DOCSLIB.ORG

The Distinction of Peace: a Social Analysis of Peacebuilding Catherine Goetze the Distinction of Peace

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Distinction of Peace: a Social Analysis of Peacebuilding Catherine Goetze the Distinction of Peace 0/-*/&4637&: *ODPMMBCPSBUJPOXJUI6OHMVFJU XFIBWFTFUVQBTVSWFZ POMZUFORVFTUJPOT UP MFBSONPSFBCPVUIPXPQFOBDDFTTFCPPLTBSFEJTDPWFSFEBOEVTFE 8FSFBMMZWBMVFZPVSQBSUJDJQBUJPOQMFBTFUBLFQBSU $-*$,)&3& "OFMFDUSPOJDWFSTJPOPGUIJTCPPLJTGSFFMZBWBJMBCMF UIBOLTUP UIFTVQQPSUPGMJCSBSJFTXPSLJOHXJUI,OPXMFEHF6OMBUDIFE ,6JTBDPMMBCPSBUJWFJOJUJBUJWFEFTJHOFEUPNBLFIJHIRVBMJUZ CPPLT0QFO"DDFTTGPSUIFQVCMJDHPPE The Distinction of Peace “Peacebuilding” serves as a catch- all term to describe efforts by an array of international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and even agencies of foreign states to restore or construct a peaceful society in the wake—or even in the midst— of conflict. Despite this variety, practitioners consider themselves members of a global profession. In this study, Cath- erine Goetze investigates the genesis of peacebuilding as a pro- fessional field of expertise since the 1960s, its increasing influ- ence, and the ways in which it reflects global power structures. Step- by- step, Goetze describes how the peacebuilding field came into being, how it defines who belongs to it and who does not, and what kind of group culture it has generated. Using an innovative and original methodology, she investigates the motivations of individuals who become peacebuilders, their professional trajectories and networks, and the “good peace- builder” as an ideal. For many, working in peacebuilding in various ways— as an aid worker on the ground, as a lawyer at the United Nations, or as an academic in a think tank—has become not merely a livelihood but also a form of participa- tion in world politics. As a field, peacebuilding has developed its techniques for incorporating and training new members, yet its internal politics also create the conditions of exclusion that often result in practical failures of the peacebuilding enterprise. By providing a critical account of the social mechanisms that make up the peacebuilding field, Goetze offers deep insights into the workings of Western domination and global inequalities. Catherine Goetze is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Tasmania. Configurations: Critical Studies of World Politics Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, series editor Titles in the series: Atrocity, Deviance, and Submarine Warfare: Norms and Practices during the World Wars Nachman Ben-Yehuda Securing the Sacred: Religion, National Security, and the Western State Robert M. Bosco Capital, the State, and War: Class Conflict and Geopolitics in the Thirty Years’ Crisis, 1914–1945 Alexander Anievas Britain and World Power since 1945: Constructing a Nation’s Role in International Politics David M. McCourt The Politics of Subjectivity in American Foreign Policy Discourses Ty Solomon Making Human: World Order and the Global Governance of Human Dignity Matthew S. Weinert The Politics of Expertise: Competing for Authority in Global Governance Ole Jacob Sending India China: Rethinking Borders and Security L. H. M. Ling, Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Payal Banerjee, Nimmi Kurian, Mahendra P. Lama, and Li Bo The Distinction of Peace: A Social Analysis of Peacebuilding Catherine Goetze The Distinction of Peace A Social Analysis of Peacebuilding ••• Catherine Goetze University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Copyright © 2017 by Catherine Goetze All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2020 2019 2018 2017 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication data has been applied for. ISBN: 978- 0- 472- 07341- 2 (hardback) ISBN: 978- 0- 472- 05341- 4 (paperback) ISBN: 978- 0- 472- 12268- 4 (e- book) Meiner Mutter ••• Contents ••• List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 1. Pierre Bourdieu’s Toolbox: Fields, Power, Practices, and Habitus in the Analysis of Peacebuilding 15 The Field 2. The Peacebuilding Field as Default Space 43 3. “There Are No Neutral Men”: The Sociological Structure of Peacebuilding 67 4. Boundaries of the Field: The Peacebuilder, the Businessman, and the Scholar- Expert 104 The Habitus 5. Peacebuilding Sensibilities 141 6. Narratives of Intervention: Leadership, Liberalism, and Social Justice 170 7. The Nomos of the Field: The Fatalism of Saving Lives 194 Conclusion 217 Notes 225 Bibliography 257 Index 279 Abbreviations ••• BNUB United Nations Office in Burundi CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIC Center on International Cooperation CSCE Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations EC European Communities ICVA International Council of Voluntary Agencies IMF International Monetary Fund IR International Relations KFOR Kosovo Force KPI key performance indicators MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MINUSCA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic MINUSMA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti