Audrey Hepburn (/ˈɔːdri ˈhɛpˌbɜrn/; born Audrey 1 Early life Kathleen Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British actress and humanitarian. Recognised as a film and fashion icon, Hepburn was active during Hollywood’s Golden Age. She was ranked by the American Film Insti- tute as the third greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame. Born in Ixelles, a district of Brussels, Hepburn spent her childhood between Bel- Hepburn was born on 4 May 1929 at number 48 gium, England, and the Netherlands, including German- Rue Keyenveld in Ixelles, a municipality in Brussels, occupied Arnhem during the Second World War where Belgium.[2] Her father, Joseph Victor Anthony Rus- she worked as a courier for the Dutch resistance and as- ton (1889–1980), was a British subject born in Úžice, sisted with fundraising. In Amsterdam, she studied bal- Bohemia,[3][lower-alpha 1] to Anna Ruston (née Wels), of let with Sonia Gaskell before moving to in 1948 Austrian descent,[4] and Victor John George Ruston, to continue her ballet training with Marie Rambert and of British and Austrian descent.[5] A one-time hon- perform as a chorus girl in West End musical theatre pro- orary British consul in the Dutch East Indies, Hep- ductions. She spoke several languages, including English, burn’s father had earlier been married to Cornelia Biss- [1] French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, and German. chop, a Dutch heiress.[3][6] Although born Ruston, he Following minor appearances in several films, Hepburn later double-barrelled the surname to the more “aristo- starred in the 1951 Broadway play Gigi after being spot- cratic” Hepburn-Ruston, mistakenly[5] believing himself ted by French novelist Colette. Hepburn shot to star- descended from James Hepburn, third husband of Mary, dom for playing the lead role in Roman Holiday (1953), Queen of Scots.[6] for which she was the first actress to win an Academy Her mother, Baroness Ella van Heemstra (1900–1984), Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for a sin- was a Dutch aristocrat and the daughter of Baron gle performance. The same year, she won a Tony Award Aarnoud van Heemstra, who was mayor of Arnhem from for Best Lead Actress in a Play for her performance in 1910 to 1920, and served as Governor of Dutch Suriname Ondine. Hepburn went on to star in a number of suc- from 1921 to 1928. Ella’s mother was Elbrig Willemine cessful films, such as Sabrina (1954), The Nun’s Story Henriette, Baroness van Asbeck (1873–1939), who was (1959), Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), Charade (1963), a granddaughter of jurist Count Dirk van Hogendorp.[7] My Fair Lady (1964) and Wait Until Dark (1967), for At age nineteen, Ella had married Jonkheer (Esquire) which she received Academy Award, Golden Globe and Hendrik Gustaaf Adolf Quarles van Ufford, but they di- BAFTA nominations. Hepburn won a record three vorced in 1925. Hepburn had two half-brothers from this BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading marriage who were both born in the Dutch East Indies: Role. In recognition of her film career, she was awarded Jonkheer Arnoud Robert Alexander Quarles van Ufford the Lifetime Achievement Award from BAFTA, Golden (1920–1979) and Jonkheer Ian Edgar Bruce Quarles van Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, the Screen Actors Guild Ufford (1924–2010).[6][8] Life Achievement Award, and the Special Tony Award. Hepburn remains one of the few people who have won Hepburn’s mother and father married in the Dutch- Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards. Colonial Batavia (now Jakarta), Dutch East Indies, in September 1926. They moved back to Europe, to Ix- Hepburn appeared in fewer films as her life went on, de- elles in Belgium, where Hepburn was born in 1929, be- voting much of her later life to UNICEF. Although con- fore moving to Linkebeek, a nearby Brussels municipal- tributing to the organisation since 1954, she worked in ity, in January 1932.[9] Although born in Belgium, Hep- some of the most profoundly impoverished communities burn held British citizenship through her father.[2] of Africa, South America and Asia between 1988 and 1992. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Free- As a result of her multinational background and travelling [10][lower-alpha 2] dom in recognition of her work as a UNICEF Goodwill with her family because of her father’s job, Ambassador in December 1992. A month later, Hepburn she learned to speak five languages: Dutch and English died of appendiceal cancer at her home in Switzerland at from her parents and later French, Spanish, and Italian. the age of 63. Hepburn began studying ballet when she was five years old.

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1.1 Childhood and adolescence during lect money for the Dutch resistance. “The best audience World War II I ever had made not a single sound at the end of my performances”, she remarked.[22] She also occasionally Hepburn’s parents were members of the British Union of acted as a courier for the resistance, delivering messages Fascists in the mid-1930s,[11] with her father becoming a and packages. After the Allied landing on D-Day, liv- true Nazi sympathiser.[12] The marriage began to fail in ing conditions grew worse and Arnhem was subsequently 1935, and after her mother discovered him in bed with destroyed during Operation Market Garden. During the nanny of her children,[13] Hepburn’s father left the the Dutch famine that followed in the winter of 1944, family abruptly. Joseph settled in London following the the Germans blocked the resupply routes of the Dutch’s divorce.[3] In the , Hepburn would finally locate him already-limited food and fuel supplies as retaliation for again in Dublin through the Red Cross. Although he re- railway strikes that were held to hinder German occupa- mained emotionally detached, his daughter remained in tion. People starved and froze to death in the streets; Hep- contact and supported him financially until his death.[14] burn and many others resorted to making flour out of tulip bulbs to bake cakes and biscuits.[12][23] One way young In 1937, Ella and Audrey moved to Kent, South East Eng- Audrey passed the time was by drawing; some of her land, where Hepburn was educated at a small independent childhood artwork can be seen today.[24] When the coun- school in Elham, run by two sisters known as “The Mes- try was liberated, United Nations Relief and Rehabilita- [15][16] demoiselles Smith”. In September 1939, Britain tion Administration trucks followed.[25] Hepburn said in declared war on Germany, and Hepburn’s mother relo- an interview that she fell ill from putting too much sugar cated with her daughter back to Arnhem in the hope that in her porridge and eating an entire can of condensed (as during World War I) the Netherlands would remain milk.[26] Hepburn’s war-time experiences sparked her de- neutral and be spared a German attack. While there, votion to UNICEF, an international humanitarian organ- Hepburn attended the Arnhem Conservatory from 1939 isation, in her later career.[12][23] to 1945 where, in addition to the standard school cur- riculum, she trained in ballet with Winja Marova. Af- ter the Germans invaded the Netherlands in 1940, Hep- burn adopted the pseudonym Edda van Heemstra because 2 Entertainment career an “English sounding” name was considered dangerous during the German occupation. In 1942, Hepburn’s un- 2.1 Career beginnings and early roles cle, Otto van Limburg Stirum (husband of her mother’s older sister, Miesje), was executed in retaliation for an After the war ended in 1945, Ella and Audrey moved to act of sabotage by the resistance movement, while Hep- Amsterdam, where Ella managed a flower shop nearby burn’s half brother Ian was deported to Berlin to work in a their flat, due to the Van Heemstra fortunes being lost to German labour camp. Hepburn’s other half-brother Alex [27] [17] Nazi occupation. In Amsterdam, Hepburn took bal- went into hiding to avoid the same fate. “We saw young let lessons for three years with Sonia Gaskell, a leading men put against the wall and shot, and they'd close the figure in Dutch ballet.[28] In 1948, she appeared on film street and then open it and you could pass by again...Don't for the first time as an air stewardess in Dutch in Seven discount anything awful you hear or read about the Nazis. [18] Lessons, an educational travel film made by Charles van It’s worse than you could ever imagine.” der Linden and Henry Josephson.[29] Later the same year, After this, Ella, Miesje, and Hepburn moved in with she moved to London to take up a ballet scholarship with Baron Aarnoud van Heemstra in nearby Velp. At the Ballet Rambert, which was then based in Notting Hill.[30] time, Hepburn suffered from malnutrition, developed She supported herself with part-time work as a model, acute anæmia, respiratory problems, and edema.[19] Hep- and dropped “Ruston” from her surname. On request- burn, in a retrospective interview, commented, “I have ing Rambert’s assessment of her prospects, Hepburn was memories. More than once I was at the station see- told she had talent, but her height and weak constitution ing trainloads of Jews being transported, seeing all these (the after effect of wartime undernutrition) would make faces over the top of the wagon. I remember, very the status of prima ballerina unattainable. She decided to sharply, one little boy standing with his parents on the concentrate on acting.[31][32][33] platform, very pale, very blond, wearing a coat that was Hepburn’s mother worked menial jobs in order to support much too big for him, and he stepped on to the train. [34] [20] them and Hepburn began working as a chorus girl in I was a child observing a child.” Later in her career, the musical theatre revues High Button Shoes (1948) at the Hepburn was asked to play Holocaust victim Anne Frank London Hippodrome and Cecil Landeau’s Sauce Tartare in both the Broadway and film adaptations of Frank’s life. (1949) and Sauce Piquante (1950) at the Cambridge The- Hepburn, however, who was born the same year as Frank, atre in the West End. During her theatrical work, she found herself “emotionally incapable” of the task, and at [21] took elocution lessons with actor Felix Aylmer to develop almost 30 years old at the time, too old. her voice.[35] After being spotted by a casting director By 1944, Hepburn had become a proficient ballet dancer while performing in Sauce Piquante, Hepburn was reg- and she had secretly danced for groups of people to col- istered as a freelance actress with the Associated British 2.2 Roman Holiday and stardom 3

