Simultaneous Analysis of Residual Pesticides in Foods Via the Quechers 71 Method Utilizing GC MS/MS
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Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries
Historical Perspectives on Apple Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Insecticidal Chemistries. Peter Jentsch Extension Associate Department of Entomology Cornell University's Hudson Valley Lab 3357 Rt. 9W; PO box 727 Highland, NY 12528 email: [email protected] Phone 845-691-7151 Mobile: 845-417-7465 http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/faculty/jentsch/ 2 Historical Perspectives on Fruit Production: Fruit Tree Pest Management, Regulation and New Chemistries. by Peter Jentsch I. Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 Synthetic Pesticide Development and Use II. Influences Changing the Pest Management Profile in Apple Production Chemical Residues in Early Insect Management Historical Chemical Regulation Recent Regulation Developments Changing Pest Management Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 The Science Behind The Methodology Pesticide Revisions – Requirements For New Registrations III. Resistance of Insect Pests to Insecticides Resistance Pest Management Strategies IV. Reduced Risk Chemistries: New Modes of Action and the Insecticide Treadmill Fermentation Microbial Products Bt’s, Abamectins, Spinosads Juvenile Hormone Analogs Formamidines, Juvenile Hormone Analogs And Mimics Insect Growth Regulators Azadirachtin, Thiadiazine Neonicotinyls Major Reduced Risk Materials: Carboxamides, Carboxylic Acid Esters, Granulosis Viruses, Diphenyloxazolines, Insecticidal Soaps, Benzoyl Urea Growth Regulators, Tetronic Acids, Oxadiazenes , Particle Films, Phenoxypyrazoles, Pyridazinones, Spinosads, Tetrazines , Organotins, Quinolines. 3 I Historical Use of Pesticides in Apple Production Overview of Apple Production and Pest Management Prior to 1940 The apple has a rather ominous origin. Its inception is framed in the biblical text regarding the genesis of mankind. The backdrop appears to be the turbulent setting of what many scholars believe to be present day Iraq. -
INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES
US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs INDEX to PESTICIDE TYPES and FAMILIES and PART 180 TOLERANCE INFORMATION of PESTICIDE CHEMICALS in FOOD and FEED COMMODITIES Note: Pesticide tolerance information is updated in the Code of Federal Regulations on a weekly basis. EPA plans to update these indexes biannually. These indexes are current as of the date indicated in the pdf file. For the latest information on pesticide tolerances, please check the electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_07/40cfrv23_07.html 1 40 CFR Type Family Common name CAS Number PC code 180.163 Acaricide bridged diphenyl Dicofol (1,1-Bis(chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) 115-32-2 10501 180.198 Acaricide phosphonate Trichlorfon 52-68-6 57901 180.259 Acaricide sulfite ester Propargite 2312-35-8 97601 180.446 Acaricide tetrazine Clofentezine 74115-24-5 125501 180.448 Acaricide thiazolidine Hexythiazox 78587-05-0 128849 180.517 Acaricide phenylpyrazole Fipronil 120068-37-3 129121 180.566 Acaricide pyrazole Fenpyroximate 134098-61-6 129131 180.572 Acaricide carbazate Bifenazate 149877-41-8 586 180.593 Acaricide unclassified Etoxazole 153233-91-1 107091 180.599 Acaricide unclassified Acequinocyl 57960-19-7 6329 180.341 Acaricide, fungicide dinitrophenol Dinocap (2, 4-Dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate and 2,6-dinitro-4- 39300-45-3 36001 octylphenyl crotonate} 180.111 Acaricide, insecticide organophosphorus Malathion 121-75-5 57701 180.182 Acaricide, insecticide cyclodiene Endosulfan 115-29-7 79401 -
TITLE: Lindane and Other Treatments for Lice and Scabies: a Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Safety
