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A Reappraisal of an Onomastic Issue*

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A Reappraisal of an Onomastic Issue* doi: 10.2143/AWE.18.0.3287213 AWE 18 (2019) 177-194 SOPHYTOS, A GREEK NAME FOR AN ENIGMATIC RULER: A REAPPRAISAL OF AN ONOMASTIC ISSUE* MARC MENDOZA AND JAVIER VERDEJO MANCHADO Abstract The Bactrian coins minted with the name of Sophytos have proved to be a true puzzle for researchers into Hellenistic Central Asia. The identification of the personage and the reconstruction of his historical context largely depend on the interpretation of the name and of the few elements present in the coinage. Traditionally, the name Sophytos has been considered non Greek in origin. However, a critical linguistic analysis both of the name and of some epigraphic evidence never before considered points to the fact that the current paradigm is worth reconsidering. One of the most mysterious figures in the already obscure history of the Hellenistic Far East can be found under the name of Sophytos.1 His existence is only known through the mention of this name in the genitive form ΣΩΦΥΤΟΥ, without a title, in the legend found on a series of coins of differing weights and values – tetradrach- mae, didrachmae, drachmae, hemidrachmae, diobols and obols – discovered since the mid-19th century in different points around Central Asia.2 Regarding the iconography, there are basically two series. The first of them shows a portrait of a man wearing an Attic helmet on the obverse, while the reverse shows a rooster, a small caduceus and the legend ΣΩΦΥΤΟΥ (Fig. 1). The second kind shows the * This article was written within the framework of the project ‘The Impact of the Conquest of Alexander the Great (338–279 BC)’ (HAR2014-57096-P). The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr A. Alemany, Dr B. Antela-Bernárdez, Dr D. Dana, J. Jakobsson, Dr M. Oller and our anonymous referees at AWE for their useful comments and suggestions. Any errors and inconsistencies that may remain are the exclusive responsibility of the authors. 1 Regarding the reconstruction of the nominative form in –τος, compared with the traditional -της, see below. 2 The first publication of one of these coins can be found in Cunningham 1866. That coin had been acquired from the merchants of Rawalpindi (Punjab) (see Whitehead 1943, 65–66). In the early 20th century, Dressel (1904, 89, pl. 4.7) published a new piece that was a smaller denomination (a trihemiobol). By the second half of the 20th century, more pieces began to emerge both from excavations (for example at Ai-Khanoum) and in the coin market and private collections. A catalogue of coins with bibliography about them can be found in Bernard et al. 2004, 282, n. 126. However, as Bernard there points out, there are still some coins unpublished in private collections (cf. RNAC 2017, 119–21). 178 M. MENDOZA AND J. VERDEJO MANCHADO head of Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet on the obverse, with the same reverse (Fig. 2).3 The group of coins so far discovered allows us to establish an approximate date and place where they were minted. Based on their weight and style pattern, these coins have been associated with the output of a workshop whose main issues were represented by the imitations of Athenian Owls and by another series of coins where the owl was replaced by an eagle in the last quarter of the 4th century in the prov- ince of Bactria-Sogdiana (Figs. 3, 4). They have numerous iconographic similarities, such as the complex silhouette of the owl, that of the eagle or that of the rooster and the symbol of the caduceus, which can be found on the coins of Sophytos and on the eagle coins, as well as the signature ΣΤΑ-ΜΝΑ or simply ΜΝΑ to the right on the pseudo-Athenian coins, which also accompany the portrait of Sophytos.4 Judging by the dispersion of the coins from this workshop, it must have been located in the north of Hindukush, in Bactria, perhaps in its capital, Bactra. Regarding dates, they were minted after Alexander the Great, since the head of Athena wearing the Corinthian helmet found on some coins is clearly inspired by the Athena who appears on his staters and those of the Successors (Fig. 5). More specifically, the coins bearing the portrait of Sophytos must date from later than 307–303 BC. These pieces imitate the iconography of the coins issued by Seleucus I in Susa and other workshops in the East, which were minted to commemorate the conquest of the Upper Satrapies in 307–303 BC, which for the first time bear the portrait of a Hellenistic ruler wearing a helmet (Fig. 6). Furthermore, the detail of the chinstraps of the helmet in the portrait of Sophytos on the coins is similar to the kind worn by Seleucus.5 This imitation of the style and details may also reveal a relationship between the