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Concrete Infrastructure Sustainability Report No. CSS07-07 May 2007 Concrete Infrastructure Sustainability: Life Cycle Metrics, Materials Design, and Optimized Distribution of Cement Production Alissa Kendall Concrete Infrastructure Sustainability: Life Cycle Metrics, Materials Design, and Optimized Distribution of Cement Production by Alissa Kendall A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Natural Resources and Environment and Civil and Environmental Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2007 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Gregory A. Keoleian, Co-Chair Professor Victor C. Li, Co-Chair Professor Jonathan W. Bulkley Professor Steven E. Kesler Document Description CONCRETE INFRASTRUCTURE SUSTAINABILITY: LIFE CYCLE METRICS, MATERIALS DESIGN, AND OPTIMIZED DISTRIBUTION OF CEMENT PRODUCTION Alissa Kendall Center for Sustainable Systems, Report No. CSS07-07 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan May 2007 162 pp., 51 tables, 48 figures, 4 appendices This document is available online at: http://css.snre.umich.edu Center for Sustainable Systems School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Michigan 440 Church Street, Dana Building Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1041 Phone: 734-764-1412 Fax: 734-647-5841 Email: [email protected] Web: http://css.snre.umich.edu © Copyright 2007 by Alissa Kendall © Alissa Kendall All Rights Reserved 2007 Dedication To My Family and Friends Thanks to all of you for learning more about cement than you had ever hoped too! ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisors and committee members. First and foremost, Gregory A. Keoleian who has guided and advised me throughout my graduate studies, and Victor C. Li, Stephen E. Kesler and Jonathan W. Bulkley for their invaluable support and guidance. I would also like to thank Michael Lepech for continuously sharing his unsurpassed expertise of bridge decks and ECC. This dissertation would not have been possible without the financial support of the National Science Foundation’s Materials Use: Science, Engineering, and Society (NSF MUSES) Biocomplexity Program Grant (CMS-0223971 and CMS-0329416). MUSES supports projects that study the reduction of adverse human impact on the total interactive system of resource use, the design and synthesis of new materials with environmentally benign impacts on biocomplex systems, as well as the maximization of efficient use of materials throughout their life cycles. iii Table of Contents Dedication........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. iii List of Figures.................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi List of Appendices........................................................................................................... xiv Abstract............................................................................................................................. xv Chapter 1. Introduction...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Cement and Sustainability ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Life Cycle Modeling of Concrete Highway Infrastructure....................................... 2 1.2.1 Bridge Deck Application ..................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Green ECC Development .................................................................................... 4 1.3 Trends in the Spatial Distribution of Cement Production Mineral Resources ......... 5 1.3.1 Bedrock Geology Mapping and Overlay Analysis .............................................. 6 1.3.2 Network Analysis for Freight Transport of Cement............................................ 7 1.4 References................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 2. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment ............................................................. 9 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Previous work in LCA of Bridge Decks and Related Systems.......................... 10 2.2.2 Contribution of this study to the existing LCA knowledgebase........................ 11 2.3 LCA Methodology.................................................................................................. 12 2.3.1 Methodological Challenges for Life Cycle Assessment of Bridge Decks......... 14 2.3.2 Bridge Deck System Definition......................................................................... 15 2.3.3 LCA Computer Model design............................................................................ 18 2.3.4 Repair and rehabilitation schedule development ............................................... 19 iv 2.5 LCA Results............................................................................................................ 21 2.5.2 Resource Depletion............................................................................................ 26 2.6 Life Cycle Assessment Scenario Analysis.............................................................. 27 2.6.1 Scenario Analysis for Traffic Parameters: Detour rate...................................... 27 2.6.2 Scenario Analysis for Traffic Parameters: AADT Growth and Fuel Economy Scenarios..................................................................................................................... 29 2.6.3 Alternative Repair and Rehabilitation Schedule................................................ 33 2.7 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 37 2.8 References.............................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3. Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Alternative Concrete Bridge Deck Designs ...... 42 3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 42 3.2 Literature Review and Contribution to existing knowledgebase............................ 43 3.2.1 Previous work in LCCA of Bridge Decks and Related Systems....................... 43 3.2.2 Contribution of this study to the existing LCCA knowledgebase ..................... 44 3.3 LCCA Methodology ............................................................................................... 45 3.3.1 LCCA Computer Model Design ........................................................................ 45 3.3.2 User Costs .......................................................................................................... 46 3.3.3 Agency Costs ..................................................................................................... 48 3.3.4 Environmental Costs.......................................................................................... 48 3.3.5 Selection of a Discount Rate.............................................................................. 53 3.4 LCCA results for baseline scenario ........................................................................ 54 3.5 Sensitivity, Uncertainty, and Scenario Analyses.................................................... 58 3.5.1 Scenario Analysis for Traffic Parameters: AADT Growth and Fuel Economy Scenarios..................................................................................................................... 58 3.5.2 Sensitivity of the LCCA Model to the Discount Rate Variation ....................... 62 3.5.3 Alternative Pollution Damage Costs.................................................................. 64 3.5.4 Monte-Carlo Simulation Applied to Pollution Damage Costs .......................... 65 3.5.5 The Grove Street Bridge: Case Study of a Low Traffic-Volume Bridge Deck Application.................................................................................................................. 67 3.6 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 68 3.7 References............................................................................................................... 70 v Chapter 4. Integration of Material Design and Sustainability through Life Cycle Modeling of Engineered Cementitious Composites ......................................................... 72 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 72 4.2 Development of the integrated material development framework ......................... 73 4.2.1 Previous work in the field.................................................................................. 73 4.2.2. Integration of Material Design and Life Cycle Modeling ................................ 74 4.3 Integrated Framework Methodology and Goal and Scope Definition.................... 76 4.3.1. Goal and Scope Definition...............................................................................
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