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1. INTRODUCTION Sil LIBRAR't PHONOLOGY of DA'aj CENTRAL

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1. INTRODUCTION Sil LIBRAR't PHONOLOGY of DA'aj CENTRAL Sil LIBRAR't DAV40 PHONOLOGY OF DA'AJ CENTRAL SULAWESI Donald F. Barr and Sharon G. Barr 1. INTRODUCTION Da'a is one of the dialects of the Kaili language which is spoken by a total of ±290,000 speakers in Central Sulawesi. Kaili speakers live in the main Palu River valley of western Central Sulawesi province, the mountains to the south, east and west of this valley, as well as along the coast north of Palu and along the coast of Tomini Bay, east of Palu (see map). Kaili has long been the major language of Central Sulawesi, in particular the Palu (Ledo) dialect, which can be heard spoken in many government offices in Palu, the capital of Central Sulawesi. There are at least seven major dialects of Kaili, with numerous subdialects. These are listed by the Department of Education and Culture of Central Sulawesi (Wumbu 1973, Team Prasurvai Kebundayaan 1976) as follows: (population figures from Barr, Barr with Salombe 1979). Palu (Ledo) ±128,000 Banava (Unde) ±20,000 Pekava (Da'a/Inde/Tado) ±32,000 Tawaili-Sindue (Rai) ±55,000 Parigi (Tara) ±43,000 Sigi (Ija) ±7,500 Kulawi (Morna) ±5,500 Kaili is classified as a member of the Austronesian Language Family, South-west Indonesian Group, West Toradja Subgroup (Salzner 1960). More recent publica­ tions refer to the Toradja Subgroup (West and East) as Kaili-Pamona, a term more acceptable to the local population (Wumbu 1973, Barr, Barr with Salombe 1979). The present study covers the Pekava (Da'a) dialect of Kaili and is based on a corpus of approximately 2,000 words. This data was gathered from September 1979 to May 1980, in the village of Dombu, Marawola Subdistrict (Kecamatan). While various people assisted, Mr Gidion Likenono contributed a large share of the data for the present paper. l Papers in western Austronesian linguistics No.4, 131-151. Pacific Linguistics, A-79, 1988. © Donald F. Barr and Sharon G. Barr 131 132 D.F. BARR and S.G. BARR SULAWESI Makassar Strait ._._._.-. Province Boundary ----- Language Boundary ----------- Dialect Boundary Tomini Bay Map: Dialects of Kaili PHONOLOGY OF DA'A 133 2. SEGMENTALS 2.1 Phoneme chart CONSONANTS (J) .-t g,ttl ~ 'M H .-t .-t , ttl ttl .j.l .j.l 'M ~ ~ .j.l ..Q 0 u 0 ttl H ttl .-t H r.. ~ l') Stops vd. b d 9 vl. P t k ? Prenasalised Stops vd. mb nd I;)g vl. mp nt Spirants vd. v j vl. 5 Prenasalised Spirants vd. nj Nasals m n I;) Liquids 1 r Semivowels y VOWELS Front Central Back High u Mid e 0 Low a 2.2 Interpretation 2.2.1 Consonant vs. vowel The semivowel y is interpreted to function as a consonant, not a vowel. There are virtually no unambiguous three-vowel sequences. From a corpus of over 2,000 words, only one example is found, and this is across a morp~eme b9undary: na+ue+mo mata+na his eyes watered. Thus in seque~ces of [VIV], [I] is inter­ preted as functioning as a consonant, y. [ma'nja1o] is thus interpreted as [ma'njayo] will walk around, and similarly ['daio] is interpreted as ['dayo] grave. 