Picture Corporation. The unknown Hepburn appeared in her first starring role as Princess Anne, an incognito Eu- minor roles in the 1951 films One Wild Oat, Laughter in ropean princess who, escaping the reins of royalty, falls in Paradise, Young Wives’ Tale and The Lavender Hill Mob love with an American newsman (). While before playing her first major supporting role in Thorold producers initially wanted Elizabeth Taylor for the role, Dickinson's The Secret People (1952), in which she played director William Wyler was so impressed by Hepburn’s a prodigious ballerina and performed all of her own danc- screen test that he cast her in the lead. Wyler later com- ing sequences.[36] mented, “She had everything I was looking for: charm, Hepburn was then offered a small role in the film being innocence, and talent. She also was very funny. She was absolutely enchanting and we said, 'That’s the girl!'"[42] shot in both English and French Monte Carlo Baby (Nous Irons à Monte Carlo) (1951). While Hepburn was filming Originally, the film was to have had only Gregory Peck’s on location, French novelist Colette happened to be on the name above its title, with “Introducing Audrey Hepburn” set, on the search for an actress to play the title character beneath in smaller font. However, Peck suggested to in her Broadway play Gigi. Collette cast her on the spot, Wyler that he elevate her to equal billing so that her supposedly stating, “Voilà", indicating Hepburn, “there’s name appeared before the title and in type as large as his: your Gigi.”[33][37] Hepburn went into rehearsals having “You've got to change that because she'll be a big star and never spoken on stage and required private coaching.[38] I'll look like a big jerk.”[43][44] When Gigi opened at the Fulton Theatre on 24 Novem- Hepburn garnered critical and commercial acclaim for ber 1951, critics noted her lack of experience, but se- her portrayal, adding to her unexpected Academy Award duced by her charm.[39] Gigi earned Hepburn a Theatre [40] for Best Actress, her first BAFTA Award for Best British World Award for her debut on Broadway; her name Actress in a Leading Role, and only Golden Globe Award was hoisted above the title of the play on the theatre mar- for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama in 1953. In his quee. The play ran for 219 performances, closing on 31 review in , A. H. Weiler wrote: May 1952,[40] before going on tour which began 13 Oc- tober 1952 in Pittsburgh and visited Cleveland, Chicago, Although she is not precisely a newcomer Detroit, Washington and Los Angeles before closing on to films Audrey Hepburn, the British actress 16 May 1953 in San Francisco.[41] who is being starred for the first time as Princess Anne, is a slender, elfin and wistful 2.2 Roman Holiday and stardom beauty, alternately regal and childlike in her profound appreciation of newly-found, sim- ple pleasures and love. Although she bravely smiles her acknowledgement of the end of that affair, she remains a pitifully lonely figure fac- ing a stuffy future.[45]

Hepburn was signed to a seven-picture contract with Paramount with 12 months in between films to allow her time for stage work[46] while spawning what became known as the Audrey Hepburn “look” after her illustra- tion was placed on 7 September 1953 cover of TIME mag- azine.[47] Following her success in Roman Holiday, she starred in Billy Wilder's romantic Cinderella-story comedy Sabrina (1954), in which wealthy brothers (Humphrey Bogart and ) compete for the affections of their chauffeur’s innocent daughter (Hepburn). For her perfor- mance, she was nominated for the 1954 Academy Award for Best Actress while winning the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role the same year. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote:

One might guess this is Miss Hepburn’s picture, since she has the title role and has come to it trailing her triumphs from last Hepburn in a screen test for Roman Holiday (1953) which was year’s “Roman Holiday”. And, indeed, she also used as promotional material is wonderful in it—a young lady of extraordi- nary range of sensitive and moving expressions In the Italian-set Roman Holiday (1953), Hepburn had within such a frail and slender frame. She is 4 2 ENTERTAINMENT CAREER

Audrey Hepburn in (1956)