MONUC United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo x • Abbreviations NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO nongovernmental organization OAS Organization of American States OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OECD Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development ONUB United Nations Operation in Burundi ONUC Opération des Nations Unies au Congo/United Nations Operation in the Congo (1960–64) OSCE Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe P5 Five permanent members of the Security Council SFOR Stabilization Force SWOT strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats UN United Nations UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq UNAMID African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNIOBGIS United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea- Bissau UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia UNMISS United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNSCOL United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon UNSMIL United Nations Support Mission in Libya UNSOA UN Support Office for African Union Mission in Somalia Acknowledgments ••• It took seven years to do the research for this book and write it. That is a long time. And yet I would not have been able to achieve this had I not been privileged to get so much support from all sides. My biggest thanks go to to all the friends with whom I had discussed my experiences as con- sultant to the German Red Cross in the early 2000s: Vanessa and Mladen Pupavac, Uta Bronner, Dejan Guzina, David Chandler, Roland Albert, Wolf- Dieter Eberwein. The grant application that was born out of these discussions, “Who Governs? A Social Analysis of UNMIK,” was successful, and without the generous support of the British Academy I would not have started work- ing on this topic. Luckily, I had a brilliant research assistant who not only led all the interviews in Kosovo much better than I would have been able to do, but who also subsequently became a great friend and coauthor. Thank you, Berit Bliesemann de Guevara, for accompanying this project and all the support. For most of of the time working on this book I have been Head of the School of International Studies at the University of Nottingham Ningbo China. I have to thank the University of Nottingham and in particular Richard Aldrich and Roger Woods for this great opportunity. Yet the wonders of discovering China and the enigma of university management drained a lot of time and energy from this project, and without the most wonderful support from my colleagues David Kiwuwa, May Tan- Mullins and Teresa Wang I would never have been able to even dream of writ- xii • Acknowledgments ing this book. Xiexie! Rosaria Franco, Joseph Askew, Anna Greenwood, Gernot Klantschnig, Ivaylo Gatev, and Raffaela Puggioni, too, have done all they could to keep my back free. Thank you! At UNNC I also bene- fited from the research support of Rob Avery- Phipps, Mesach Ampwera, Li Kanzhen, Hong Shuning, Huang Antian, Hu Mengyao, Le Tian, Liu Haoran, Liu Xianan, Li Xiaochen, Li Yunze, Ren Yujia, Wang Danyan, Wang Zhou, You Yue, Zhang Naitong, Zhang Yifan, Zheng Xiaojie, Dong Jacob, and Chini Okorie. Thank you all, you did a great job! Many colleagues and friends have read parts of this book, or early drafts, discussed essential ideas with me, or simply made me think with their excellent work. I need to thank them all for their inspiration (in no particular order): Anna Leander, David Swartz, Séverine Autesserre, Nathalie Duclos, Cécile Jouhanneau, Grégory Daho, Sandrine
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Elders Support Mandela Day 2011 Celebrating Nelson Mandela’S Birthday; Changing the World for the Better
    The Elders support Mandela Day 2011 Celebrating Nelson Mandela’s birthday; changing the world for the better 15 July 2011 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE The Elders have announced their support for Mandela Day 2011, a day to encourage people around the world to take concrete action in the service of others. Celebrated globally on Nelson Mandela’s birthday, Monday 18 July, Mandela Day aiMs to show that we can all play a part in changing the world for the better. Now retired froM public life, Nelson Mandela has called on younger generations to take up the fight for a fairer, More peaceful world. “It is tiMe for the next generations to continue our struggle against social injustice and for the rights of huManity,” he says. “It is in your hands.” Nelson Mandela gave 67 years of his life to the fight for the rights of huManity. In this spirit, on 18 July 2011, Nelson Mandela’s 93rd birthday, people around the world are encouraged to dedicate 67 Minutes to serving their coMMunity and helping to build a global MoveMent for good. In a Message to Mark Mandela Day, Chair of The Elders Desmond Tutu wrote: “On his birthday, Madiba has asked us to do soMething, not for hiM, but for our fellow huMan beings. Join us in Marking Mandela Day by celebrating our collective power to do good for others and Making the world we share a happier and fairer place.” Nelson Mandela’s wife and fellow founder of The Elders, Graça Machel said: “Mandela Day is a chance for each of us to do what we can for the huMan family that Madiba cares so Much about.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the United Nations Mission in the DRC / MONUC – MONUSCO