two historical figures, as we shall discuss below.6 3 In 2005, Bopearachchi published two new coins that offer a variation to these types – a silver tetradrachm (Fig. 7) and a gold stater (Fig. 8) (see Bopearachchi 2005; Bopearachchi and Flandrin 2005, 196–201; cf. RNAC 2017, 119, for a second example of the tetradrachm). The gold stater presents the first type obverse, but with a big caduceus on the reverse and the legend ΣΩΦΥΤΟΥ. The silver tetradrachm follows the second type pattern, but the image of Athena is depicted with an Attic helmet and an apparent more masculine appearance. As we will see, these alleged two new types do not change the general temporal and spatial framework in which the coins are placed necessarily. For a more detailed discussion of these coins, see n. 62. 4 The best study on these pieces is still that by Nicolet-Pierre and Amandry 1994. They could have been issued by the former satrap of the region, Stasanor of Soloi. 5 Houghton and Lorber 2002, 173–74. However, the patterns of the chinstraps are different: a panther skin for Seleucus, a bird’s wing for Sophytos. 6 The analysis of the other iconographic features on the coins, such as the rooster and the caduceus, leads to no conclusive result except the confirmation of its close connection with the Greek world. The possible alternative interpretations of the caduceus and especially the rooster (see Thompson 1936, 33–44; Arnott 2007, 16–18) – which allude to both Greek and other neighbouring cultures – are quite numerous, such that in the case at hand it is easy postulate, as has been done (see below), SOPHYTOS, A GREEK NAME FOR AN ENIGMATIC RULER 179 Fig. 1: Sophytos (1): SNG ANS 21–24; Bopearachchi 1996, 3 (hemidrachm) (source: www.cngcoins.com). Fig. 2: Sophytos (2): SNG ANS 27; Bopearachchi 1996, 4 (source: www.cngcoins.com). Fig. 3: Ps.-Athenian Owl: SNG ANS 9; Nicolet-Pierre and Amandry 1994, 1 (source: www.cngcoins.com). Fig. 4: Eagle coin: SNG ANS 14 var.; Bopearachchi 1999, series 2A (source: www.cngcoins.com). 180 M. MENDOZA AND J. VERDEJO MANCHADO Fig. 5: Alexander stater: Price 3999a, uncertain Eastern mint. ca. 325–300 BC (source: www.cngcoins.com). Fig. 6: Seleucus I (Susa mint): SC 173.5b; HGC 9, 20 (source: www.cngcoins.com). Fig. 7: Sophytos’ tetradrachm (after Bopearachchi 2005; source: Roma Numismatics Ltd [www.RomaNumismatics.com]). Fig. 8: Sophytos’ gold stater (after Bopearachchi 2005; source: Roma Numismatics Ltd [www.RomaNumismatics.com]). SOPHYTOS, A GREEK NAME FOR AN ENIGMATIC RULER 181 In short, from information gleaned from the style, weight and iconography of the coins, we can gather that the person under whose auspices they were issued, probably Greek in origin7 or at least a highly Hellenised individual, must have been associated with the Macedonian power, and more specifically with Seleucus, and that he occupied his post, whatever it was, in Bactria in the late 4th century or early 3rd century BC. This is one of the most accepted hypothesis about the coins, except for the name on them, ΣΟΦΥΤΟΥ, and its bearer.8 On quite a few occasions, far from providing clarification or corroboration, the coin legend ΣΩΦΥΤΟΥ has been a major focal point of controversy. Indeed, it has traditionally been believed that the name is not Greek, since no parallel had been found in Hellenic anthroponomy. This seems to contradict the data gleaned from the main features of the coins and their iconography, according to which we would expect a Greek figure. Therefore, doubt has been cast on the temporal and spatial ascription of the coins, and a host of alternative theories has emerged, some of which openly contradict the data provided by the numismatic analysis. all kinds of assessment. Regarding the rooster, its appearance in Hellenic numismatic iconography is so common (Cyzicus, Mytilene, Mithymna, Himera, Aspendus, Dardanus, Thrace, Karystos, Tegea, Amphipolis, etc.; cf. Hurter 2006, 193–94) that is it difficult to point to any remotely reliable interconnection. However, based on this broad dispersion, the only certain fact is that the representation of this animal on the coins of Sophytos links up directly with a deeply rooted Greek tradition, rendering it unnecessary to seek ties with other cultures. As for the caduceus, it has traditionally been interpreted as a symbol of Hermes, deity of trade and peace, symbolism to which these coins could refer (see Bopearachchi 2005, 59). 7 In addition, Narain (1949) and Bopearachchi (2005, 59–61) have pointed out that the physiognomy of the personage on the coins seems to belong to a Greek. 8 See Newell 1938, 231–36; Whitehead 1943; Bopearachchi 1996; Coloru 2009, 139–41, cf. Mørkholm 1991, 73. We do not accept the position of some scholars (such as Frye 1984, 163–64, 168 and Lerner 1999, 20, both with bibliographies, cf.
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