Having become one of Hollywood’s most popular box- office attractions, she went on to star in a series of suc- cessful films during the remainder of the decade, includ- ing her BAFTA- and Golden Globe-nominated role as Hepburn with William Holden in the film Sabrina (1954) Natasha Rostova in War and Peace (1956), an adapta- tion of the Tolstoy novel set during the Napoleonic wars with Henry Fonda and husband . In 1957, she even more luminous as the daughter and pet of exhibited her dancing abilities in her debut musical film the servants’ hall than she was as a princess last Funny Face (1957) where Fred Astaire, a fashion photog- year, and no more than that can be said.[48] rapher, discovers a beatnik bookstore clerk (Hepburn), who, lured by a free trip to Paris, becomes a beautiful model. The same year Hepburn starred in another ro- She began another collaboration that year, this time with mantic comedy, Love in the Afternoon, alongside Gary actor Mel Ferrer, starred in the fantasy play Ondine on Cooper and Maurice Chevalier. Broadway. With her lithe and lean frame, Hepburn made a convincing water spirit named Ondine in this sad story She played Sister Luke in The Nun’s Story (1959), which about love found and lost with a human (Ferrer). A New focuses on the character’s struggle to succeed as a nun, York Times critic commented: alongside co-star Peter Finch. The role produced a third Academy Award nomination for Hepburn and earned her a second BAFTA Award. A review in Variety read, “Hep- Somehow Miss Hepburn is able to translate burn has her most demanding film role, and she gives her [its intangibles] into the language of the the- finest performance.” Films in Review stated that her per- atre without artfulness or precociousness. She formance “will forever silence those who have thought gives a pulsing performance that is all grace and her less an actress than a symbol of the sophisticated enchantment, disciplined by an instinct for the child/woman. Her portrayal of Sister Luke is one of the realities of the stage. great performances of the screen.”[51] Reportedly, she spent hours in convents and with members of the Church Hepburn and Ferrer married on 25 September 1954, to bring truth to her portrayal: “I gave more time, en- in Switzerland; their sometimes tumultuous partnership ergy and thought to this than to any of my previous screen would last for the better part of the next 15 years. Her performances.”[52] performance won her the 1954 Tony Award for Best Per- Following this, she received lukewarm reception for star- formance by a Leading Actress in a Play the same year ring with Anthony Perkins in the romantic adventure she won the Academy Award for Roman Holiday. Hep- Green Mansions (1959) where she plays—"with grace and burn, therefore, stands as one of three actresses to re- dignity”—the “ethereal” Rima, a jungle girl, who falls ceive the Academy and Tony Awards for Best Actress in in love with a Venezuelan traveler played by Perkins,[53] the same year (the other two are Shirley Booth and Ellen [49] and The Unforgiven (1960), her only western film, where Burstyn). she appears “a bit too polished, too fragile and civilized Hepburn received the Golden Globe for World Film Fa- among such tough and stubborn types” of Burt Lancaster vorite – Female in 1955,[50] and also became a major and Lillian Gish in a story of racism against a group of fashion influence. Native Americans.[54] 2.3 Breakfast at Tiffany’s and iconic role 5

Shirley MacLaine and Hepburn in the trailer for The Children’s Hour (1961)

Hepburn with Anthony Perkins in the film Green Mansions (1959) her next role in William Wyler’s lesbian-themed drama The Children’s Hour (1961) saw Hepburn and MacLaine play teachers whose lives become troubled after a stu- 2.3 Breakfast at Tiffany’s and iconic role dent accuses them of being lesbians.[57] Due to the social mores of the time, the film and Hepburn’s performance went largely unmentioned, both critically and commer- cially. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times, opined that the film “is not too well acted” with the exception of Hepburn who “gives the impression of being sensi- tive and pure” of its “muted theme”,[64] while Variety magazine also complimented Hepburn’s “soft sensitiv- ity, mar-velous [sic] projection and emotional understate- ment” adding that Hepburn and MacLaine “beautifully complement each other”.[65]

Hepburn in the opening scene of Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), wearing the iconic little black dress by Givenchy

Three months after the 1960 birth of her son, Sean, Hepburn began work on Blake Edwards's Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), a film loosely based on the Truman Capote novella. The film was drastically changed from the book. Capote disapproved of many changes and pro- claimed that Hepburn was “grossly miscast”[55] as Holly Golightly, a quirky New York call girl,[56] a role he had envisioned for Marilyn Monroe.[55] Hepburn’s portrayal of Golightly was adapted from the original: “I can't play a hooker”, she admitted to Marty Jurow, co-producer of the film.[55] With Cary Grant in Charade (1963) Despite the sanitization of her character,[55] her portrayal was nominated for the 1961 Academy Award for Best Ac- Her only film with Cary Grant came in the comic thriller tress and became an iconic character in American cin- [57] Charade (1963). Hepburn, who plays Regina Lampert, ema. Often considered her defining role, Hepburn’s finds herself pursued by several men who chase the for- high fashion style and sophistication as Holly Golightly tune her murdered husband had stolen. The role earned within the film became synonymous with her. She named [58] her third and final competitive BAFTA Award and ac- the role “the jazziest of my career” yet admitted: “I'm crued another Golden Globe nomination though critic an introvert. Playing the extroverted girl was the hard- [59] Bosley Crowther was less kind: “Hepburn is cheerfully est thing I ever did.” The dress that is worn by Hep- committed to a mood of how-nuts-can-you-be in an ob- burn during the opening credits is considered an icon of viously comforting assortment of expensive Givenchy the twentieth century and perhaps the most famous “little [66] [60][61][62][63] costumes.” Grant (59 years old at the time), who had black dress” of all time. previously withdrawn from the starring male lead roles in Playing opposite Shirley MacLaine and James Garner, Roman Holiday and Sabrina, was sensitive about his age 6 2 ENTERTAINMENT CAREER

difference with Hepburn, who was 34, making him un- and in the entirety of its reprise in addition to sing-talking comfortable about the romantic interplay. To satisfy his in parts of “The Rain in Spain” in the finished film.[71] concerns, the filmmakers agreed to change the screenplay When asked about the dubbing of an actress with such so that Hepburn’s character romantically pursued his.[67] distinctive vocal tones, Hepburn frowned and said, “You Grant, however, loved to humour Hepburn and once said, could tell, couldn't you? And there was Rex, recording “All I want for Christmas is another picture with Audrey all his songs as he acted ... next time —" She bit her lip Hepburn.”[68] to prevent her saying more.[59] She later admitted that she (1964) reteamed Hepburn with would have never accepted the role knowing that Warner intended to have nearly all of her singing dubbed.[71] William Holden nearly ten years after Sabrina. The Parisian-set screwball comedy, called "marshmallow- The controversy reached its height when, despite the weight hokum”,[69] was “uniformly panned”[70] but crit- film’s accumulation of eight out of a possible twelve ics were kind to Hepburn’s creation of Gabrielle Simpson, awards at the 37th Academy Awards, Hepburn was left the young assistant of a Hollywood screenwriter (Holden) nomination-less in the Best Actress category. Andrews who aids his writer’s block by acting out his fantasies of would be nominated for her efforts in Mary Poppins possible plots, describing her as “a refreshingly individual (1964), and won. The media tried to play up a rivalry creature in an era of the exaggerated curve.”[69] Critical between the two women, although both denied any such reception was worsened by a number of problems that thing, and got along well. Despite such strife, many critics plagued the set behind the scenes. Holden tried, with- greatly applauded Hepburn’s “exquisite” performance.[73] out success, to rekindle a romance with the now-married “The happiest thing about [My Fair Lady]", wrote Bosley actress; that, combined with his alcoholism made the sit- Crowther in The New York Times “is that Audrey Hep- uation a challenge. Hepburn, after principal photogra- burn superbly justifies the decision of Jack Warner to get phy began, demanded the dismissal of cinematographer her to play the title role.”[72] Her co-star Rex Harrison, Claude Renoir after seeing what she felt were unflatter- who played Professor Higgins, also called Hepburn his ing dailies.[70] Superstitious, she also insisted on dress- favourite leading lady and Gene Ringgold of Soundstage ing room 55 because that was her lucky number (she had also commented that “Audrey Hepburn is magnificent. dressing room 55 for Roman Holiday and Breakfast at She is Eliza for the ages”,[49] while adding, “Everyone Tiffany’s) and required that Givenchy, her long-time de- agreed that if Julie Andrews was not to be in the film, signer, be given a credit in the film for her perfume.[70] Audrey Hepburn was the perfect choice.”[49] “Not since Gone with the Wind has a motion picture cre- As the decade carried on, Hepburn appeared in an assort- ated such universal excitement as My Fair Lady", wrote ment of genres including the heist comedy How to Steal a Soundstage magazine in 1964,[49] yet Hepburn’s landing Million (1966) where she played Nicole, the daughter of the role of Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle in the a famous art collector whose collection consists entirely 1964 George Cukor film adaptation of the stage musi- of forgeries. Fearing her father’s exposure, Nicole sets cal sparked controversy. Julie Andrews, who had origi- out to steal one of his priceless statues with the help of nated the role in the stage show, had not been offered the Simon Dermott (Peter O'Toole). In 1967, she starred in part because producer Jack L. Warner thought Hepburn two films; the first being Two for the Road, a non-linear or Elizabeth Taylor more “bankable” propositions.[71] Ini- and innovative British dramedy that traces the course of a tially refusing, Hepburn asked Warner to give it to An- couple’s troubled marriage. Director Stanley Donen said drews but, eventually, Hepburn was cast.[71] that Hepburn was more free and happy than he had ever [74] Further friction was created when, although non-singer seen her, and he credited that to co-star Albert Finney. Hepburn had sung with “throaty charm” in Funny Face The second, Wait Until Dark, is a suspense thriller in and had lengthy vocal preparation for the role in My Fair which Hepburn demonstrated her acting range by playing Lady,[71] her vocals were dubbed by Marni Nixon.[72][73] the part of a terrorised blind woman. Filmed on the brink A dubber was required because Eliza Doolittle’s songs of her divorce, it was a difficult film considering husband were not transposed down to accommodate Hepburn’s Mel Ferrer was its producer. She lost fifteen pounds un- “low-mezzo voice” (as Nixon referred to it).[71] Upset, der the stress, but she found solace in co-star Richard when first informed, she walked out. She returned the Crenna and director Terence Young. Hepburn earned next day and apologised to everybody for her “wicked her fifth and final competitive Academy Award nomina- behaviour”.[71] Although Hepburn had lip synced to her tion for Best Actress; Bosley Crowther affirmed, “Hep- recorded tracks during filming, Nixon looped her vocals burn plays the poignant role, the quickness with which in post-production and was given multiple attempts to she changes and the skill with which she manifests terror match Hepburn’s lip movements precisely.[71] attract sympathy and anxiety to her and give her genuine [75] Overall, about 90% of her singing was dubbed despite be- solidity in the final scenes.” ing promised that most of her vocals would be used.[71] Hepburn’s voice remains in one line in “I Could Have Danced All Night”, in the first verse of “Just You Wait”, 3.1 1988–1989 7