    Assessing the of the United Nations Mission in the DRC / MONUC – MONUSCO REPORT 3/2019 Publisher: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2019 ISBN: 978-82-7002-346-2 Any views expressed in this publication are those of the author. Tey should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Te text may not be re-published in part or in full without the permission of NUPI and the authors. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2d Address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep. NO-0033 Oslo, Norway Internet: effectivepeaceops.net | www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 99 40 50 Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 Assessing the Efectiveness of the UN Missions in the DRC (MONUC-MONUSCO) Lead Author Dr Alexandra Novosseloff, International Peace Institute (IPI), New York and Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo Co-authors Dr Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Igarapé Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Prof. Tomas Mandrup, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, and Royal Danish Defence College, Copenhagen Aaron Pangburn, Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York Data Contributors Ryan Rappa and Paul von Chamier, Center on International Cooperation (CIC), New York University, New York EPON Series Editor Dr Cedric de Coning, NUPI External Reference Group Dr Tatiana Carayannis, SSRC, New York Lisa Sharland, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra Dr Charles Hunt, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Australia Adam Day, Centre for Policy Research, UN University, New York Cover photo: UN Photo/Sylvain Liechti UN Photo/ Abel Kavanagh Contents Acknowledgements 5 Acronyms 7 Executive Summary 13 Te effectiveness of the UN Missions in the DRC across eight critical dimensions 14 Strategic and Operational Impact of the UN Missions in the DRC 18 Constraints and Challenges of the UN Missions in the DRC 18 Current Dilemmas 19 Introduction 21 Section 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Invite 17 July 2013 NELSON MANDELA DAY CELEBRATION On
    Media Invite 17 July 2013 NELSON MANDELA DAY CELEBRATION On 18 July 2013, individuals and organisations around the world will spend at least 67 minutes doing good work in their own communities in honour of the 67 years Nelson Mandela gave in service and sacrifice. The Nelson Mandela Foundation and 46664, in association with the other sister organisations, have called for Mandela Day to be recognised as an annual International “Day of Humanitarian Action” in celebration of Nelson Mandela’s life and legacy. The Department of Energy officials will spend 67 minutes on this day doing community services at various places across the country. The DoE events are organised as follows: Date : 18 July 2013 Venue 1 : Siyathuthuka Crèche and Kwa-Mashu’s Emseni Community Projects in Edendale, Kwa Zulu Natal DoE Messenger: Deputy Mister of Energy, Ms Barbara Thomson. Activities: Deputy Minister to spend time with the children at the Cretch, hand over learning materials, food parcels, mattress, school uniform, toys etc. Venue 2 : Crossroads and Child Soul Care Shelters Salvokop (Freedom Park), Pretoria, Gauteng Province DoE Messenger/s : DoE Senior Managers DoE to handover Groceries, Learning materials, Mattresses, blankets etc. Venue 3 : Onkabetse Care Centre in Vosloorus, Gauteng DoE Messenger/s : DoE Senior Messengers DoE to handover two wheelchairs, Blankets, Food parcels, do painting at the centre etc. Time/s : 09h00 for 09h30 Issued by Ms Thandiwe Maimane, Spokesperson of the Department of Energy For Inquiries contact : [email protected] / [email protected], Tel: 012 406 7481 / Cell: 082 766 3674 For RSVP [email protected], Tel: 012 406 7475 / Cell: 073 762 9228 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Nobel Peace Prize
    TITLE: Learning From Peace Makers OVERVIEW: Students examine The Dalai Lama as a Nobel Laureate and compare / contrast his contributions to the world with the contributions of other Nobel Laureates. SUBJECT AREA / GRADE LEVEL: Civics and Government 7 / 12 STATE CONTENT STANDARDS / BENCHMARKS: -Identify, research, and clarify an event, issue, problem or phenomenon of significance to society. -Gather, use, and evaluate researched information to support analysis and conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The student will demonstrate the ability to... -know and understand The Dalai Lama as an advocate for peace. -research and report the contributions of others who are recognized as advocates for peace, such as those attending the Peace Conference in Portland: Aldolfo Perez Esquivel, Robert Musil, William Schulz, Betty Williams, and Helen Caldicott. -compare and contrast the contributions of several Nobel Laureates with The Dalai Lama. MATERIALS: -Copies of biographical statements of The Dalai Lama. -List of Nobel Peace Prize winners. -Copy of The Dalai Lama's acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize. -Bulletin board for display. PRESENTATION STEPS: 1) Students read one of the brief biographies of The Dalai Lama, including his Five Point Plan for Peace in Tibet, and his acceptance speech for receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace. 2) Follow with a class discussion regarding the biography and / or the text of the acceptance speech. 