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Barradas El Ultimo Conquistador.Pdf SECRETARÍA DE CULTURA Alejandra Frausto Guerrero Secretaria de Cultura INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTUDIOS HISTÓRICOS DE LAS REVOLUCIONES DE MÉXICO Pedro Salmerón Sanginés Director General Felipe Arturo Ávila Espinosa Director General Adjunto de Investigación Histórica Gabriela Alejandra Cantú Westendarp Directora General Adjunta de Difusión de la Historia MÉXICO 2019 Portada: Carlos Paris, siglo XIX. Acción militar de Pueblo Viejo, Tamaulipas, 1829, óleo sobre tela, Museo Nacional de Historia, Castillo de Chapultepec, Secretaría de Cultura.INAH.mx. Ediciones impresas: Primera edición, INEHRM, 2011. Ediciones en formato electrónico: Primera edición, INEHRM, 2019. D.R. © Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México (INEHRM), Francisco I. Madero núm. 1, Colonia San Ángel, C. P. 01000, Alcaldía Álvaro Obregón, Ciudad de México. www.inehrm.gob.mx Las características gráficas y tipográficas de esta edición son propiedad del Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México, órgano desconcentrado de la Secretaría de Cultura. Todos los derechos reservados. Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, la fotocopia o la grabación, sin la previa autorización por escrito del Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. ISBN: 978-607-549-103-5 HECHO EN MÉXICO. Índice Introducción .............................................................................9 Capítulo I ............................................................................... 17 Antecedentes ................................................................... 19 Los intentos de reconquista de México ........................... 37 Barradas y Laborde: cara y cruz de la reconquista ......... 51 Barradas ........................................................................... 52 Laborde ............................................................................ 87 Capítulo II .............................................................................. 95 La expedición se prepara ................................................ 97 Organización de la brigada ........................................... 102 Capítulo III ........................................................................... 149 La campaña de Tampico ................................................ 151 Del desembarco a Los Corchos ..................................... 162 México defiende su libertad .......................................... 180 Aviraneta... ¿al servicio de quién? ................................. 240 La capitulación .............................................................. 282 Acusaciones contra Barradas ........................................ 319 Reclamación del comerciante español José de la Lastra ........................................ 324 Capítulo IV ........................................................................... 343 Acción y reacción. España y el resto de potencias ante la invasión de México ..................................... 345 [ 5 ] Aferrados a una quimera: nuevos planes de reconquista ............................................. 367 Ascensos otorgados por Barradas ................................. 376 Estados Unidos, Francia e Inglaterra y la invasión española de México ................................................ 378 Inglaterra, ¿la aliada fiel? ............................................... 384 Capítulo V ............................................................................ 397 La leyenda del último conquistador español ................ 399 Anexos (Documentación mexicana) .................................... 417 Anexo número 1 ............................................................ 419 Anexo número 2 ............................................................ 423 Anexo número 3 ............................................................ 427 Anexo número 4 ............................................................ 428 Anexo número 5 ............................................................ 438 Oficiales pertenecientes a la División Expedicionaria a Nueva España ............................ 447 Otros mandos y oficiales de la expedición ................... 461 Aventureros alistados en La Habana para partir a Tampico ............................................. 463 Glosario ................................................................................ 475 Usos y medidas .................................................................... 478 Artillería utilizada en la expedición ................................... 478 Galería ................................................................................. 481 Bibliografía ........................................................................... 