2.4 Final projects cepting on her behalf. Grateful for her own good fortune after enduring the German occupation as a child, she ded- From 1967 onward, after fifteen highly successful years icated the remainder of her life to helping impoverished in film, Hepburn decided to devote more time to her children in the poorest nations. Hepburn’s travels were family and acted only occasionally. She attempted a made easier by her wide knowledge of languages; besides comeback in 1976, co-starring with Sean Connery, in being naturally bilingual in English and Dutch, she also the period piece Robin and Marian, which was moder- was fluent in French, Italian, Spanish, and German.[1][76] ately successful. In 1979, Hepburn took the lead role Though she had done work for UNICEF in the , of Elizabeth Roffe in the international production of starting in 1954 with radio presentations, this was a much Bloodline, re-teaming with director Terence Young (Wait higher level of dedication. Her family said that the Until Dark). She shared top billing with co-stars Ben thoughts of dying, helpless children consumed her for Gazzara, James Mason and Romy Schneider. Author the rest of her life. In 2002, at the United Nations Spe- Sidney Sheldon revised his novel when it was reissued cial Session on Children, UNICEF honoured Hepburn’s to tie into the film, making her character a much older legacy of humanitarian work by unveiling a statue, “The woman to better match the actress’s age. The film, an Spirit of Audrey”, at UNICEF’s New York headquarters. international intrigue amid the jet-set, was a critical and Her service for children is also recognised through the box office failure. U.S. Fund for UNICEF's Audrey Hepburn Society.[77][78] Hepburn’s last starring role in a cinematic film was with Gazzara in the 1981 comedy They All Laughed, di- rected by Peter Bogdanovich. The film was overshad- 3.1 1988–1989 owed by the murder of one of its stars, Bogdanovich’s girlfriend, Dorothy Stratten; the film was released after Hepburn’s first field mission for UNICEF was to Ethiopia Stratten’s death but only in limited runs. In 1987, she co- in 1988. She visited an orphanage in Mek'ele that housed starred with Robert Wagner in a tongue-in-cheek made- 500 starving children and had UNICEF send food. Of for-television caper film, Love Among Thieves, which bor- the trip, she said, “I have a broken heart. I feel desper- rowed elements from several of Hepburn’s films, most no- ate. I can't stand the idea that two million people are in tably Charade and How to Steal a Million. imminent danger of starving to death, many of them chil- After finishing her last role in a motion picture in dren, [and] not because there isn't tons of food sitting in 1988, a cameo appearance as an angel in Steven the northern port of Shoa. It can't be distributed. Last Spielberg's Always, Hepburn completed only two more spring, Red Cross and UNICEF workers were ordered entertainment-related projects, both critically acclaimed. out of the northern provinces because of two simultane- Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn was a PBS ous civil wars... I went into rebel country and saw mothers documentary television series, her final performance be- and their children who had walked for ten days, even three fore cameras filmed on location in seven countries in weeks, looking for food, settling onto the desert floor into the spring and summer of 1990. A one-hour special makeshift camps where they may die. Horrible. That preceded the series, debuting in March 1991, while the image is too much for me. The 'Third World' is a term series commenced the day after her death (21 January I don't like very much, because we're all one world. I 1993). For the series’s debut, Hepburn was posthu- want people to know that the largest part of humanity is mously awarded the 1993 Emmy Award for Outstand- suffering.”[79] ing Individual Achievement – Informational Program- In August 1988, Hepburn went to Turkey on an immu- ming. Recorded in 1992, her spoken word album, Audrey nisation campaign. She called Turkey “the loveliest ex- Hepburn’s Enchanted Tales, features readings of classic ample” of UNICEF’s capabilities. Of the trip, she said, children’s stories and earned her a posthumous Grammy “the army gave us their trucks, the fishmongers gave their Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children. She wagons for the vaccines, and once the date was set, it took remains one of the few entertainers to win Grammy and ten days to vaccinate the whole country. Not bad.”[80] In Emmy Awards posthumously. October, Hepburn went to South America. In Venezuela and Ecuador, Hepburn told the United States Congress, “I saw tiny mountain communities, slums, and shantytowns 3 Humanitarian career receive water systems for the first time by some mira- cle – and the miracle is UNICEF. I watched boys build Hepburn was appointed Goodwill Ambassador of their own schoolhouse with bricks and cement provided UNICEF. United States president George H. W. Bush by UNICEF.” presented her with the Presidential Medal of Freedom Hepburn toured Central America in February 1989, in recognition of her work with UNICEF, and the and met with leaders in Honduras, El Salvador, and Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences posthu- Guatemala. In April, she visited Sudan with Wolders as mously awarded her the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian part of a mission called “Operation Lifeline”. Because of Award for her contribution to humanity, with her son ac- civil war, food from aid agencies had been cut off. The 8 4 PERSONAL LIFE mission was to ferry food to southern Sudan. Hepburn said, “I saw but one glaring truth: These are not natural disasters but man-made tragedies for which there is only one man-made solution – peace.”[80] In October, Hep- burn and Wolders went to Bangladesh. John Isaac, a UN photographer, said, “Often the kids would have flies all over them, but she would just go hug them. I had never seen that. Other people had a certain amount of hesita- tion, but she would just grab them. Children would just come up to hold her hand, touch her – she was like the Pied Piper.”[41]