3) Distribute and examine the list of Nobel Peace Prize winners. 4) Individually, or in cooperative groups, select one of the Nobel Laureates (give special consideration to those coming to the Portland Peace Conference). Research and prepare to report to the class who the person was and why he / she / they won the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • Educating for Peace and Justice: Religious Dimensions, Grades 7-12
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 392 723 SO 026 048 AUTHOR McGinnis, James TITLE Educating for Peace and Justice: Religious Dimensions, Grades 7-12. 8th Edition. INSTITUTION Institute for Peace and Justice, St. Louis, MO. PUB DATE 93 NOTE 198p. AVAILABLE FROM Institute for Peace and Justice, 4144 Lindell Boulevard, Suite 124, St. Louis, MO 63108. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Conflict Resolution; Critical Thinking; Cross Cultural Studies; *Global Education; International Cooperation; *Justice; *Multicultural Education; *Peace; *Religion; Religion Studies; Religious Education; Secondary Education; Social Discrimination; Social Problems; Social Studies; World Problems ABSTRACT This manual examines peace and justice themes with an interfaith focus. Each unit begins with an overview of the unit, the teaching procedure suggested for the unit and helpful resources noted. The volume contains the following units:(1) "Of Dreams and Vision";(2) "The Prophets: Bearers of the Vision";(3) "Faith and Culture Contrasts";(4) "Making the Connections: Social Analysis, Social Sin, and Social Change";(5) "Reconciliation: Turning Enemies and Strangers into Friends";(6) "Interracial Reconciliation"; (7) "Interreligious Reconciliation";(8) "International Reconciliation"; (9) "Conscientious Decision-Making about War and Peace Issues"; (10) "Solidarity with the Poor"; and (11) "Reconciliation with the Earth." Seven appendices conclude the document. (EH) * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are
    [Show full text]
  • Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: the Evolution of a Doctrine
    www.doew.at Brigitte Bailer-Galanda “Revisionism”1 in Germany and Austria: The Evolution of a Doctrine Published in: Hermann Kurthen/Rainer Erb/Werner Bergmann (ed.), Anti-Sem- itism and Xenophobia in Germany after Unification, New York–Oxford 1997 Development of “revisionism” since 1945 Most people understand so called „revisionism“ as just another word for the movement of holocaust denial (Benz 1994; Lipstadt 1993; Shapiro 1990). Therefore it was suggested lately to use the word „negationism“ instead. How- ever in the author‘s point of view „revisionism“ covers some more topics than just the denying of the National Socialist mass murders. Especially in Germany and Austria there are some more points of National Socialist politics some people have tried to minimize or apologize since 1945, e. g. the responsibility for World War II, the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 (quite a modern topic), (the discussion) about the number of the victims of the holocaust a. s. o.. In the seventies the late historian Martin Broszat already called that movement „run- ning amok against reality“ (Broszat 1976). These pseudo-historical writers, many of them just right wing extremist publishers or people who quite rapidly turned to right wing extremists, really try to prove that history has not taken place, just as if they were able to make events undone by denying them. A conception of “negationism” (Auerbach 1993a; Fromm and Kernbach 1994, p. 9; Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz 1994) or “holocaust denial” (Lipstadt 1993, p. 20) would neglect the additional components of “revision- ism”, which are logically connected with the denying of the holocaust, this being the extreme variant.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction After Totalitarianism – Stalinism and Nazism Compared