TITLE: Lindane and Other Treatments for Lice and Scabies: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Safety DATE: 11 June 2010 CONTEXT AND POLICY ISSUES: Head lice infestation (Pediculosis capitis) affects millions of children and adults worldwide each year.1 Direct head-to-head contact is the most common mode of transmission.2 The highest prevalence of infestation occurs in school aged children aged three to eleven years, with girls being more commonly affected than boys.1,2 Although head lice are not generally associated with serious morbidity, they are responsible for significant social embarrassment and lost productivity in schools or offices.1 Scabies, an infestation of the skin by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, represents a common public health concern particularly in overcrowded communities with a high prevalence of poverty.3 Scabies is transmitted by close-person contact and occasionally by clothing or linens.3 Complications include secondary bacterial infections and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.3 Topical products available in Canada for the treatment of head lice and scabies are presented in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2. Insecticidal agents such as permethrin and lindane have historically been considered the standard treatments for head lice and scabies.2,3 Toxicity is low following topical administration of permethrin due to minimal percutaneous absorption.4 However, several jurisdictions have banned lindane due to concerns of neurotoxicity and bone marrow suppression, as well as potential negative effects on the environment (contamination of waste water).5 Furthermore, widespread use of permethrin, pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide, and lindane has led to resistance and higher rates of treatment failure.6 Resistance patterns and rates to these agents in Canada have not yet been studied.6 Due to concerns surrounding resistance and neurotoxicity, patients and caregivers have searched for alternative treatments. -
4. Chemical and Physical Information
PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS 131 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION 4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY The naturally-occurring pyrethrins, extracted from chrysanthemum flowers, are esters of chrysanthemic acid (Pyrethrin I, Cinerin I, and Jasmolin I) and esters of pyrethric acid (Pyrethrin II, Cinerin II, and Jasmolin II). In the United States, the pyrethrum extract is standardized as 45–55% w/w total pyrethrins. The typical proportion of Pyrethrins I to II is 0.2:2.8, while the ratio of pyrethrins:cinerins:jasmolins is 71:21:7 (Tomlin 1997). Information regarding the chemical identity of the pyrethrins is presented in Table 4-1. Pyrethroids are synthetic esters derived from the naturally-occurring pyrethrins. One exception to the axiom that all pyrethroids are esters of carboxylic acids is noteworthy. There is a group of oxime ethers that exhibits insecticidal activity similar in nature to the pyrethrins and pyrethroid esters (Davies 1985). Little data exist regarding these compounds, and no commercial products have been produced. Commercially available pyrethroids include allethrin, bifenthrin, bioresmethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate (fenvalerate), flucythrinate, flumethrin, fluvalinate, fenpropathrin, permethrin, phenothrin, resmethrin, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, and tralomethrin. Information regarding the chemical identity of pyrethroids is shown in Table 4-2. With the exception of deltamethrin, pyrethroids are a complex mixture of isomers rather than one single pure compound. For pyrethroids possessing the cyclopropane moiety, isomerism about the cyclopropane ring greatly influences the toxicity of these insecticides. The presence of two chiral centers in the ring results in two pairs of diastereomers. The diastereomers and their nonsuperimposable mirror images (enantiomers) are illustrated in Figure 4-1. -
U.S. EPA, Pesticides, Label, TEFLUTHRIN TECHNICAL, 7/19
