Zrozumieć Holokaust

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Zrozumieć Holokaust O autorach Robert Szuchta, nauczyciel historii w LXIV LO im. S. I. Witkiewicza w War- szawie, współautor programów nauczania i podręczników szkolnych do nauczania historii. Współtwórca i koordynator wielu programów edukacyj- nych, w tym międzynarodowych, poświęconych Zagładzie. Członek Rady Programowej Stowarzyszenia przeciwko Antysemityzmowi i Ksenofobii „Otwarta Rzeczpospolita”, ekspert Centrum Badań Holokaustu Uniwersy- tetu Jagiellońskiego, członek Stowarzyszenia Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów przy IFiS PAN. Autor licznych publikacji dotyczących nauczania o mniejszościach narodowych i Holokauście. Pierwszy polski laureat nagrody im. Ireny Sendlerowej „Za naprawianie świata” (2006 r.). Dr Piotr Trojański, historyk. Adiunkt w Instytucie Historii Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie (kierownik Pracowni Mniejszości Etnicznych i Narodowych). Wykładowca w Centrum Badań Holokaustu Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Doradca akademicki w Międzynarodowym Centrum Edukacji o Auschwitz i Holokauście w Pań- stwowym Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu. Autor licznych publikacji o tematyce historycznej i metodycznej, dotyczących najnowszej historii Żydów i nauczania o Holokauście. Autorzy za działalność na rzecz popularyzacji wiedzy o Holokauście odzna- czeni zostali przez Prezydenta RP Lecha Kaczyńskiego Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (2008 r.). Zrozumieć Holokaust EGZEMPLARZ BEZPŁATNY Zrozumieć Holokaust Robert Szuchta ISBN 978-83-7704-053-9 ISBN 978-83-62360-41-3 Piotr Trojański Robert Szuchta Piotr Trojański Zrozumieć Holokaust Książka pomocnicza do nauczania o zagładzie Żydów Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu Ośrodek Rozwoju Edukacji Warszawa 2012 Druk sfinansowano w ramach projektu „Wdrożenie podstawy programowej kształcenia ogólnego w poszczególnych typach szkół ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem II i IV etapu edukacyjnego” Publikacja dofinansowana ze środków Fundacji Pamięci Ofiar Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu Copyright © by Robert Szuchta & Piotr Trojański Copyright © by Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu Korekta: Dorota Grzegorczyk Redakcja techniczna: Elżbieta Czarnacka Łamanie: Bożena Szydlik Projekt okładki: Robert Szuchta Zdjęcie na okładce: Paweł Sawicki, Okulary ofiar KL Auschwitz-Birkenau Mapy: Leszek Nabiałek Nakład: 5000 egzemplarzy Wydanie I ISBN 978-83-62360-41-3 978-83-7704-053-9 Publikacja współfinansowana przez Unię Europejską w ramach Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego EGZEMPLARZ BEzpłaTNY Przygotowanie do druku, druk, oprawa: Agencja Reklamowo-Wydawnicza A. Grzegorczyk www.grzeg.com.pl Spis treści Drodzy Czytelnicy! ..................................................................... 7 Część I. Kim są Żydzi? Rozdział I. Tożsamość żydowska ............................................................ 10 I. 1. Jakimi językami mówią Żydzi? ......................................................... 12 I. 2. W co wierzą Żydzi? Judaizm .......................................................... 13 I. 2.1. Historia judaizmu. Przymierze z Bogiem, czyli jak to się zaczęło. 14 I. 2.2. Doktryna religijna: Jahwe jedynym Bogiem Izraela. 16 I. 2.3. Kult religijny: ofiara i modlitwa ............................................... 18 I. 2.4. W Świątyni i synagodze ..................................................... 19 I. 2.5. Judaizm podzielony, czyli jaką drogą do Boga .................................. 22 Rozdział II. Tradycja Żydów – spuścizna wielu pokoleń ........................................ 25 II. 1. Kalendarz – żydowska rachuba czasu .................................................. 25 II. 2. Święta, obrzędy i obyczaje żydowskie ................................................... 25 II. 2.1. „Jestem dorosły” – Bar micwa i bat micwa. 26 II. 2.2. Pod ślubnym baldachimem .................................................. 27 II. 2.3. Śmierć i pogrzeb ........................................................... 28 II. 3. Jak się ubierano? Tradycyjny strój żydowski ............................................. 30 Rozdział III. Długa historia Żydów ........................................................... 33 III. 1. W okresie starożytnym ............................................................... 33 III. 2. Żydzi w diasporze. 37 III. 2.1. Średniowiecze .............................................................. 37 III. 2.2 Czasy nowożytne ........................................................... 43 III. 2.3. Dzieje najnowsze (do 1948 r.) ................................................ 51 III. 3. Żydzi europejscy w okresie międzywojennym ........................................... 53 III. 3.1. Polska ..................................................................... 