchment Management: the Economic Value of Conserving Natural Forests in Sekong, Lao PDR
Balancing the Returns to Catchment Management: The Economic Value of Conserving Natural Forests in Sekong, Lao PDR Rina Maria P. Rosales, Mikkel F. Kallesoe, Pauline Gerrard, Phokhin Muangchanh, Sombounmy Phomtavong & Somphao Khamsomphou IUCN Water, Nature and Economics Technical Paper No. 5 4 Water and Nature Initiative This document was produced under the project "Integrating Wetland Economic Values into River Basin Management", carried out with financial support from DFID, the UK Department for International Development, as part of the Water and Nature Initiative of IUCN - The World Conservation Union. The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of materials therein, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or DFID concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication also do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, or DFID. Published by: IUCN — The World Conservation Union Copyright: © 2005, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Reproduction of this publication for educational and other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from the copyright holder, providing the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of the publication for resale or for other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Citation: R. Rosales, M. Kallesoe, P. Gerrard, P. Muangchanh, S. Phomtavong and S. Khamsomphou, 2005, Balancing the Returns to Catchment Management: The Economic Value of Conserving Natural Forests in Sekong, Lao PDR. IUCN Water, Nature and Economics Technical Paper No. -
Southern Laos Tourism Booklet
BEYOND THE ORDINARY www.southern-laos.com Supported by USEFUL PHONE NUMBERS AND WEBSITES Champasak Tourist Information Office Tel. +856 31 212 021, 252 667 Salavan Tourist Information Office Tel. +856 34 211 528 Tourist Police, Pakse Tel. +856 31 212 235, 252 127 Hospital International Poly Clinic, Pakse Tel. +856 31 214 712 Ubonrak-Thonburi Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani (Thailand) Tel. +66 45 260 285, 260 300 www.ubonrak.co.th Fire 190 Police 191 Ambulance 195 Southern Laos Tourism www.southern-laos.com Ecotourism www.ecotourismlaos.com Tourism Laos www.tourismlaos.org Mekong Responsible Tourism www.mekongresponsibletourism.org/laos CONTACTS Champasak Tourist Information Office(ຫ້ອງການຂ㛉ມູນຂ່າວສານການທ່ອງທ່ຽວ) Ban Thasalakham, Pakse Opening hours 8 a.m. to 12 a.m. / 1:30 p.m. to 4 p.m. Phone +856 31 212 021, 252 667 Email [email protected] Website www.southern-laos.com PUBLISHING INFORMATION Graphic design QUO Concept and content development Franziska Eggimann, Swisscontact Photo credit Bart Verweij, Swisscontact (if not indicated otherwise) Maps Adrian and Anne-Kathrin Weber, Swisscontact (Data OpenStreetMap) Bicycle routes Oskar Ruch, Swisscontact First edition November 2015 Prints 5,000 / Online version www.southern-laos.com PUBLISHED BY Swisscontact Ban Naxay, Sasettha District, H.429, Unit 41, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR www.swisscontact.org Sunset cruise on the Mekong River WHAT CAN YOU FIND IN THIS TRAVEL GUIDE This booklet is your guide to a fantastic travel experience beyond the ordinary. Your participation in any of the remarkable initiatives, attractions and activities will not only provide you with a unique experience, but also directly help to improve the livelihoods of the local communities. -
Chasing Waterfalls Itinerary 2019 – 2020
Chasing Waterfalls Itinerary 2019 – 2020 Day 1 Visit the Nam Ngum Lake Day 4 Banish bad spirits at the ancient Day 7 See 4 beautiful waterfalls We leave the bright lights of Vang Vieng behind us to Lao Baci ceremony A short drive today to visit 4 beautiful waterfalls. With only explore some of the less-touristed, natural wonders Watch a real Lao village wake up. The local industry is growing 7 million people, Laos has 46 different ethnic groups and we'll of Laos for the next 10 days. and drying tobacco leaves and today, we join them at work in visit some more today. The climate of the Bolaven Plateau Travelling like the Lao on a Songthaew (literally, 2 benches), the fields. is perfect for growing coffee beans and we'll visit a coffee plantation in this scenic area. we head for Thaheua, a thriving fishing village. Later, you will experience the ancient Lao Baci ceremony which After seeing fresh fish, dried fish and smoked fish will banish bad spirits and welcome in good spirits to wish us Overnight in a beautiful location at Tad Lo waterfall in nice on an unbelievable number of market stalls, we head a safe onward journey. We share a dinner with our new Lao bungalows. for The Lake. friends and join them in drinking Lao Hai, a delicious traditional Nam Ngum Lake is a vast 70km long reservoir. We take a boat rice wine. Day 8-9 See the tiny islands in Mekong to a tiny island, where we'll camp, BBQ and watch the lights of Now, we head for 2 days on ‘4,000 Islands’, probably the traditional Lao fishing contraptions under a starlit sky. -
From Lagging Behind to Losing Ground: Cambodian and Laotian Household Economy and Large-Scale Land Acquisitions