3.2 1990–1992

In October 1990, Hepburn went to Vietnam in an effort to collaborate with the government for national UNICEF- Hepburn and Mel Ferrer on the set of War and Peace supported immunisation and clean water programmes. In September 1992, four months before she died, Hep- burn went to Somalia. Calling it “apocalyptic”, she said, cause the demands of their careers would keep them apart [83] “I walked into a nightmare. I have seen famine in Ethiopia most of the time. She issued a statement about her and Bangladesh, but I have seen nothing like this – so decision, saying, “When I get married, I want to be re- [84] much worse than I could possibly have imagined. I wasn't ally married.” In the early 1950s, she also dated future [85] prepared for this.”[80] “The earth is red – an extraordinary Hair producer Michael Butler. sight – that deep terracotta red. And you see the villages, Hepburn and Gregory Peck bonded during the filming displacement camps and compounds, and the earth is all of Roman Holiday (1953) and there were rumours that rippled around these places like an ocean bed and I was they were romantically involved; both denied it. Hep- told these were the graves. There are graves everywhere. burn, however, added, “Actually, you have to be a lit- Along the road, wherever there is a road, around the paths tle bit in love with your leading man and vice versa. If that you take, along the riverbeds, near every camp – there you're going to portray love, you have to feel it. You are graves everywhere.”[81] can't do it any other way. But you don't carry it beyond [86] Though scarred by what she had seen, Hepburn still had the set.” They did however become lifelong friends. hope. “Taking care of children has nothing to do with During the filming of Sabrina (1954), Hepburn and the politics. I think perhaps with time, instead of there being already-married William Holden became romantically a politicisation of humanitarian aid, there will be a hu- involved. She hoped to marry him and have children, but manisation of politics.” “Anyone who doesn't believe in she broke off the relationship when Holden revealed that [87][88] miracles is not a realist. I have seen the miracle of water he had undergone a vasectomy. Although a com- which UNICEF has helped to make a reality. Where for mon perception that Bogart and Hepburn (both starred in centuries young girls and women had to walk for miles to Sabrina together) did not get along, Hepburn commented get water, now they have clean drinking water near their that, “Sometimes it’s the so-called 'tough guys’ that are the [89] homes. Water is life, and clean water now means health most tender hearted, as Bogey was with me.” for the children of this village.”[80] “People in these places don't know Audrey Hepburn, but they recognise the name UNICEF. When they see UNICEF their faces light up, because they know that something is happening. In the Sudan, for example, they call a water pump UNICEF.”[80]

4 Personal life

4.1 Marriages, relationships and children

In 1952, Hepburn was engaged to the young James Han- son, Baron Hanson,[82] whom she had known since her London dancing days. She called it “love at first sight"; Hepburn and Andrea Dotti however, after having her wedding dress fitted and the date set, she decided the marriage would not work be- At a cocktail party hosted by Gregory Peck, Hepburn 4.2 Hepburn’s children 9

met American actor Mel Ferrer.[49] Ferrer recalled that, February 1970. While pregnant with Luca in 1969, Hep- “We began talking about theatre; she knew all about the burn was more careful, resting for months and passing Playhouse Summer Theatre, where Greg Peck the time by painting before delivering him by caesarean and I had been co-producing plays. She also said she'd section. Hepburn tried for another child but in 1974 had seen me three times in the movie Lili. Finally, she said another miscarriage.[96] she'd like to do a play with me, and she asked me to send [49][90] Although Dotti loved Hepburn and was well-liked by her a likely play if I found one.” Ferrer, vying for Sean, who called him “fun”, he began having affairs with Hepburn to take the title role, sent her the script for the younger women. Hepburn had a romantic relationship play Ondine. She agreed and rehearsals started in January with actor Ben Gazzara during the filming of the 1979 1954. Eight months later, on 25 September 1954, after movie Bloodline.[97] The Dotti-Hepburn marriage lasted meeting, working together, and falling in love, the pair [91] thirteen years and ended in 1982 when Hepburn felt Luca were married in Bürgenstock while preparing to star and Sean were old enough to handle life with a single together in the film War and Peace (1955). mother. Although Hepburn broke off contact with Fer- Before having their only son, Hepburn had two rer, and only spoke to him two more times during the miscarriages – one in March 1955[92] and another in remainder of her life, she remained in touch with Dotti 1959. The latter occurred when filming The Unforgiven for the benefit of Luca. On 30 September 2007, Andrea (1960) where breaking her back after falling off a horse Dotti died after complications from a colonoscopy.[98][99] and onto a rock resulted in hospital stay and miscarriage From 1980 until her death, Hepburn lived with and was induced by physical and mental stress. Hepburn took a romantically involved with Dutch actor Robert Wold- year off work in order to carry a child to term. Sean Hep- ers,[23] the widower of actress Merle Oberon. She met burn Ferrer, their son, was born on 17 July 1960. Wolders through a friend in the later stage of her marriage Despite the insistence from gossip columns that their mar- to Dotti. The divorce from Dotti finalised, Wolders and riage would not last, Hepburn claimed that she and Ferrer Hepburn started their lives together, although they never were inseparable and happy together, though she admit- married. In 1989, she called the nine years she had spent ted that he had a bad temper.[93] Ferrer was rumoured with him the happiest years of her life. “Took me long to be too controlling of Hepburn and had been referred enough”, she said in an interview with American journal- to by others as being her "Svengali" – an accusation that ist Barbara Walters. Walters then asked why they never Hepburn laughed off.[94] William Holden was quoted as married; Hepburn replied that they were married, just not saying, “I think Audrey allows Mel to think he influ- formally. ences her.” Hepburn had another two miscarriages later, in 1965 and 1967.[95] After a 14-year marriage, the cou- ple divorced on 5 December 1968. Their son believed 4.2 Hepburn’s children that Hepburn had stayed in the marriage too long. Hepburn had two surviving children, Sean, with Mel Fer- rer, born on 17 July 1960 and Luca, with Andrea Dotti, born on 8 February 1970. Audrey’s son Sean founded the Audrey Hepburn Chil- dren’s Fund.[100] shortly after his mother’s passing. After 20 years as its chairman he handed the reins to his brother Luca to become the Honorary Chair of the Audrey Hep- burn Society[101] at the US Fund for UNICEF. The So- ciety celebrates UNICEF’s biggest donors and has raised almost US$100,000,000 to date. He also became patron of the Pseudomyxoma Survivor charity, dedicated to pro- viding support to patients of the rare cancer she suffered from, pseudomyxoma peritonei,[102] and is also the rare President Ronald Reagan with Hepburn and Robert Wolders in disease ambassador since 2014 and for 2015 on behalf of 1981 European Organisation for Rare Diseases.[103]