2.2.2 Sequence vs. unit No unambiguous CC patterns exist in Da'a. Therefore all CC sequences (mb, mp, nd, nt, nj, and ng) are interpreted as single phoneme units. 134 D.F. BARR and S.G. BARR 2.3 Description of consonant phonemes 2.3.1 Realisation of consonant phonemes Ibl [b] voiced bilabial stop [' babe] Ibabel machete [ta'boyo] Itaboyol squash Ipl [p] voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop [, pone] Iponel climb up [ , apu] lapul fire Idl Cd] voiced alveolar stop ['dayo] Idayol grave [ , 1ad i] Iladil knife It I [t] voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop ['tana] Itanal land3 earth ['mata] Imatal eye Igl [g] voiced velar stop [ 'gaga] Igagal invite [ 'aga] lagal only Ikl [k] voiceless unaspirated velar stop [ , kana] Ikanal must [ 'aka] lakal Sunday I?I [? ] voiceless glottal stop ['da?a] Ida? al n0 3 not NOTE: There is free variation between word initial (1] and [~], as in [' inu] ~ ['?inu] linul drink Imbl [mb] voiced prenasalised bilabial stop ['mboto] Imbotol self ['sumba] Isumbal mouth Impl [mp] voiceless prenasalised bilabial stop ['mpu?u] Impu?ul very [sa'mpulu] Isampulul ten Indl end] voiced prenasalised alveolar stop ['ndoro] Indorol worm [ , indo] Ii ndol mother Inti [nt] voiceless prenasalised alveolar stop ['ntoto] Intotol very [sa'ntipa] Isantipal one week I~gl [~g] voiced prenasalised velar stop ['~ga] I~gal from [pe'ma~gi] Ipema~gil hoe Injl [nj] voiced prenasalised alveolar affricate ['njaniJ Injanil know [sa'njobu] Isanjobul one thousand Ivl [v] voiced labio-dental fricative ['vuku] Ivukul bone ['tava] Itaval leaf PHONOLOGY OF DA'A 135 /5/ [5] voiceless alveolar fricative ['sanil /sani/ mosquito [lose] Josef rice (husked) /j/ [j] voiced alveolar affricate [ I jono] /jono/ grass [ I kaj a] /kaj a/ difficult /m/ [m] voiced bilabial nasal [ I mata] /mata/ eye [I kami] /kami/ we (excl) /n/ [n] voiced alveolar nasal [na'ria] /nari a/ there is [ I pone] /pone/ climb up /rJ/ [rJ] voiced velar nasal [lrJana] /rJana/ chi"ld [ 10rJe] /orJe/ nose /1/ [I] voiced alveolar lateral [ I lomu] /Iomu/ fat (n. ) [ I U Ii] /ul i / say /r/ [r] voiced apico-alveolar trill [f] voiced apico-alveolar flap [§] voiced velar fricative ['fafa] ~ [I rara] ~ [I§a§a] /rara/ inside ['bafa] ~ ['bara] ~ ['ba§a] /bara/ perhaps /y/ [iJ voiced palatal semivowel [ilovi] /yovi/ yesterday ['naia] /naya/ shy MARGINAL PHONEMES. The phonemes /e/ and /nc/, present in other Kaili dialects, do not occur in Da'a. A few loans from Indonesian retain these sounds, as in /boneis/ (Indonesian) + /bonei/ (Da'a). But the common pattern is for /e/ to become /5/, as in /eamat/ (Indonesian) + /sama/ (Da'a) subdistrict officer, or /eolo/ (Ledo) + /5010/ (Da'a) matches. 