CHAPTER 7 From Lagging Behind to Losing Ground: Cambodian and Laotian Household Economy and Large-Scale Land Acquisitions Christophe Gironde and Gilda Senties Portilla Abstract Large-scale land deals in the agriculture and forestry sectors have significantly affected livelihoods in South-East Asia. This chapter analyses the implementation of land deals for rubber plantations since the mid-2000s and their consequences for rural livelihoods in north-eastern Cambodia and southern Laos. The analysis provides empirical mate- rial on how these deals were facilitated by previous policies and how they were imple- mented on the ground. It further highlights different levels of dispossession in in a series of villages studied and examines the uneven transformations in people’s liveli- hoods. The conclusions complement scholarly assessments of land deals’ immediate impact with a medium-term analysis of the consequent transformation of livelihoods. The chapter indicates that land acquisitions and related crop booms have set in motion dynamic, market-based developments including changes in social attitudes and life- styles. Yet, the majority of the population has been caught in an insecure environment, where it is vulnerable to the opportunistic behaviours of more powerful actors. Family farming-based livelihoods are no longer ‘lagging behind’, as they were once considered; they are now losing ground, as opportunities to diversify their means of subsistence remain inadequate. Finally, the chapter provides policy-relevant recommendations on how to alleviate some of the worst short-term consequences for the local rural populations. 1 Introduction Cambodia and Laos have both placed export-oriented, cash crop agriculture at the core of their development strategies. -
CBD Fourth National Report
LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC PEACE INDEPENDENCE DEMOCRACY UNITY PROSPERITY FOURTH NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SEPTEMBER 2010 PREFACE The government of Lao PDR acceded the United Nations for Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) in 1996 and committed itself, as part of its obligations as party (signatory), to develop National Reports to the Convention. In June 2004 the Lao PDR National Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 and Action Plan to 2010 was completed (submitted to the CBD Secretariat in January 2006). The National Biodiversity Strategy has as the overall goal to “Maintain the diverse biodiversity as one key to poverty alleviation and protect the current asset base of the poor” and identified seven main objectives and seven programme areas for implementation to achieve this goal. The goals and objectives of the National Biodiversity Strategy relate indirectly to the targets of the Convention, but are adapted to the Lao context. Therefore, the current Lao PDR 4 th National Report to the Convention reports mainly on the Lao progress towards the specific targets related to the Convention, rather than the goals of the National Biodiversity Strategy. Nonetheless, the Lao PDR 4 th National Report will, besides from reporting on Lao PDR’s contribution to the Convention, also provide an important baseline for subsequent reports, as well as a foundation for the assessment of the 1st National Biodiversity Action Plan, and for the development of a 2 nd Action Plan, and a possible revision of the National Biodiversity Strategy. On behalf of the Government of Lao, I would like to thank all contributing stakeholders, in particular the GMS National Secretariat (WREA) for preparing the first draft, the Department of Forestry (MAF) and Department of Environment (WREA) for taking the work further to a complete report with the technical support from IUCN Lao PDR, and to the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) for technical and financial support and The Agro-Biodiversity Initiative (TABI) for financial support. -
Mekong Integrated Water Resource Management (M-IWRM) Project
Lao People’s Democratic Republic Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity Public Disclosure Authorized Mekong Integrated Water Resource Management (M-IWRM) Project Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized March 9, 2017 (Revised March 12, 2021) PREFACE This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Lao PDR is being applied to all activities financed by the World Bank (WB) for technical and/or financial support from the Mekong Integrated Water Resource Management (M-IWRM) Project. This updated version of the ESMF applies to both ongoing activities funded under the additional financing (AF) and new activities to be funded under the Project restructuring. The restructuring extends the Project duration by another eleven months. The national Project Management Unit (PMU) of the Department of Water Resources (DWR), under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), is responsible for overall coordination of Lao PDR activities. The respective PMUs of the Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF) and the Department of Irrigation (DOI) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) are responsible for implementation of specific subcomponents and for ensuring compliance with the Ethnic Group Planning Framework (EGPF), including keeping proper documentation in the project file for possible review by the WB. This ESMF has been progressively revised to reflect the scope of Project activities under the original project, the AF, and the restructuring. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 1 Mekong-Integrated Water Resource Management (M-IWRM) Project Mekong Integrated Water Resource Management (M-IWRM) Project Table of Contents PREFACE......................................................................................................................... 1 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................... -
Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Lao P.D.R
Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Lao P.D.R. December 2013 Japan International Cooperation Agency ER JR 13-003 Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures v List of Tables vii Abbreviations and Acronyms x Executive Summary xvi Chapter 1. Country Overview 1.1 Overview 1 - 1 1.1.1 Map of the Country 1 - 1 1.1.2 Location and Topography 1 - 2 1.1.3 Climate 1 - 3 1.1.4 River Systems 1 - 6 1.1.5 Land Use 1 - 10 1.1.6 Demographics 1 - 12 1.2 Legal and Political Systems: Environmental and Social Considerations 1 - 13 1.2.1 Administrative Divisions 1 - 16 1.2.2 National Socio-Economic Plans 1 - 20 1.2.3 Relevant Organisations 1 - 22 1.3 Overview and Contact Details of Relevant Organisations 1 - 24 1.3.1 Governmental Organisations and Research Institutions 1 - 24 1.3.2 Donors 1 - 26 1.3.3 NGOs 1 - 30 Chapter 2. Natural Environment 2.1 Overview 2 - 1 2.2 Regulations and Policies 2 - 1 2.2.1 International Conventions 2 - 1 2.2.2 Domestic Laws 2 - 2 2.3 Wildlife Species 2 - 4 2.3.1 Endemic Species 2 - 5 2.3.2 Endangered Species 2 - 5 i 2.3.3 Internationally Protected Species 2 - 6 2.4 Important Ecosystems and Habitats 2 - 7 2.4.1 Protected Areas 2 - 7 2.4.2 Ramsar Sites 2 - 11 2.4.3 Biodiversity Hotspots 2 - 12 2.4.4 Important Bird Areas 2 - 12 2.5 Forests 2 - 15 Chapter 3. -
Lao People's Democratic Republic
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC: SUSTAINABLE COMMERCIALISATION IN THE COFFEE VALUE CHAIN FOSTERING THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN EXPORTS THROUGH VOLUNTARY SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS © 2020, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development This work is available open access by complying with the Creative Commons licence created for intergovernmental organizations, available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/3.0/igo/. In line with this license, material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint to be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designation employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/INF/2020/2 I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study is part of UNCTAD’s efforts to tackle vulnerabilities and build resilience in small and vulnerable economies, while prompting structural diversification and upgrading. It strengthens national capacities to design and implement complementary trade and agricultural policies supportive of small scale and subsistence-oriented farmers, including female farmers and vulnerable groups, and supportive of local food security. It provides evidence-based analysis that feeds national, regional and international policies with the aim of generating inclusive sustainable development. -
Macroeconomic Policy Support for Socio-Economic Development in the Lao PDR
No. Macroeconomic Policy Support for Socio-Economic Development in the Lao PDR Sector Report Vol.1 July 2002 Committee for Planning and Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency Lao People’s Democratic Republic R 1 I J R 02 - 07 Contents Vol. 1 FOREWORD PREFACE 1.Roles of the Government in Transition, Global Integration and Economic Development in Lao PDR 〈Yonosuke Hara〉.................................................................. 1 2.Macroeconomic Perspective and Policy Issues 〈Kenji Domoto〉................................................................... 10 3.Fiscal Management 〈Bounsamack Xayaseng〉................................................. 36 4.Lao PDR Financial Sector 〈Khamphouth Sithirath〉.................................................. 76 5. Banking Reform: Situation Analysis, Strategies and Policies 〈Khamphouth Sithirath〉.................................................. 89 6.Current Situation of Financial Sector and Its Problem in the Lao PDR 〈Hisatsugu Furukawa〉..................................................... 99 7.Lessons from the Asian Financial Crisis - A Case of Indnesia - 〈Masaaki Komatsu〉......................................................... 137 Vol. 2 8.Directions for Sustainable Agricultural Development in the Mekong Corridor 〈Seiichi Fukui〉..................................................................... 1 ANNEX Problem and Directions of IMT in Lao PDR 〈Makoto Sukegawa〉.......................................................... 31 9.Agriculture and Rural Development in the Northern Mountain