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Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph Identifying word-order convergence in the speech of Welsh-English bilinguals Peredur Glyn Cwyfan DAVIES Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D. ), The School of Linguistics and English Language, Bangor University 2010 Traethawd a gyflwynwyd ar gyfer gradd Doethur mewn Athroniaeth (Ph. D. ), Ysgol Ieithyddiaeth ac Iaith Saesneg, Prifysgol Bangor 2010 Supervised by / Goruchwyliwyd gan: Prof. Margaret Deuchar 1 Abstract This thesis presents a study of the speech of Welsh-English bilinguals to determine the extent and manner of the structural influence of English on Welsh, specifically the phenomenon of convergence, which is described as the increase in frequency of use of a construction (e. g. word order) In one language due to the prevalence of that construction in another language with which its speakers are in contact. I take two approaches to measure convergence, using Welsh-English conversational data which were specially-collected for a 40 hour corpus. First, I adapt the Matrix Language Frame model (Myers-Scotton 2002), usable to Identify the language from which clause morphosyntax is sourced, to identify convergence. I propose the concept of a dichotomous Matrix Language, which is where there is conflicting evidence for which language provides clause structure. In testing the model on speech from six speakers, I find that, with few exceptions, Welsh is the source of the structure In the majority of clauses analysed. I Interpret this to show that word-order convergence In these data Is limited Insofar as using the Matrix Language Frame model indicates. Second, I analyse the speech of 28 bilinguals for evidence of the deletion of the initial auxiliary verb in periphrastic constructions Involving an auxiliary form of bod `be' and a 2"d person singular pronominal subject ti. Auxiliary deletion (AD) in such clauses results In a clause-initial subject, which I compare to English SVO word-order. I find that AD In such contexts Is very common In these data, and is also found In clauses with a different subject. Analysis of age variation In the data Indicates that AD In Welsh has become more common In recent years. I propose that an Increase to subject-initial clauses In Welsh may be a change in progress, which I Interpret to be in part due to convergence to English. Identifying word-order convergence in DAVIES, Peredur G. C. the speech of Welsh-English bilinguals 2010 2 Table of contents figures 7 List of tables and ........................................................................ 10 Acknowledgments ................................................................................ declaration 12 Author's ............................................................................. in this thesis 13 List of abbreviations used ................................................ Chapter 1- Introduction: An examination of the future of the Welsh language 15 ............................................................................................... Chapter 2- Review of the literature on convergence and contact- induced language 22 phenomena .............................................................. 1. Introduction: Language bilingualism 22 contact and ................................ 2. Convergence 26 .................................................................................. 3. Previous 32 research on convergence .................................................... 4. Other 45 views of convergence ............................................................. 5. Other language 55 processes of contact-induced change .......................... 6. Code-switching 62 ............................................................................... 7. Monolingual bilingual 67 versus mode .................................................... 8. Code-switching language 68 and change ................................................ 9. Congruence 73 ................................................................................... 10. Conclusion 78 ..................................................................................... Chapter 3- Theoretical and methodological issues relating to data analysis: the Matrix Language Frame model ......................................... 79 1. Introduction 79 ................................................................................... 2. Concepts base language for bilingual of a a clause .............................. 80 3. Myers-Scotton the MLF and model .................................................... 83 The the MLF a. principles of model ....................................................... 85 i. System Morpheme Principle ..................................................................... 85 ii. Morpheme Order Principle ....................................................................... 89 b. Testing the MLF model on clauses containing classic code-switching...... 92 Identifying word-order convergence in DAVIES, Peredur G. C. the speech of Welsh-English bilinguals 2010 3 Motivating the the MLF 95 c. choice of model ............................................. 4. Convergence from the MLF 104 model's perspective .................................... 5. The dichotomous language 110 matrix ................................................... Adding to the MLF 110 a. model ....................................................................... b. Defining dichotomous ML 110 a .................................................................... Examples dichotomous language c. of clauses with a matrix ................... 113 d. The connection between a dichotomous matrix language and 117 convergence ........................................................................................ 6. Methodology the to data of applying model ....................................... 119 The the a. clause as unit of analysis .................................................... 120 b. Identifying late in Welsh English 125 outside system morphemes and ........ Identifying between English Welsh c. word-order similarities and ............ 127 Subject finite I. and verb .......................................................................... 128 ii. Head In NPs and modifier ...................................................................... 132 d. The options for identifying the language 139 matrix of a clause ................. I. Welsh ML ............................................................................................ 139 1. Examples ............................................................................................ 140 ii. English ML ........................................................................................... 142 1. Examples ............................................................................................ 143 Ill. ' Dichotomous ML ............................::..........:....................:..................... 144 1. Examples 145 ............................................................. ................................ iv. Unidentifiable ML ..........................................:....................................... 147 1. ........ `. examples ......:.......................::........:.......................................... 148 7. Conclusion ........................................... :....::................................... 149 Chapter 4- Methodology data and 150 of collection transcription ............ 1. Introduction .................................................:.............:......:........... 150 2. The source the data 150 of ...................... .............................. ................. 3. Data collection .............................................................................. 151 Designing the a. sample .............:.... '.................................................. 152 Identifying word-order convergence In DAVIES, Peredur G.C. the speech of Welsh-English bilinguals 2010 4 153 b. Methods of obtaining participants .................................................... 155 c. Recording the participants .............................................................. 155 i. Arranging recordings ...................................................................... 155 ii. Recording process ......................................................................... 159 d. Speaker questionnaires .................................................................. 161 i. Questionnaire variables .................................................................. 161 1. Gender ............................................................................................... Age 161 2. .................................................................................................... 162 3. Occupation .......................................................................................... Regional 162 4. origin ..................................................................................... 5. Education 163 ............................................................................................ 6. Age 163 of acquisition ................................................................................. 7. Social 165 network ..................................................................................... 8. Attitudes to Welsh English 165 and ............................................................... 4. Transcription data 166 and coding of ...................................................... The transcription 166 a. process ...............................................................
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