2.4 Consonant phonemes - contrasts /b/ voiced labial stop /b/ vs. /p/ /bone/ sand /taba/ kind of tree /pone/ climb /tapa/ dry /b/ vs. /mb/ /ba/ perhaps /taba/ kind of tree /mba/ where /tamba/ chop in small pieces /b/ vs. /mp/ /bu?u/ new banana bud /sabu/ soap /mpu?u/ very /sampu/ sharpen /b/ vs. /v/ /bulu/ mountain /taba/ kind of tree /vulu/ hair, fur /tava/ "leaf /b/ vs. /m/ /bata/ stem of p"lant /saba/ problem /mata/ eye /sama/ bridle 136 D.F. BARR and S.G. BARR /p/ voiceless labial stop /p/ vs. /b/ see under /b/ above /p/ vs. /mb/ /poto/ wood frame for hearth /tapa/ dry /mboto/ self /tamba/ chop in small pieces /p/ vs. /mp/ /pae/ rice (in field) /sopu/ blowgun /mpae/ year /sompu/ wrapped in grave clothes /p/ vs. /v/ /pua/ day before yesterday /apu/ fire /vua/ betel nut /avu/ ashes /p/ vs. /m/ / pone/ climb /lopu/ fall (of rotten fpuit) /mone/ hoarse /lomu/ fat (n.) /d/ voiced front lingual stop /d/ vs. /t/ /dumpa/ carved ornament on gable /kada/ foot /tumpa/ frog /kata/ scratch /d/ vs. /nd/ Ideal many /pada/ kind of grass /ndea/ young girl /panda/ reed (pandanus) /d/ vs. Inti /dani/ a name /tudu/ measure river depth /ntani/ other /tuntu/ history story /d/ vs. /nj/ /dani/ a name /bada/ face potJder /njani/ know /banja/ coconut bud /d/ vs. /5/ /doi/ money /narodo/ stiff in fear /soi/ name of a river /naroso/ strong /d/ vs. /j/ /doi/ money /kada/ foot /joi/ honest /kaja/ difficult /d/ vs. /n/ /daya/ kind of grass /kada/ foot /naya/ shy /kana/ must /d/ vs. /1/ /dana/ a name /sada/ small piece left /lana/ kerosene /sala/ wrong /d/ vs. /r/ /dano/ kind of banana /nadamba/ happy /rano/ lake /naramba/ beautiful /d/ vs. /y/ /dana/ a name /nada/ a name /yana/ a name /naya/ shy /t/ voiceless front lingual stop /t/ vs. /d/ see under /d/ above /t/ vs. /nd/ /toro/ turn /ito/ pupil of eye /ndoro/ W01'T1l /indo/ mother /t/ vs. Inti /tipa/ time /t i t i/ duck /ntipa/ week /tinti/ hour /t/ vs. /nj/ /tani/ stay alone /bata/ stem /njani/ knotJ /banja/ coconut bud /t/ vs. /5/ /tero/ diarrhoea /naboto/ cpushed with teeth /sero/ shovel /naboso/ full (stomach) /t/ vs. /j/ /tapi/ but, winnotJ /kata/ scratch /japi/ cotJ /kaja/ difficult /t/ vs. /n/ /tana/ land fatal roof /nana/ pus lanai child PHONOLOGY OF DA'A 137 /t/ vs. /1/ /tana/ land jut i / penis /lana/ kerosene /ul i/ say /t/ vs. /r/ /tara/ look at fatal roof /rara/ inside /ara/ in /t/ vs. /y/ /tana/ land /dolJato/ kind of edible plant /yana/ a name /lJayo/ in front of /t/ vs. /1/ /koto/ broken /ko1o/ hard /g/ voiced back lingual stop /g/ vs. /k/ /gata/ rubber band /aga/ only /kata/ scratch /aka/ sunday /g/ vs. /lJg/ /gana/ enough /baga/ fight /lJgana/ right (side) /balJga/ village name /g/ vs. /IJ/ /gana/ enough /nagana/ be enough /lJana/ child /nalJana/ be small /g/ vs. /1/ /gaga/ invite /ga1 a/ divorce /k/ voiceless back lingual stop /k/ vs. /g/ see under /g/ above /k/ vs. /lJg/ /ka/ to, for /nakuni/ yellow /lJga/ from /nalJguni/ very yellow /k/ vs. /IJ/ /kana/ must /nalaka/ gap /lJana/ child /nalalJa/ tall /k/ vs. /1/ /paka/ cause /pa1a/ chisel /1/ voiceless glottal stop /1/ vs. /k/ see under /k/ above /1/ vs. /g/ see under /g/ above /1/ vs. /lJg/ /ba1a/ above /balJga/ village name /1/ vs. /IJ/ /ba1a/ above /balJa/ coconut shell bowl /mb/ voiced prenasalised labial stop /mb/ vs. /b/ see under /b/ above /mb/ vs. /p/ see under /p/ above /mb/ vs. /mp/ /mboto/ self /sambula/ a month /mpotove/ love /sampulu/ ten /mb/ vs. /v/ /mbuku/ short /nambuku/ be short /vuku/ bone /navuku/ have many bones /mb/ vs. /m/ /mboto/ self /samba1a/ one person /motoro/ motorcycle /sama/ bridle 138 D.F.
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