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AMANDLA! THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN CELEBRATING PEOPLE’S POWER IN THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA AMANDLA! THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN ISBN 978-1-77018-225-7 © Department of Education 2008 All rights reserved. You may copy material from this publication for use in non-profit education programmes if you acknowledge the source. For use in publication, please obtain the written permission of the Department of Education. Enquiries Directorate: Race and Values, Department of Education, Room 223, 123 Schoeman Street, Pretoria Tel: 012 312-5080 Fax: 012 326-1909 Email: [email protected] The Department of Education gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the Royal Netherlands Embassy towards the development and distribution of this publication. CELEBRATING PEOPLE’S POWER IN THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA 2 INTRODUCTION his book was written in 2008, the year of the strikes. These historic worker’s strikes created a T90th birthday of the father of our nation, chain reaction of strikes throughout the country Nelson Mandela. We often celebrate the heroes in the 1970s and revived the trade union who are well known and who have a celebrity movement, which flourished in the 1980s. status, but as Madiba himself said: ■ In the last days of apartheid, extreme “The time will come when our nation will honour the violence both in and outside South Africa memory of all the sons, the daughters, the mothers, reached a peak. In THE BATTLE OF CUITO the fathers, the youth and the children who, by CUANAVALE we commemorate the 20th their thoughts and deeds, gave us the right to assert anniversary of an historic battle that ended with pride that we are South Africans, that we are the dominance of apartheid military forces Africans and that we are citizens of the world.” in southern Africa. This battle was also the - State of the Nation Address at the Houses of expression of a violent civil war in Angola and Parliament, May 24, 1994 the Cold War conflict between the USA and the USSR. It is an example of how our struggle for This book is a celebration of all those women liberation was intimately connected to other and men whose names we do not know by struggles all over the world. heart, but whose sacrifices have all played a part in creating a democratic South Africa. ■ In the 1980s South Africans from every They risked being harassed, being shot at by walk of life joined hands in the final push to the police, being imprisoned, being put under destroy the oppressive forces of apartheid. In house arrest, being detained without trial, being FORWARD TO PEOPLE’S POWER we tortured and being assassinated. They did not celebrate the 25th anniversary of the formation necessarily become famous or wealthy in the of the United Democratic Front (UDF). The new South Africa. They did not necessarily live UDF brought all sorts of organisations and to see the liberation of their land. They were individuals together in a way that had never women and men, youth, workers, soldiers, happened before. It was a true expression of teachers, academics, domestic workers, farmers, “power to the people”. artists, professionals – fellow comrades all united in the struggle. Their deeds of courage ■ We do celebrate two famous heroes in call us all to action now! Like them we must this book - two people of the people. In encourage each other, learn as much as we can LIVES WELL LIVED we celebrate the 90th about the challenges that face us today, grow a anniversary of the births of Nelson Mandela vision for the 21st century and play our part in and his dear friend Albertina Sisulu. Both had making that vision come true. the opportunity to leave apartheid South Africa, but stayed. Their leadership and determination ■ It may surprise you to discover that it was helped nurture the seed that was to become the women who organised the first non-racial, mass democratic South Africa we enjoy today. action in South Africa. The Bantu Women’s League was an important stepping stone in ■ We hope these celebrations inspire you to the mostly hidden history of the struggle of become more involved. Maybe you will think women in South Africa. In the chapter, OUR about becoming an activist, a volunteer, a WOMEN LED THE WAY, we celebrate the development worker, a change agent or a trend 90th anniversary of the Bantu Women’s League setter in your community. We invite you to and the formidable women’s movement that learn more about the power of the people, and grew around it. the power you have to change history, in the LEARNING ACTIVITIES for each chapter ■ Another group of largely unnamed heroes on pages 71-86 of this book. are the workers whose mass strike campaigns helped bring apartheid to its knees. In WORKERS OF THE WORLD UNITE we celebrate the 35th anniversary of the Durban 3 THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN “... The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come. The time to build is upon us. We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination ... © Paul Velasco /PictureNET Africa /PictureNET © Paul Velasco Nelson Mandela at his inauguration, Union Buildings, Pretoria, 10 May 1994. We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our Let there be justice for all. people. We enter into a covenant that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, Let there be peace for all. both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of Let there be work, bread, water and salt for their inalienable right to human dignity - a all. rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world ... Let each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed to fulfill We dedicate this day to all the heroes and themselves. heroines in this country and the rest of the world who sacrificed in many ways and Never, never and never again shall it be that surrendered their lives so that we could be this beautiful land will again experience the free. oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world. Their dreams have become reality. Freedom is their reward ... Let freedom reign. We understand it still that there is no easy The sun shall never set on so glorious a road to freedom. human achievement! We know it well that none of us acting alone God bless Africa!” can achieve success. Extracts from the statement of the president We must therefore act together as a united of the African National Congress, Nelson people, for national reconciliation, for nation Mandela, at his inauguration as President of building, for the birth of a new world. South Africa, Pretoria, 10 May 1994 4 CONTENTS OUR WOMEN LED THE WAY .....................................................................................5 90th anniversary of the formation of the Bantu Women’s League WORKERS OF THE WORLD UNITE .........................................................................17 35th anniversary of the Durban strikes THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE ....................................................................27 20th anniversary of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale FORWARD TO PEOPLE’S POWER ...........................................................................41 25th anniversary of the formation of the United Democratic Front LIVES WELL LIVED .................................................................................................57 90th anniversary of the births of Nelson Mandela & Albertina Sisulu LEARNING ACTIVITIES ...........................................................................................71 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................88 Acknowledgements Photo credits: Adil Bradlow; AFP Photo; Africa Media Online; Project management: Rola Ball Eduscript. Andy Mason; Associated Press; Avusa Media; Bailey’s African History Archives; Barry Iverson; Bongani Nguni; Cedric Nunn; Research and writing: André Croucamp, Diane Favis, Julia Grey, City of Johannesburg; David Sandison; Duggan Cronin; Freedom Francois Venter and Dr Patricia Watson. Park; Free State Provincial Archives; Gallo Images; Gauteng Corporate Communications; Gisele Wolfsohn; Gordon Rainsford; Historical consultants: Phil Bonner and Derrick O’Leary. Henner Frankenfeld; Jurgen Schadeberg; Keven Maytham; Linda Martindale; Local History Museum Durban; Lorri Waselchuk; Picture research: Marie Human. Marty Lederhandler; Mayibuye Archives; McGregor Museum Kimberley; Morris Zwi; Nelson Mandela Foundation; Oryx Media; Design and layout: Neil Verlaque-Napper. Pascal Guyot; Paul Valesco; Paul Weinberg; PictureNet Africa; Rodney Barnett; Ruphin Coudyzer; SA Navy; South African Graphics and photo deep etching: Warren Nelson. History Archives; Shaun Harris; Sisulu Family; South Photographs; Sowetan; Sunday Times Heritage Project; Swapo Party Archives; Copy editing: Lorraine Kearney. Sydney Seshibedi; The Mercury; The Star; Themba Hadebe; Time Life Pictures; Unisa Archive; United Nations Photo; Wits Historical Cover photograph: Alan Keartland. Papers. The Department of Education gratefully acknowledges permission to reproduce copyright material in this publication. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, but if any copyright infringements have been made, the Department would be grateful for information that would enable any omissions or errors
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