In June 1968 she was invited on a cruise by Princess Olimpia Emmanuela Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi and her 4.3 Illness industrialist husband Paul-Annik Weiller (1933–1998). On the cruise she met the Italian psychiatrist Andrea Upon return from Somalia to Switzerland in late Septem- Dotti and fell in love with him on a trip to the Greek ru- ber 1992, Hepburn began suffering from abdominal ins. She believed she would have more children and pos- pains. She went to specialists and received inconclu- sibly stop working. She married him on 18 January 1969 sive results, so she decided to have herself examined at age 39 and gave birth to their son, Luca Dotti, on 8 while on a trip to Los Angeles in October. On 1 10 5 LEGACY

November, Hepburn checked in at Cedars-Sinai Med- On the evening of 20 January 1993, Hepburn died at ical Center with her family. Doctors performed a home in her sleep of appendiceal cancer. After her laparoscopy and discovered abdominal cancer that had death, Gregory Peck went on camera and tearfully recited spread from her appendix, a rare form of cancer be- her favourite poem, “Unending Love” by Rabindranath longing to a group of cancers known as pseudomyxoma Tagore.[107] [104] peritonei (PMP). Having grown slowly over several Funeral services were held at the village church of years, the cancer had metastasised, not as a tumour, Tolochenaz, Switzerland, on 24 January 1993. Mau- but as a thin coating over her small intestine. After rice Eindiguer, the same pastor who wed Hepburn and surgery, the doctors put Hepburn through 5-fluorouracil [105] Mel Ferrer and baptised her son Sean in 1960, presided Leucovorin chemotherapy. A few days later, she had over her funeral while Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, of an obstruction and medication was not enough to dull the UNICEF, delivered a eulogy. Many family members pain. She underwent further surgery on 1 December. Af- and friends attended the funeral, including her sons, ter one hour, the surgeon decided that the cancer had partner Robert Wolders, brother Ian Quarles van Uf- spread too far to be removed fully and was inoperable. ford, ex-husbands Andrea Dotti and Mel Ferrer, Hubert After coming to terms with the gravity of Hepburn’s ill- de Givenchy, executives of UNICEF, and fellow actors ness, her family decided to return home to Switzerland in Alain Delon and Roger Moore.[108] Flower arrangements order to celebrate her last Christmas. Because Hepburn were sent to the funeral by Gregory Peck, Elizabeth Tay- was still recovering from surgery, she was unable to fly lor, and the Dutch royal family.[109] The same day as her on commercial aircraft. Hubert de Givenchy offered to funeral, Hepburn was interred at the Tolochenaz Ceme- help and arranged for Rachel Lambert “Bunny” Mellon tery, a small cemetery that sits atop a hill overlooking the to send her private Gulfstream jet, filled with flowers, to village.[110] take Hepburn from Los Angeles to Geneva. She spent her last days in hospice care at her home in Tolochenaz, Vaud, Switzerland and occasionally was well enough to take walks in her garden, but gradually became more con- 5 Legacy fined to bed rest as she grew weaker.[106] “How shall I sum up my life? I think I've been particularly lucky.” 4.4 Death —Audrey Hepburn[111]

Audrey Hepburn’s legacy as an actress and a personality has endured long after her death. The American Film In- stitute named Hepburn third among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time. She stands as one of few entertain- ers who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy and Tony Awards. She won a record three Bafta Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role. In her last years, she re- mained a visible presence in the film world. She received a tribute from the Film Society of Lincoln Center in 1991 and was a frequent presenter at the Academy Awards. She received the BAFTA Lifetime Achievement Award in 1992. She was the recipient of numerous posthumous awards including the 1993 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and competitive Grammy and Emmy Awards. She has been the subject of many biographies since her death and the 2000 dramatisation of her life titled The Au- drey Hepburn Story which starred Jennifer Love Hewitt and Emmy Rossum as the older and younger Hepburn respectively.[112] The film concludes with footage of the real Audrey Hepburn, shot during one of her final mis- sions for UNICEF. Hepburn’s image is widely used in advertising campaigns across the world. In Japan, a series of commercials used colourised and digitally enhanced clips of Hepburn in Roman Holiday to advertise Kirin black tea. In the United States, Hepburn was featured in a 2006 Gap com- Grave of Audrey Hepburn in Tolochenaz, Switzerland mercial which used clips of her dancing from Funny 5.1 Style 11

With Cary Grant in Charade

Face, set to AC/DC's "Back in Black", with the tagline “It’s Back – The Skinny Black Pant”. To celebrate its “Keep it Simple” campaign, the Gap made a sizeable do- nation to the Audrey Hepburn Children’s Fund.[113] In 2013, a computer-manipulated representation of Hep- burn was used in a television advert for the British choco- late bar Galaxy.[114][115] On 4 May 2014 Google featured a doodle on its homepage on the occasion of Hepburn’s 85th birthday.

5.1 Style

Hepburn earned her place in the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1961 but her reverence as a fashion icon has continued long since her death, proved by accruing the titles “most beautiful woman of all time” and “most beautiful woman of the 20th century” in polls by Evian and QVC respectively.[116][117][118][119][120] In the 1950s, her popularity “presented an alternative to voluptuous sex symbols such as Marilyn Monroe or Elizabeth Taylor, with an image that appealed more to young women than to men.”[39] Against the gender stereo- types of the time, the natural thickness of her brown eye- brows made her “funny face unforgettable”, reminisced director Billy Wilder. He joked, “This girl...may make bosoms a thing of the past.”[121] Hepburn redefined glamour with “elfin” features and a gamine waif-like figure that inspired designs by couturier Hubert de Givenchy who is credited for creating her style.[45] Givenchy started designing her dresses since the film Sabrina (1954). He noted that, upon being told that he would be responsible for designing many outfits for “Miss Hepburn”, he had expected Katharine Hepburn. A dress by Valentino Garavani worn by Audrey Hepburn at The When faced with Audrey, he was initially disappointed Proust Bal at Château de Ferrières in 1971 and told Hepburn he had little time to spare. Never- theless, she knew exactly how she wanted to look and [43] than a simple sheath made an extraordinary way in a spe- asked to view his latest collection. Their collaboration cial fabric, and just two earrings?" revealed Hepburn.[121] in Sabrina formed a lifelong friendship and partnership; Givenchy created her outfits for many other films, in- she was often a muse for many of his designs and her style cluding Funny Face, Love in the Afternoon, Breakfast became renowned internationally. at Tiffany’s, Paris When It Sizzles, Charade and How to "[Givenchy] gave me a look, a kind, a silhouette. He has Steal a Million (in which at one point her character is dis- always been the best and he stayed the best. Because he guised as a cleaning woman and the male lead, played by kept the spare style that I love. What is more beautiful Peter O'Toole, remarks that this “gives Givenchy a night 12 6 FILMOGRAPHY AND STAGE ROLES off”). The designer was always amazed that, even af- ter thirty five years of collaboration, “her measurements [had] not changed an inch”.[121] Givenchy remained Hep- burn’s friend and ambassador, and she his muse, through- out her life. Hepburn observed, “I have many things in common with Hubert. We like the same things.”[121] She agreed to model, on occasions, the creations of her friend. In 1988, when he presented his summer collection in Paris, she said, “Wherever I am in the world, he is always there. He is a man who does not disperse into world- liness. He has time for those he loves.”[121] Givenchy subsequently created a perfume for her titled L'Interdit Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961) (French for “Forbidden”).