\09-lo\S- 0)-1'1-2, J}!) UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES July 19,2010 Pat Dinnen Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. P.O. Box 18300 Greensboro, NC 27419 Subject: Label Notification(s) for Pesticide Registration Notice 2007-4 Amending the Storage and Disposal Language Dear Pat Dinnen: The Agency is in receipt of your Application(s) for Pesticide Notification under Pesticide Registration Notice PRN 2007-4 dated June 22,2010 for the following product(s): Fenoxycarb Technical EPA Reg. No.1 00-723 Cypermethrin Technical EPA Reg. No. 100-989 Tefluthrin Technical EPA Reg. No. 100-1015 Lambda-Cyhalothrin Manufacturing CS EPA Reg. No. 100-1107 Lufenuron Techincal EPA Reg. No. 100-1175 Lambda-Cyhalothrin 250 CS MUP EPA Reg. No. 100-1251 Cypermethrin 250EC MUP EPA Reg. No. 100-1301 The Registration Division (RD) has conducted a review of this request for applicability under PRN 2007-4 and finds that the label change(s) requested falls within the scope of PRN-98-10. The label has been date-stamped "Notification" and will be placed in our records. Please be reminded that 40 CFR Part 156. 140(a)(4) requires that a batch code, lot niImber, or other code identifying the batch of the pesticide distributed and sold be placed on nomefillable containers. The code may appear either on the label (and can be added by non-notificationlPR Notice 98-10) or durably marked on the container itself. If you have any questions, please contact Regina Foushee'-Smith at 703-605-0780. -
Simultaneous Analysis of Residual Pesticides in Foods Via the Quechers 71 Method Utilizing GC MS/MS
LAAN-J-MS-E071 GC-MS Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Simultaneous Analysis of Residual Pesticides in Foods via the QuEChERS 71 Method Utilizing GC-MS/MS Analytical standards (0.001 mg/L to 0.1 mg/L), as well as samples (0.01 mg/L) created by pretreating paprika with the QuEChERS method and then adding pesticides to the resulting solution, were measured using the analysis conditions shown in Table 1. Experimental The European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) has reported their results on evaluating the validity of residual pesticide analysis utilizing GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS 1) . In their report, the measurement of 66 pesiticides using GC-MS/MS was recommended. This data sheet presents selected results of analysis of these pesticides using the triple quadrupole GCMS-TQ8030. Table 1 Analytical Conditions GC-MS :GCMS-TQ8030 Column :Rxi-5Sil MS (30 m length, 0.25 mm I.D., df=0.25 µm) Glass Liner :Sky Liner, Splitless Single Taper Gooseneck w/Wool (Restek Corporation, catalog # 567366) [GC] [MS] Injection Temp. :250 °C Interface Temp. :250 °C Column Oven Temp.:70 °C (2 min) → (25 °C /min) → 150 °C → (3 °C/min) →200 °C → Ion Source Temp. :230 °C (8 °C/min) → 280 °C (10 min) Data Acquisition Mode :MRM (See the below.) Injection Mode :Splitless Flow Control Mode :Linear velocity (58.1 cm/sec.) Injection volume :1 µL MRM Monitoring m/z Quantitative Transition Qualitative Transition Quantitative Transition Qualitative Transition Compound Name Precursor>Product CE (V) Precursor>Product CE (V) Compound Name Precursor>Product CE (V) Precursor>Product -
Detection of Estrogen Receptor Endocrine Disruptor Potency of Commonly Used Organochlorine Pesticides Using the LUMI-CELL ER Bioassay
DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY Detection of Estrogen Receptor Endocrine Disruptor Potency of Commonly Used Organochlorine Pesticides Using The LUMI-CELL ER Bioassay John D. Gordon1, Andrew C: Chu1, Michael D. Chu2, Michael S. Denison3, George C. Clark1 1Xenobiotic Detection Systems, Inc., 1601 E. Geer St., Suite S, Durham, NC 27704, USA 2Alta Analytical Perspectives, 2714 Exchange Drive, Wilmington, NC 28405, USA 3Dept. of Environmental Toxicology, Meyer Hall, Univ. of California, Davis; Davis, CA 95616 USA Introduction Organochlorine pesticides are found in many ecosystems worldwide as result of agricultural and industrial activities and exist as complex mixtures. The use of these organochlorine pesticides has resulted in the contamination of lakes and streams, and eventually the animal and human food chain. Many of these pesticides, such as pp ’-DDT, pp ’-DDE, Kepone, Vinclozolin, and Methoxychlor (a substitute for the banned DDT), have been described as putative estrogenic endocrine disruptors, and act by mimicking endogenous estrogen 1-3 . Estrogenic compounds can have a significant detrimental effect on the endocrine and reproductive systems of both human and other animal populations 4 . Previous studies have shown a strong association between several EDCs (17p-Estradiol, DES, Zeralanol, Zeralenone, Coumestrol, Genistein, Biochanin A, Diadzein, Naringenin, Tamoxifin) and estrogenic activity via uterotropic assay, cell height, gland number, increased lactoferrin, and a transcriptional activity assay using BG1Luc4E2 cells4 . Some other examples of the effects of these EDCs are: decreased reproductive success and feminization of males in several wildlife species; increased hypospadias along with reductions in sperm counts in men; increase in the incidence of human breast and prostate cancers; and endometriosis 3-5 . -
