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SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1987 TWENTY·SEVENTH YEAR - No. 260 international review• of the red cross PROPERTY OF u.s. ARMY THE JUOGE ADVOCATE GENERAL'S SCHOOL INTER+ ARMA CARITAS LIBRARY GENEVA INTERNATIONAL COMMITIEE OF THE RED CROSS FOUNOED IN 1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS Mr. CORNELIO SOMMARUGA, Doctor of Laws of Zurich University, Doctor h.c. rer,pol. of Fribourg University (Switzerland), President (member since 1986) Mrs. DENISE BINDSCHEDLER-ROBERT, Doctor of Laws, Honorary Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, Judge at the European Court of Human Rights, Vice-President (1967) Mr. MAURICE AUBERT, Doctor of Laws, Vice-President (1979) Mr. ULRICH MIDDENDORP, Doctor of Medicine, head of surgical department of the Cantonal Hospital, Winterthur (1973) Mr. ALEXANDRE HAY, Honorary doctorates from the Universities of Geneva and St-Gall, Lawyer, former Director General of the Swiss National Bank, President from 1976 to 1987 (1975) Mr. RICHARD PESTALOZZI, Doctor of Laws, former Vice-President of the ICRC (1977) Mr. ATHOS GALLINO, Doctor h,c, of Ziirich University, Doctor of Medicine, Mayor of Bellinzona (1977) Mr. ROBERT KOHLER, Master of Economics (1977) Mr. RUDOLF JACKLI, Doctor of Sciences (1979) Mr. DIETRICH SCHINDLER. Doctor of Laws, Professor at the University of Ziirich (196 J­ 1973) (1980) Mr. HANS HAUG, Doctor of Laws, Honorary Professor at the St-Gall School of Advanced Economic and Social Studies, former President of the Swiss Red Cross (1983) Mr. PETER ARBENZ, Bachelor of Political Science (1983), (on leave of absence since March 1986) Mr. PIERRE KELLER. Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations (Yale), Banker (1984) Mr. RAYMOND R, PROBST, Doctor of Laws, former Swiss Ambassador, former Secretary of State at the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Bern (1984) Mr. ODILO GUNTERN, Doctor of Laws, former member of the Swiss Council of States (1985) , Mr. ANDRE GHELFI, former Central Secretary and Vice-President of the Swiss Federation of Metal Workers (1985) Mrs. RENEE GUISAN, General Secretary of the International "Institut de la Vie", member of the Swiss Pro Senectute Foundation, member of the International Association for Volun­ teer Effort (1986) Mr. DANIEL FREI, Professor of Political Science, University of Zurich (1986) Mr. ALAIN B. ROSSlER, Doctor of Medicine, former Professor for the rehabilitation of paraplegics at Harvard University, lecturer at the Medical Faculty of Geneva University, President of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia (1986) Mrs, ANNE PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, barrister, graduate of the Interpreters School of Geneva (1987) Mr. PAOLO BERNASCONI, Barrister, LL. L., lecturer in economic penal law at the Univer­ sities of St-Gall and Zurich, former Public Prosecutor at Lugano, member of the Swiss Pro Juventute Foundation (1987) EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Mr. CORNELIO SOMMARUGA, president Mr. MAURICE AUBERT Mr. RICHARD PESTALOZZI Mr. ATHOS GALLINO Mr. RUDOLF JACKLI Mr. PIERRE KELLER Mr. ANDRE GHELFI INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1987 CONTENTS No. 260 PROTECTION AND ASSISTANCE Jean-Luc Blondel: Assistance to protected persons , 451 The unique nature of the Red Cross in situations of armed conflict resides in the combination of assistance and protection that it provides. These two concepts, which the author defines and examines from all angles, are and must remain inseparable if victims are to be defended, human life and dignity respected, unity within the Movement maintained and the long-term credi­ bility of the Red Cross and Red Crescent preserved. Dr. Bosko Jakovljevic: The right to humanitarian assistance - Legal aspects 469 The author reviews the rules and procedures relating to humani­ tarian assistance and the right to such assistance in time of armed conflict and in peacetime. He points out the advantages and the shortcomings of the present system and emphasizes the need for closer co-operation between the organizations involved in order to ensure that the principle of humanity is respected in all circumstances. Michael A. Meyer: Humanitarian action: a delicate balancing act 485 To what extent are non-governmental organizations able to provide humanitarian assistance, offer such assistance, or denounce grave violations of human rights? The author endeav­ ours to answer these crucial questions through a detailed study of internrllionallegal instruments and the conditions that govern relief operations. He concludes that the compromise represented by international humanitarian law is the best we can expect. 447 Peter Macalister-Smith: Non-governmental organizations and co­ ordination of humanitarian assistance . 