491 A Aranzazu, mi esposa, por estar siempre a mi lado. A mis amigos Luis Alejandre Sintes y Alejandro Cardozo Uzcátegui, por su amistad y apoyo. Introducción s intención de esta investigación histórica aclarar, ma- tizar y en ocasiones rehacer la historia de este episodio Etan significativo para la historia de México y tan olvidado para la de España. El título de este libro hace referencia a lo sucedido a la ex- pedición reconquistadora de México desde sus preparativos hasta su trágico final en 1829. Asimismo, se ha estudiado la figura de su comandante en jefe, el brigadier Isidro Barradas, quien pudo convertirse en el segundo Hernán Cortés, como le llamaban con sorna los periódicos mexicanos, y quien, en vez de héroe y alcanzar la Gloria, sucumbió en las tinieblas del olvido. A pesar de lo reducido en lo temporal y espacial, la inva- sión española a México resultó de gran trascendencia para ambas naciones en liza. Todavía hoy es poco conocida en España, debido a que se trató de un sonoro fracaso militar (España no rinde homenaje a sus perdedores) y a que llevó a la pérdida definitiva de las colonias americanas continen- tales. Sin embargo, para México este acontecimiento supuso el principio de su Independencia y un profundo sentimiento patriótico. n Esta historia que tienen ante ustedes está fundamentada en una investigación inédita de fuentes documentales procedentes de [ 11 ] archivos españoles y cubanos. Se ha realizado una profusa búsqueda en diversos archivos de la península, fundamen- talmente en el Archivo General de Indias (Sevilla), Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid), Servicio Histórico Militar (Ma- drid) y Archivo General del Ejército (Segovia). A esta precia- da aportación hay que añadir las noticias aparecidas al res- pecto en La Gazeta de Madrid y en El Diario Mercantil de Cádiz. Respecto a la información procedente de Cuba, destacamos la documentación prácticamente desconocida relativa al jui- cio que contra el brigadier Barradas se abrió en la isla, y a su expedición (Asuntos Políticos), así como la procedente de Correspondencia Capitanes Generales, ambas localizadas en el Archivo Nacional de Cuba. Gracias a la importante documentación original encon- trada, deseamos que sea el lector quien disfrute con las tras- cripciones que aportamos para que vaya descubriendo los entresijos de la expedición reconquistadora y el fuerte carác- ter de su protagonista, el brigadier Isidro Barradas. Consideramos que este libro no pretende reflejar uno por uno los numerosos errores y falsedades que jalonan la historia de esta expedición y su comandante, sino que se presenta ante ustedes como un punto y aparte de lo escrito hasta el momento, desde la perspectiva española. Creemos necesario mostrar ante la comunidad científica esta visión de los hechos, ya que por la parte americana se han escri- to interesantes trabajos de investigación basados en fuentes documentales mexicanas, tales como los realizados por los historiadores Miguel Ángel Sánchez Lamego y Harold Sims. Los antecedentes bibliográficos, tanto mexicanos como españoles, son escasos y en gran parte contienen graves errores. Los investigadores que han escrito sobre este epi- sodio no se cuestionaron que los acontecimientos pudieran haber sido mucho más complejos, validando las tergiversa- 12 JESÚS RUIZ DE GORDEJUELA URQUIJO ciones que el calumniador Eugenio de Aviraneta escribió en Mis memorias íntimas, mentiras que se han reproducido hasta nuestros días. Hace más de 50 años que el profesor don Jai- me Delgado ya nos advertía del peligro de tomar en serio los escritos de semejante personaje. No obstante, a pesar de la recomendación del profesor español, Aviraneta alcanzó su objetivo, que no era otro que el de manipular la historia para su propio interés. El diario del subteniente Joaquín Rodríguez Campos nos ofrece una información de primerísimo orden para conocer los pormenores de la división española, pero que ha de utilizarse con precaución, ya que en este manuscrito se observa, por una parte, un fiel reflejo de los hechos (del cual nos hemos servido) y por otra, una clara actitud despreciativa hacia el brigadier Barradas que en ocasiones roza lo grotesco. Debemos te- ner presente que Rodríguez Campos, después de alcanzar el grado de coronel en 1845, ocupó un importante cargo en la Hacienda cubana, el de intendente contador general de Cuba, nombramiento amparado por su superior, el inten- dente Pinillos, razón más que suficiente para denostar la persona del fallecido Barradas. Es unánime la condena a Barradas por ambas partes en conflicto. Para los republicanos reconocer que la derrota es- pañola se debió a factores no vinculados a la superioridad militar mexicana es menospreciar el
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