clothes contrary to her image.[125] In addition, she never considered herself attractive. She stated in a 1959 inter- view, “you can even say that I hated myself at certain pe- riods. I was too fat, or maybe too tall, or maybe just plain too ugly... you can say my definiteness stems from under- lying feelings of insecurity and inferiority. I couldn't con- quer these feelings by acting indecisive. I found the only way to get the better of them was by adopting a forceful, concentrated drive.”[126] The "little black dress" from Breakfast at Tiffany’s, de- signed by Givenchy, was sold at a Christie’s auction on 5 December 2006 for £467,200, almost seven times its £70,000 pre-sale estimate. This was the highest price paid for a dress from a film,[127] until it was surpassed by the $4.6 million paid in June 2011 for the Marilyn Mon- [128] Audrey Hepburn’s Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame. roe “subway dress” from . The proceeds went to the City of Joy Aid charity to aid under- privileged children in India. The head of the charity said, She equally inspired fashion photographer Richard Ave- “there are tears in my eyes. I am absolutely dumbfounded don, who captured an intentionally overexposed close-up to believe that a piece of cloth which belonged to such a of Hepburn’s face in which only her famous features – magical actress will now enable me to buy bricks and ce- her eyes, her eyebrows, and her mouth – are visible. “I ment to put the most destitute children in the world into am, and forever will be, devastated by the gift of Audrey schools.”[129] However, the dress auctioned by Christie’s Hepburn before my camera. I cannot lift her to greater was not the one that Hepburn wore in the film.[130] Of heights. She is already there. I can only record. I can- the two dresses that Hepburn did wear, one is held in the not interpret her. There is no going further than who she Givenchy archives while the other is displayed in the Mu- is. She has achieved in herself her ultimate portrait.”[122] seum of Costume in Madrid.[129] A subsequent London One of her co-stars, Shirley MacLaine, wrote in her 1996 auction of Hepburn’s film wardrobe in December 2009 memoir My Lucky Stars, "[Hepburn] had very rare quali- raised £270,200, including £60,000 for the black Chan- ties and I envied her style and taste. I felt clumsy and old tilly lace cocktail gown from How to Steal a Million. Half fashioned when I was with her.” Hepburn’s fashion styles the proceeds were donated to All Children in School, a continue to be popular among women today.[123] joint venture of The Audrey Hepburn Children’s Fund Italian shoe designer Salvatore Ferragamo created a shoe and UNICEF.[131] for her and made her ambassador of his fashion house while honouring her in a 1999 exhibition dedicated to the actress titled Audrey Hepburn, a woman, the style. She exercised fashion in her lifetime and continues to in- fluence fashion. Fashion experts affirmed that Hepburn’s longevity as a style icon results from her sticking with a 6 Filmography and stage roles look that suited her: “clean lines, simple yet bold acces- sories, minimalist palette.”[124] Although Hepburn enjoyed fashion, she did not place Main article: Audrey Hepburn on screen and stage much importance on it, preferring casual and comfortable 9.2 Citations 13

7 Awards [9] vrijdag 6 mei 2011, 07u26. “De vijf hoeken van de wereld: Amerika in Elsene”. brusselnieuws.be. Retrieved 14 March 2012. Main article: List of awards and honours received by Audrey Hepburn [10] Walker 1994, p. 8.

[11] Charlotte Mosley, editor. (2007). “The Mitfords: Letters Between Six Sisters”. London: Fourth Estate. pg 63, 65. 8 See also [12] Tichner, Martha (26 November 2006). “Audrey Hep- burn”. CBS Sunday Morning.

• List of persons who have won Academy, Emmy, [13] Walker, page 14 Grammy, and Tony Awards [14] Klein, Edward (5 March 1989). “You Can't Love Without • Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn the Fear of Losing”. Parade: 4–6. “page 1 of 3”. Archived from the original on 4 January • White floral Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2014. (Academy Awards, 1954) “page 2 of 3”. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2014. “page 3 of 3”. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2014. 9 References [15] “Famous and Notable People 'In and Around' the Elham Valley”. Elham.co.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2009. 9.1 Notes [16] Walker 1994, pp. 17–19.

[1] On Hepburn’s birth certificate her father was British [17] Cox, Alex (20 January 2011). “Audrey Hepburn: an through birth in London. This was corrected in 1952 by iconic problem”. (UK). her mother to “born in Onzic, Bohemia”. Onzic is a mis- reading of Ouzic (German Auschiz), now Úžice in Czech [18] Paris, Barry (1 September 2001). Audrey Hepburn. Pen- Republic. guin.

[2] Walker writes that it is unclear for what kind of company [19] Garner, Lesley. Lesley Garner meets the legendary actress he worked; he was listed as a “financial adviser” in a Dutch as she prepares for this week’s Unicef gala performance, business directory, and the family often travelled among The Sunday Telegraph, 26 May 1991. the three countries.[10] [20] “Tribute to the Humanitarian Work of Audrey Hepburn”. Ahepburn.com. 26 May 1991. Retrieved 10 March 2010. 9.2 Citations [21] Corr, John. (8 February 1990) Mindful of Her Past, Hep- burn Travels the World for UNICEF, Philadelphia In- [1] “Was Audrey Hepburn, the Queen of Polyglotism?". quirer, p. F12 news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 3 May 2014. [22] “Audrey Hepburn: The best audience ...”. Coronet. [2] (Registered 18 July 1929) Audrey Hepburn’s birth certifi- Chicago, IL, USA: David A. Smart. January 1954. p. cate 46. OCLC 4202290. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2014. From audreyhep- [3] “Hepburn, Audrey”. Oxford Dictionary of National Bi- burnlibrary.com [expired domain]. ography. Oxford University Press.(subscription required) [23] James, Caryn (1993). “Audrey Hepburn, Actress, Is Dead [4] “Anna Juliana Franziska Karolina Wels, born in Slovakia”. at 63”. New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 Pitt.edu. Retrieved 4 May 2013. January 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2006. [24] “L'Ange des Enfants – Audrey Hepburn Photo Gallery”. [5] Walker, page 6 Audrey1.org. Archived from the original on 9 February [6] Spoto, Donald (2006). “Chapter One: 1929–1939”. 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010. Enchantment: The Life of Audrey Hepburn. New York, [25] “Tribute to the Humanitarian Work of Audrey Hepburn”. NY: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-307-23758-3. OCLC Ahepburn.com. 3 August 1988. Retrieved 10 March 779029693. 2010.

[7] Segers, Yop. "'Heemstra, Aarnoud Jan Anne Aleid baron [26] Seigel, Jessica. Interview with Audrey Hepburn, The van (1871-1957)',”. Historici.nl. Retrieved 23 October Chicago Tribune, 20 January 1992 2013. [27] Brizel, Scott (2009). Audrey Hepburn: International [8] “Ian van Ufford Quarles Obituary”. The Times. Retrieved Cover Girl. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. p. 16. 31 May 2010. ISBN 978-0-8118-6820-4. 14 9 REFERENCES

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[84] Woodward 2012, p. 132. [106] Harris, Warren G., (1994). – Audrey Hepburn: A Biog- raphy. – : Simon & Schuster. – p.289. – [85] Kogan, Rick; The Aging of Aquarius, Chicago Tribune, ISBN 0-671-75800-4 6/30/96, michaelbutler.com. Retrieved 15 January 2010. [107] “Two favorite poems of Audrey Hepburn”. audrey1.com. [86] Tusher, Bill. Candy Pants Princess, Motion Picture, Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved February 1954 14 January 2008.