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89796-9 - Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick Excerpt More information 1 Introduction After Totalitarianism – Stalinism and Nazism Compared Michael Geyer with assistance from Sheila Fitzpatrick The idea of comparing Nazi Germany with the Soviet Union under Stalin is not a novel one. Notwithstanding some impressive efforts of late, however, the endeavor has achieved only limited success.1 Where comparisons have been made, the two histories seem to pass each other like trains in the night. That is, while there is some sense that they cross paths and, hence, share a time and place – if, indeed, it is not argued that they mimic each other in a deleterious war2 – little else seems to fit. And this is quite apart from those approaches which, on principle, deny any similarity because they consider Nazism and Stalinism to be at opposite ends of the political spectrum. Yet, despite the very real difficulties inherent in comparing the two regimes and an irreducible political resistance against such comparison, attempts to establish their commonalities have never ceased – not least as a result of the inclination to place both regimes in opposition to Western, “liberal” traditions. More often than not, comparison of Stalinism and Nazism worked by way of implicating a third party – the United States.3 Whatever the differences between them, they appeared small in comparison with the chasm that separated them from liberal-constitutional states and free societies. Since a three-way comparison 1 Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (London: HarperCollins, 1991); Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin, eds., Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977); Henry Rousso, ed., Stalinisme et nazisme: Histoire et memoire´ comparees´ (Paris: Editions´ Complexe, 1999); English translation by Lucy Golvan et al., Stalinism and Nazism (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004); Richard J.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT Annual Report October 1987
    ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT Annual Report October 1987 - September 1988 President: The Rt Revd Trevor Huddleston CR Vice Presidents: Sir Hugh Casson KCVO Jack Jones CH Joan Lestor MP Rt Hon David Steel MP Sponsors: Merle Amory Ray Buckton Julie Christie Jerry 'Demmers Basil Davidson Professor Dorothy Hodgkin OM Bill Morris Dafydd Ells Thomas MP Pauline Wabb Rt Revd Wilfred Wood Chairperson: Bob Hughes MP Vic-heirpemons: Dan Thee, Suresh Kameth Hon Treasurer: Vella Pillay Hon Secretary: Abdul S Minty Executive Secretary: Mike Terry Deputy Executive Secretary: Alan Brooks Staff: Colin Adkins Stuart Bell Lorraine Carver (from May 1988) Jacqui Collison (from March 1988) Rosalind Epson Vanessa Eyre Mick Flynn Elizabeth George Chitre Karve Mike Ketchum Sue, Longbottom Joni McDougall (from Jenuary 1988) Clive Nelson Ngozi Onwurah (from October 1988) Mamta Singh Karen Talbot Tim Walker (from March 1988) Typsattingtlayout: Nancy White CONTENTS Introduction .......................... 3 South Africa ......................... 8 Namibia ........................... 10 Front Line States ..................... 11 CAMPAIGNS Sanctions Now[ ...................... 12 Nelson Mandela: Freedom at 70 ............. 13 Economic collaboration .... ..........18 - Disinvestment 18; Banking 18; Gold 18; Trade 19; Consumer boycott 19; Coal 20; Uranium 21; Oil 21; Tourism 22; Emigration 22 Military and nuclear collaboration ........... .23 Cultural boycott ..................... 24 Academic boycott .................... 25 Sports boycott ...................... 26 Southern Africa
    [Show full text]
  • The 7Th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates Took Place in Rome From
    )LQDO6WDWHPHQW The 7th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates took place in Rome from November 17 to 19 and was held, as were previous Summits, on the initiative of Mikhail Gorbachev and the Mayor of Rome, Walter Veltroni. The ceremony of the acknowledgement of Man of Peace 2006 took place before the opening of the Summit. It was awarded to Peter Gabriel. The Summit was openend by Walter Veltroni, Lech Walesa and Mairead Corrigan Maguire. Those taking part in the Summit were: Frederik Willem De Klerk, Mairead Corrigan Maguire, Lech Walesa, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, International Peace Bureau, United Nations Organization, United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children’s Fund, International Labour Organization, Mèdecins sans Frontières, American Friends Service Committee, Red Cross, International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Pugwash Conference. Guests of honour were: Mayor of Hiroshima and President of the World’s Mayors for Peace Tadatoshi Akiba, Nobel Laureate for Medicine Rita Levi Montalcini, Man of Peace 2006 Peter Gabriel, Representative of the Weapons of Mass Distruction Commission Jayantha Dhanapala, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends and Greenhouse Crisis Foundation Jeremy Rifkin, Under-Secretary- General of the United Nations Nobuaki Tanaka and Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations Jose Antonio Ocampo. In the course of the debate the Nobel Peace Laureates and Organizations observed that for most of the Twentieth century international politics was defined by the confrontation between East and West. Today, international politics has become much more complex. First on the agenda of the Summit was the approval of the creation of the Permanent Secretariat of Nobel Peace Laureates Summits.