501 Co-ordination of humanitarian assistance between intergovern­ mental and non-governmental organizations is a complex mat­ ter. The author delineates the responsibilities of the NGOs at the national and international levels, analyses the current co-ordi­ nation mechanisms and stresses the need for improvements. And~e . Aoun: The role and characteristics of an emergency mISSIon 509 This article deals with emergency missions carried out by National Societies - their objectives, the means required and the volunteers used. INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS Remi Russbach: The International Committee of the Red Cross and health ............................... .. 513 It has been 10 years since the ICRC's Medical Division was created. The Chief Medical Officer describes the evolution ofthe Division's activities, with emphasis on how its programmes are adapted to needs and the problems involved in their implemen­ tation. Official visits to the ICRC 523 EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES: Africa - Latin America - Asia - Middle East 525 IN THE RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT WORLD Death of Mr. Enrique de la Mata 533 A tribute paid by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and other members of the international community to the President of the League, who died suddenly in September. Activities of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Training volunteer workers for international missions of the French Red Cross 535 The content of various training programmes organized by the French Red Cross to prepare volunteers for emergency missions. 448 Seventy-fifth anniversary of the Egyptian Red Crescent Society 54l A report on the past and present activities of the Egyptian Red Crescent Society by its Secretary General, Mr. Y. H. Darwish. Health as a factor of peace and development . 546 MISCELLANEOUS Guillaume-Henri Dufour, a man of peace ..... 548 The origins of the Red Cross Roger Durand: The Henry Dunant Society: Present activities and plans for the future 552 An account ofa society dedicated to studying and publicizing the life, work and thought of Henry Dunant. Relations with the Council of Europe . 562 Accession of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to Protocol I 567 BOOKS AND REVIEWS Essays on the modern law of war (Leslie C. Green) 568 Humanitarian aid and development in the Third World 570 Extracts, in Arabic, from the International Review of the Red Cross . .. 576 449 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), together with the League of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the 145 recognized National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, is one of the three compo­ nents of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. An independent humanitarian institution, the ICRC is the founding body of the Red Cross. As a neutral intermediary in case of armed conflicts or disturbances, it endeavours on its own initiative or on the basis of the Geneva Conventions to protect and assist the victims of international and civil wars and of internal troubles and tensions, thereby contributing to peace in the world. International Review of the Red Cross has been published, in French, under various titles, by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) since 1869. Its first complete edition in English was issued in 1961. - As the official organ of the ICRC and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, - specializing in international humanitarian law and ICRC doctrine, - recording the international activities of the Red Cross, mainly for reference purpose, as a chronicle of events, International Review of the Red Cross provides a constant flow of information and maintains the necessary link between the members of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. International Review of the Red Cross appears once every two months in three languages: in English: INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS (from 1961) in French: REVUE INTERNATIONALE DE LA CROIX-ROUGE in Spanish: REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA CRUZ ROJA (from 1976) It also publishes, in German, a short edition, Extracts, of various articles which appear in the main editions. EDITOR: Jacques Meurant, doctor of political science, editor-in-chief ADDRESS: International Review of the Red Cross 17, avenue de la Paix CH - 1202 - Geneva, Switzerland SUBSCRIPTIONS: one year, Sw. frs. 30.-; single copy Sw. frs. 5.-. Postal Cheque Account: No. 12 - 1767 Geneva Bank account No. 129.986 Swiss Bank Corporation, Geneva The International Committee of the Red Cross assumes responsibility only for material over its own signature. 450 Assistance to protected persons by J ean-Luc Blondel The questions facing the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement today are no different from those with which the Movement began: What is the best way to help? How can we give immediate aid and also provide long-term protection? To answer these questions
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