Endocrine Disruptors
Endocrine disruptors Afke Groen & Christine Neuhold The RECIPES project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824665 Authors Afke Groen, Maastricht University* Christine Neuhold, Maastricht University * currently works at the think tank Mr. Hans van Mierlo Stichting With thanks to our two anonymous interviewees Manuscript completed in April 2020 Document title WP2 Case study: Endocrine disruptors Work Package WP2 Document Type Deliverable Date 13 April 2020 Document Status Final version Acknowledgments & Disclaimer This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824665. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. WP2 Case study: Endocrine disruptors i Abstract Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are at the centre stage of a scientific and regulatory controversy. Given the complexities, ambiguities and particularly the uncertainties surrounding the hazards of EDCs, the precautionary principle is of utmost relevance to the case. Even the definition of EDCs remains much contested, as do the scientific processes and methods through which to identify them. On the one hand, there is considerable societal pressure to regulate ECDs ‘now’. On the other hand, this quick regulation is often impossible as the limited evidence available does not suffice in the context of traditional EU scientific risk assessment. -
Bayesian Nonparametric Model for Clustering Individual Co-Exposure to Pesticides Found in the French Diet
Bayesian nonparametric model for clustering individual co-exposure to pesticides found in the French diet. Amélie Crépet, Jessica Tressou To cite this version: Amélie Crépet, Jessica Tressou. Bayesian nonparametric model for clustering individual co-exposure to pesticides found in the French diet.. 2009. hal-00438796v2 HAL Id: hal-00438796 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00438796v2 Preprint submitted on 12 Jan 2011 (v2), last revised 4 Feb 2011 (v3) HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Bayesian nonparametric model for clustering individual co-exposure to pesticides found in the French diet. Am´elieCr´epet a & Jessica Tressoub January 12, 2011 aANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 27-31 Av. G´en´eralLeclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France bINRA-Met@risk, Food Risk Analysis Methodologies, National Institute for Agronomic Re- search, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris, France Keywords Dirichlet process; Bayesian nonparametric modeling; multivariate Normal mixtures; clustering; multivariate exposure; food risk analysis. Abstract This work introduces a specific application of Bayesian nonparametric statistics to the food risk analysis framework. The goal was to determine the cocktails of pesticide residues to which the French population is simultaneously exposed through its current diet in order to study their possible combined effects on health through toxicological experiments. -
Therapeutic Class Overview Scabicides and Pediculicides
Therapeutic Class Overview Scabicides and Pediculicides Therapeutic Class Overview/Summary: The agents indicated for the management of scabies and head lice are listed in Table 1. The skin and mucous membrane scabicides and pediculicides are approved to treat pediculosis and scabies.1-10 Pediculosis is a transmissible infection, which is caused by three different kinds of lice depending on the location: head (Pediculus humanus capitis), body (Pediculus humanus corporis) and pubic region (Phthirus pubis). Pediculosis is often asymptomatic; however, itching may occur due to hypersensitivity to lice saliva.11 Scabies is also a transmissible skin infection caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Mites burrow into the skin and lay eggs, which when