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Integrating Decent and Green Jobs Into the Energy Sector in Pakistan.Pdf International Labour Organization Green Jobs: Towards Decent Work in Sustainable, Low-Carbon Economy ASIAN DECENT WORK DECADE Integrating Decent and Green Jobs into the Energy Sector in Pakistan Empowering Vulnerable Groups through Education, Employment and Training Empowering Vulnerable Groups through Education, Employment and Training ILO Country Office for Pakistan Integrating Decent and Green Jobs into the Energy Sector in Pakistan ILO Country Office for Pakistan Copyright © International Labour Organization 2011 First published 2011 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email:[email protected] . The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visitwww.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Integrating Decent and Green Jobs into the Energy Sector in Pakistan / International Labour Organization ; ILO Country Office for Pakistan, TowardsGender Parity in Pakistan (TPG) Project. - Islamabad: ILO, 2011 xiv,90p. ISBN: 978-92-2-125754-7 (print), 978-92-2-125755-4 (web pdf) International Labour Organization; ILO Country Office for Pakistan work at home / women workers / employment / working conditions / labour force participation / informal economy / data collecting / methodology / Pakistan 13.03.2 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our web site: www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Pakistan FOREWORD iii CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii INTRODUCTION viii BACKGROUND ix CHAPTER 1 01 Climate Change 03 Pakistan’s Status as a GHG Emitter 04 Past and Expected Future Climatic Changes over Pakistan 05 The Energy Sector and Climate Change 05 Climate Change Impact on Pakistan 06 CHAPTER 2 07 OVERVIEW OF PAKISTAN'S ENERGY SECTOR 09 The Power Sector in Pakistan 10 Institutional Framework for Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution 11 Regulatory Framework in power sector In Pakistan 13 Renewable Energy is a Solution for the Energy Crisis in Pakistan 15 Dependency on Furnace oil and Increases in the Circular Debt 15 CHAPTER 3 17 Renewable Energy Landscape in Pakistan 19 CHAPTER 4 21 Green Jobs 23 Advantages of Green Jobs 23 Green Jobs in Pakistan 24 Declining ‘brown’ industries in Pakistan 24 The Employment challenge 25 CHAPTER 5 27 Current skill gaps in the Renewable Energy Sector 29 CHAPTER 6 33 Green Jobs in the Biogas Sector 35 Biogas Sector and Environment 36 Potential of Biogas in Pakistan 36 Potential for Household Biogas in Pakistan 37 Lack of Technical Training Skills 38 CHAPTER 7 39 Hydropower: An Avenue for Green Jobs in Pakistan 41 Future Trends 44 v CHAPTER 8 45 Solar Energy 47 Comments and analysis 48 CHAPTER 9 49 Comparison of employment opportunities in different low Carbon Power Generation in Pakistan 51 CHAPTER 10 53 Road Map for Renewable Energy Policy (Short Medium and Long Term) and Development and Implementation 55 Road Map for Policy Development and Implementation 55 Future Scenario of Green Jobs in Pakistan 56 Future Projection for green jobs generation in the renewable energy sector 56 CHAPTER 11 61 Case Study: Tarbela Dam-Multipurpose Hydroelectricity Project 63 Power House of Tarbela Dam 63 CHAPTER 12 65 Conclusions and Recommendations 67 ANNEXURE 75 ANNEX 1 77 ANNEX 2 79 ANNEX 3 80 ANNEX 4 83 ANNEX 5 85 ANNEX 6 87 ANNEX 7 88 ANNEX 8 89 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report has been written in light of the Green Jobs Initiative by the International Labor Organization (ILO) at Islamabad to assess, analyze and promote the creation of decent and green jobs in Pakistan. One of the pivotal challenges of the 21st Century is to protect the environment for a stabilized global climate. For the last few decades, climate change has become a menacing reality rather than a remote possibility. The use of renewable energy sources is one of the measures for combating climate change. It is one of the options that have significant impact on reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions and is extremely important for mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this Report an in-depth analysis of Pakistan's energy sector has been made to assess opportunities to harness green, clean, and cheap electricity to address the current unprecedented energy crisis and review national priorities, policies, and plans for the development of the energy sector. The Report includes a synopsis of recent climate change effects which appeared as a devastating flood; a brief assessment of the energy sector; a review of key policies and strategies for a green and cheap energy supply for more jobs to alleviate poverty along with a win-win solution for sustainable development in the country. The significance of hydroelectricity in the green energy sector is ever recognized. Green energy or renewable energy includes natural energetic processes that could be the least polluting such as hydroelectricity, solar, wind, geo-thermal, and bio-energy. Thus, hydroelectricity as an alternative to carbon producing energy sources is once again becoming a popular idea. The existing dams and rivers producing hydroelectricity are being considered as viable sources of energy. Hydropower, which is an alternative to carbon producing energy sources, is once again gaining importance globally. This aspect is especially covered in this Report as Pakistan has more than 120,000 Megawatts of potential energy and has had magnificent experience in the past, having successfully completed projects offering huge employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled labor. Therefore hydroelectricity projects have played a significant role in the economic growth of the country. The objective of this Report is to catalyze employment by identifying opportunities in the renewable energy sector and poverty alleviation within climate change mitigation for sustainable development and economic growth. The author would like to thank Mr. Syed Saad Hussain Gilani, the Project Manager of at the ILO at Islamabad for his institutional support and personal encouragement. vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank Mha Million Hectare AJ&K Azad Jammu & Kashmir MIS Management Information System AWB Area Water Board Mt Million Ton metric tonne? BCIAP Balochistan Community Irrigation & MTIP Medium Term Investment Plan Agriculture Project MWP Ministry of Water & Power BCM Billion Cubic Meter NCS National Conservation Strategy BOOT Build-Own-Operate-Transfer NDP National Drainage Project CCI Council of Common Interest NEPRA National Electric Power Regulation CDP Community Development Project Authority CDA Capital Development Authority NGO Non Governmental Organization CDWP Central Development Working Party NOC No Objection Certificate DRIP Drainage & Reclamation Research NSDS National Surface Drainage System Institute of Pakistan NWC National Water Council ECNEC Executive Committee of National NWFP North Western Frontier Province Economic Council O&M Operation & Maintenance EIA Environmental Impact Assessment PARC Pakistan Agriculture Research Council EPA Environmental Protection Agency PC-I Planning Commission Performa-1 FANA Federally Administered Northern Areas PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research on FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources FFC Federal Flood Commission PDWP Provincial Development Working Party FGW Fresh Ground Water PEPC Pakistan Environment Protection Council FPSP Flood Protection Sector Project PEPO Pakistan Environment Protection FO Farmer Organization Ordinance GDP Gross Domestic Product PHED Public Health Engineering Department GNP Gross National Product PIDAs Provincial Irrigation and Drainage GOP Government of Pakistan Authorities GW Ground Water PMU Project Management Unit GWh GigaWatt Hour PPSGWDP Punjab Private Sector Ground Ha Hectare Water Development Project HRD Human Resources Development RBOD Right Bank Outfall Drain ICT Islamabad Capital Territory SCARP Salinity Control & Reclamation
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