55 III. 3.2. ZSRR ..................................................................... 61 III. 3.3. Niemcy. 61 III. 3.4. Węgry i Rumunia ........................................................... 63 III. 3.5. Litwa, Łotwa i Estonia ....................................................... 64 III. 3.6. Jugosławia i Grecja ......................................................... 64 III. 3.7. Europa Zachodnia ......................................................... 65 III. 4. Wkład Żydów w rozwój kultury nowożytnej Europy. 66 Część II. Od niechęci do nienawiści Rozdział IV. Antyjudaizm – „Nie możecie wyznawać swojej religii” .............................. 72 IV. 1. Poróżnieni w wierze – początki konfliktu judeo-chrześcijańskiego ......................... 73 IV. 2. Zarzut bogobójstwa: „Żydzi zamordowali Chrystusa”. 73 IV. 3. Kościół triumfujący: Ecclesia contra Synagoga .......................................... 75 IV. 4. W dobie wypraw krzyżowych – masakry Żydów ......................................... 76 3 Spis treści IV. 5. Oskarżenia Żydów o mord rytualny .................................................... 77 IV. 6. Oskarżenia Żydów o profanację hostii .................................................. 80 IV. 7. Oskarżenia Żydów o zatruwanie studni i roznoszenie zarazy .............................. 81 IV. 8. „W służbie szatana” – demoniczny obraz Żyda .......................................... 81 IV. 9. Napiętnowani, izolowani, wypędzani ................................................... 83 IV. 10. Reformacja i kontrreformacja a Żydzi .................................................. 86 Rozdział V. Antysemityzm – „Nie możecie mieszkać między nami” ............................. 88 V. 1. Narodziny ideologii antysemickiej ..................................................... 88 V. 2. Źródła antysemityzmu nowożytnego ................................................... 89 V. 2.1. Przemiany intelektualne ..................................................... 89 V. 2.2. Przemiany społeczno-polityczne ............................................. 90 V. 3. Rasistowskie teorie i ich propagatorzy ................................................. 90 V. 4. Obsesja spisku – Protokoły Mędrców Syjonu ............................................ 93 V. 5. Narodziny antysemityzmu politycznego ............................................... 95 V. 6. Sprawa Dreyfusa ..................................................................... 98 V. 7. Polscy propagatorzy ideologii antysemickiej ............................................. 99 V. 8. Żydzi w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim – represje i pogromy ....................................101 V. 9. Reakcje żydowskie: emigracja, rewolucja czy syjonizm? .................................108 Rozdział VI. Republika Weimarska i rozwój nazizmu w Niemczech (1919-1933) ................. 111 VI.1. Republika Weimarska ...............................................................111 VI. 1.1. Narodziny weimarskiej demokracji ..........................................111 VI. 1.2. Trudne początki ...........................................................111 VI. 1.3. Trzeba znaleźć „winnego wszystkich naszych nieszczęść” ......................113 VI.2. Adolf Hitler i początki narodowego socjalizmu .........................................114 VI. 2.1. Hitler przywódcą partyjnym ...............................................114 VI. 2.2. Próba siły – pucz monachijski ..............................................115 VI. 2.3. Antysemityzm obsesyjny Hitlera – Mein Kampf ...............................116 VI. 2.4. „Kwestia żydowska” w programie partii nazistowskiej . .120 Część III. Nie możecie żyć – nie jesteście ludźmi Rozdział VII. Preludium Holokaustu – od wykluczenia do wypędzenia (1933–1939) ............. 126 VII. 1. Adolf Hitler kanclerzem Niemiec ....................................................126 VII. 1.1. Czy tak musiało być? .......................................................126 VII. 1.2. Budowa totalitarnego państwa ..............................................129 VII.2. Antysemityzm państwowy – polityka dyskryminacji Żydów ..............................134 VII. 2.1. Rasizm zinstytucjonalizowany – ustawy norymberskie .........................138 VII. 2.2. „Noc kryształowa” – pogrom niemieckich Żydów . 143 VII. 2.3. Dalsze ograniczenia praw i aryzacja kraju ....................................145 VII. 2.4. Zły przykład – niemiecki antysemityzm i jego oddziaływanie na inne kraje .......146 VII. 2.5. Świat nie chce więcej Żydów. Ograniczenia emigracji żydowskiej . 147 Rozdział VIII. Początek wojny – droga do ludobójstwa (1939–1940) ............................ 151 VIII. 1. Wybuch światowego konfliktu ........................................................151 VIII. 2. Żydzi polscy w obliczu wojny .........................................................152
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