hatched, will crawl to the skin’s surface and begin to make new burrows. The most common clinical manifestation of scabies is itching, which is due to a hypersensitivity reaction to the mite or mite excrement.12 When treating scabies and lice, the goal of therapy is to eradicate the parasite. Benzyl alcohol inhibits lice from closing their respiratory spiracles, which causes the lice to asphyxiate.3 Crotamiton has scabicidal and antipruritic actions; however, the exact mechanism of action is unknown.4 Lindane is a central nervous system stimulant, which causes convulsions and death of the arthropod.1,2 Malathion is an organophosphate agent, which inhibits cholinesterase activity.5 Permethrin disrupts the sodium channel current, which leads to delayed repolarization and paralysis of the arthropod.1,2 Spinosad causes neuronal excitation, which leads to paralysis and death.6 The suspension also contains an unspecified amount of benzyl alcohol. -
EPA Method 525.2
METHOD 525.2 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER BY LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION AND CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY Revision 2.0 J.W. Eichelberger, T.D. Behymer, W.L. Budde - Method 525, Revision 1.0, 2.0, 2.1 (1988) J.W. Eichelberger, T.D. Behymer, and W.L. Budde - Method 525.1 Revision 2.2 (July 1991) J.W. Eichelberger, J.W. Munch, and J.A. Shoemaker Method 525.2 Revision 1.0 (February, 1994) J.W. Munch - Method 525.2, Revision 2.0 (1995) NATIONAL EXPOSURE RESEARCH LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268 525.2-1 METHOD 525.2 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER BY LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION AND CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This is a general purpose method that provides procedures for determination of organic compounds in finished drinking water, source water, or drinking water in any treatment stage. The method is applicable to a wide range of organic compounds that are efficiently partitioned from the water sample onto a C18 organic phase chemically bonded to a solid matrix in a disk or cartridge, and sufficiently volatile and thermally stable for gas chromatog-raphy. Single-laboratory accuracy and precision data have been determined with two instrument systems using both disks and cartridges for most of the following compounds: Chemical Abstract Services Analyte MW1 Registry Number Acenaphthylene 152 208-96-8 Alachlor 269 15972-60-8 Aldrin 362 309-00-2 Ametryn 227 -
Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 1/41
Estonian Statistics on Medicines 2016 ATC code ATC group / Active substance (rout of admin.) Quantity sold Unit DDD Unit DDD/1000/ day A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 167,8985 A01 STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01A STOMATOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS 0,0738 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment 0,0738 A01AB09 Miconazole (O) 7088 g 0,2 g 0,0738 A01AB12 Hexetidine (O) 1951200 ml A01AB81 Neomycin+ Benzocaine (dental) 30200 pieces A01AB82 Demeclocycline+ Triamcinolone (dental) 680 g A01AC Corticosteroids for local oral treatment A01AC81 Dexamethasone+ Thymol (dental) 3094 ml A01AD Other agents for local oral treatment A01AD80 Lidocaine+ Cetylpyridinium chloride (gingival) 227150 g A01AD81 Lidocaine+ Cetrimide (O) 30900 g A01AD82 Choline salicylate (O) 864720 pieces A01AD83 Lidocaine+ Chamomille extract (O) 370080 g A01AD90 Lidocaine+ Paraformaldehyde (dental) 405 g A02 DRUGS FOR ACID RELATED DISORDERS 47,1312 A02A ANTACIDS 1,0133 Combinations and complexes of aluminium, calcium and A02AD 1,0133 magnesium compounds A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 811120 pieces 10 pieces 0,1689 A02AD81 Aluminium hydroxide+ Magnesium hydroxide (O) 3101974 ml 50 ml 0,1292 A02AD83 Calcium carbonate+ Magnesium carbonate (O) 3434232 pieces 10 pieces 0,7152 DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER AND GASTRO- A02B 46,1179 OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) A02BA H2-receptor antagonists 2,3855 A02BA02 Ranitidine (O) 340327,5 g 0,3 g 2,3624 A02BA02 Ranitidine (P) 3318,25 g 0,3 g 0,0230 A02BC Proton pump inhibitors 43,7324 A02BC01 Omeprazole