    [Show full text]
  • Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships
    Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-making in Fascist-era Dictatorships ANTOÂ NIO COSTA PINTO Italian Fascism and German National-Socialism were both attempts to create a charismatic leadership and `totalitarian tension' that was, in one form or another, also present in other dictatorships of the period.1 After taking power, both National-Socialism and Fascism became powerful instruments of a `new order', agents of a `parallel administration', and promoters of innumerable tensions within these dictatorial political systems. Transformed into single parties, they ¯ourished as breeding-grounds for a new political elite and as agents for a new mediation between the state and civil society, creating tensions between the single party and the state apparatus in the process.2 These tensions were responsible for the emergence of new centres of political decision-making that on the one hand led to the concentration of power in the hands of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, but also removed it from the government and the ministerial elite, who were often increasingly subordinated to the single party and its `parallel administration'. This article seeks to ascertain the locus of political decision-making authority, the composition and the recruitment channels of the dictatorships' ministerial elites during the fascist era. It will do so by examining three fundamental areas. The ®rst of these is charisma and political decision-making, that is, an examination of the characteristics of the relationships that existed between the dictators and their ministerial elites by studying the composition and structure of these elites, as well as the methods used in their recruitment and the role of the single parties in the political system and in the governmental selection process.
    [Show full text]
  • 19 October 2020 Towards Atonement and Reparations for Belgium's
    19 October 2020 Towards Atonement and Reparations for Belgium’s Plunder of the Congo On June 30, 1960, Patrice Emery Lumumba, Congo's first democratically-elected Prime Minister, delivered a scathing account of Belgian colonial rule. In the presence of then-King Baudouin of Belgium, Lumumba evoked the many atrocities of Belgium’s eighty years of colonial rule, including "humiliating slavery imposed by force," land seizure and racist laws. The "wounds are too fresh and too painful still for us to drive them from our memory," Lumumba lamented.1 Lumumba was excoriated and ridiculed by Western governments and media for his bold and lucid account of Congolese suffering under Belgium and the rule of King Leopold II. While the Belgian state offered an apology in 2002 for its role in Lumumba’s assassination, Belgians are still in deep denial about their colonial past. The atrocities committed under King Leopold II’s rule in the Congo (1885 – 1908) are well documented and represent some of the most heinous crimes committed in human history. Congolese were forced into labor to produce rubber, children were held as ransom, villages were razed, hands, feet and genitals were amputated - all in an effort to extract maximum labor, resources and profit from the Congolese people. In 1890, African American human rights activist and Civil War hero George Washington Williams said that what was unfolding in the Congo were crimes against humanity. An estimated 10 million Congolese perished under the King’s reign as he extracted ivory and rubber to enrich his Kingdom. The atrocities committed under the 23-year reign of King Leopold were such an offence to the conscience of humanity that it spurred an international movement that ultimately resulted in the King turning over the Congo to the Belgian state in 1908.
    [Show full text]
  • F O U N D E D 1 8 6 0 Cover19-20.Qxp 1 8/16/19 2:39 PM Page 1
    Cover19-20.qxp_1 8/16/19 2:39 PM Page 1 Bard FOUNDED 1 8 6 0 2019–20 Cover19-20.qxp_1 8/16/19 2:39 PM Page 3 Bard College Catalogue 2019–20 The first order of business in college is to figure out your place in the world and in your life and career. College life starts with introspection, as opposed to a public, collective impetus. We try to urge students to think about their place in the world and to develop a desire to participate from inside themselves. —Leon Botstein, President, Bard College The Bard College Catalogue is published by the Bard Publications Office. Cover: The Richard B. Fisher Center for the Perfoming Arts at Bard College Back cover: The Gabrielle H. Reem and Herbert J. Kayden Center for Science and Computation Photos: Peter Aaron ’68/Esto Bard College PO Box 5000 Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504-5000 Phone: 845-758-6822 Website: bard.edu Email: [email protected] CONTENTS Mission 1 Division of Social Studies 155 Anthropology 156 History of Bard 2 Economics 163 Economics and Finance 169 Learning at Bard 18 Historical Studies 170 Curriculum 19 Philosophy 185 Academic Programs and Political Studies 193 Concentrations 24 Religion 202 Academic Requirements and Sociology 208 Regulations 26 Specialized Degree Programs 30 Interdivisional Programs and Concentrations 213 Admission 32 Africana Studies 213 American Studies 214 Academic Calendar 35 Asian Studies 215 Classical Studies 216 Division of the Arts 37 Environmental and Urban Studies 217 Art History and Visual Culture 37 Experimental Humanities 222 Dance 47 French Studies 223
    [Show full text]