[87] Paris, Barry. The Enduring Mystique of Audrey Hepburn, [108] Binder, David (25 January 1993). “Hepburn’s Role As Audrey Hepburn, 1996 Ambassador Is Paid Tribute”. The New York Times.

[88] Sabrina (1954) from Turner Classic Movies [109] “A Gentle Goodbye -Surrounded by the Men She Loved, the Star Was Laid to Rest on a Swiss Hilltop”. People. 1 [89] Hepburn, Audrey. My Fair Lady, Film Festival January 1993. [90] Walter 1997. [110] News Service, N.Y. Times. (25 January 1993). “Hepburn [91] “Audrey Hepburn puts an end to “will she” or “won't buried in Switzerland”. Record-Journal. p. 10. she” rumors by marrying Mel Ferrer!". audreyhepburn- library.com [expired domain]. 1954. Archived from the [111] “Audrey Hepburn Children’s Fund - Legacy”. Audrey- original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2014. hepburn.com. Retrieved April 19, 2014.

[92] Audrey Hepburn Timeline 1950-1959 (retrieved 23 [112] Tynan, William (27 March 2000). “The Audrey Hepburn March 2013) Story”. TIME. Retrieved 10 March 2010. 16 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

[113] “New Gap marketing campaign featuring original film 9.3 Sources footage of Audrey Hepburn helps Gap “Keeps it Simple” this Fall – WBOC-TV 16”. Web.archive.org. 28 Septem- • Ferrer, Sean (2005). Audrey Hepburn, an Elegant ber 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September Spirit. New York: Atria. ISBN 978-0-671-02479- 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2010. 6.

[114] Usborne, Simon (24 February 2013). “Audrey Hepburn • de Givenchy, Hubert (2007). Audrey Hepburn. advertise Galaxy chocolate bars? Over her dead body!". London: Pavilion. ISBN 978-1-86205-775-3. The Independent (London). Retrieved 28 February 2013. • Paris, Barry (2001). Audrey Hepburn. Berkley [115] “Audrey Hepburn digitaly reborn for Galaxy”. 1 March Trade. ISBN 978-0-425-18212-3. 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014. • Vermilye, Jerry (1995). The Complete Films of Au- [116] “The International Best-Dressed List Hall of Fame: drey Hepburn. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0- Women”. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 4 May 2013. 8065-1598-8. • Walker, Alexander (1994). Audrey, Her Real Story. [117] Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List. 2004. pp. 74–77 & 89. ISBN 2843235138. London: Orion. ISBN 1-85797-352-6. • Walter, Alexander (1997). Audrey. St. Martin’s [118] “Audrey Hepburn 'most beautiful woman of all time'". Press. ISBN 0-312-18046-2. The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 June 2004. • Woodward, Ian (31 May 2012). Audrey Hepburn: [119] “Audrey Hepburn tops beauty poll”. BBC NEWS. 31 May Fair Lady of the Screen. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 2004. 978-1-4481-3293-5.

[120] Sinclair, Lulu (1 July 2010). “Actress Tops Poll of 20th Century Beauties”. Sky. Retrieved 14 August 2015. 10 Further reading [121] Regard sur Audrey Hepburn, Regard Magazine n° 4, Paris, January 1993. Main article: Audrey Hepburn bibliography

[122] Karney, Robyn. A Star Danced: The Life of Audrey Hep- burn, Bloomsbury. London: 1993

[123] “Audrey Hepburn’s Best-dressed Film Icon”. 11 External links Web.archive.org. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2011. • Official website of Hepburn (and the Audrey Hep- burn Children’s Fund ) [124] Lane, Megan (7 April 2006). “Audrey Hepburn: Why the • fuss?". BBC News (BBC). Audrey Hepburn collected news and commentary at The New York Times [125] “Hepburn revival feeding false image?". The Age (Mel- • Works by or about Audrey Hepburn in libraries bourne, Australia). 2 October 2006. (WorldCat catalog)

[126] Harris, Eleanor. Audrey Hepburn, Good Housekeeping, • Audrey Hepburn at the Internet Movie Database August 1959 • Audrey Hepburn at the Internet Broadway Database [127] Dahl, Melissa (11 December 2006). “Stylebook: Hep- burn gown fetches record price”. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. • Audrey Hepburn at the TCM Movie Database Retrieved 1 January 2010. • Audrey Hepburn at AllMovie

[128] “Marilyn Monroe “subway” dress sells for $4.6 million”. • Audrey Hepburn Society at the U.S. Fund for Reuters. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2011. UNICEF

[129] “Auction Frenzy over Hepburn dress”. BBC NEWS. 5 • Voguepedia - Audrey Hepburn December 2006. • Vanity Fair - The Best Dressed Women of all Time [130] Christie’s online catalog. Retrieved 7 December 2006. - Audrey Hepburn

[131] Ellicott, Claire (9 December 2009). “Audrey Hepburn’s Givenchy couture collection sold at auction for £270,000”. Daily Mail (UK). 17

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

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12.2 Images

• File:AudreyHepburnWoF.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/AudreyHepburnWoF.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Riverarvi • File:Audrey_Hepburn_Tiffany’{}s_4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Audrey_Hepburn_Tiffany% 27s_4.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Breakfast at Tiffany’s trailer Original artist: Trailer screenshot • File:Audrey_Hepburn_War&Peace.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Audrey_Hepburn_War% 26Peace.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: War and Peace trailer Original artist: Trailer screenshot • File:Audrey_Hepburn_and_Andrea_Dotti_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/f/fe/Audrey_Hepburn_and_Andrea_Dotti_by_Erling_Mandelmann_-_2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: photo©ErlingMandelmann.ch Original artist: Erling Mandelmann • File:Audrey_Hepburn_and_Cary_Grant_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Audrey_Hepburn_ and_Cary_Grant_1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: User BlueStar on en.wikipedia • File:Audrey_Hepburn_and_Mel_Ferrer_1955.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Audrey_Hepburn_ and_Mel_Ferrer_1955.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Library of Congress, LOOK Magazine Collection Original artist: Milton H. Greene for LOOK Magazine • File:Audrey_Hepburn_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Audrey_Hepburn_ and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/vips.html Original artist: ? • File:Audrey_Hepburn_esmorza_al_Tiffany’{}s.bmp.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Audrey_ Hepburn_esmorza_al_Tiffany%27s.bmp.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Breakfast at Tiffany’s trailer Original artist: Trailer screenshot • File:Audrey_Hepburn_screentest_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/ Audrey_Hepburn_screentest_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Roman Holiday trailer Original artist: Trailer screenshot 12.3 Content license 19

• File:Audrey_Hepburn_signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Audrey_Hepburn_signature.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Heritage Auction Gallery Original artist: Audrey Hepburn Created in vector format by Scewing • File:Cary_Grant_and_Audrey_Hepburn_in_Charade_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Cary_ Grant_and_Audrey_Hepburn_in_Charade_2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Charade [Criterion Blu-ray edition] Original artist: Directed and produced by Stanley Donen • File:Childrens_Hour_trailer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Childrens_Hour_trailer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original trailer for The Children’s Hour, available at YouTube Original artist: Licencing information : http://web.archive.org/web/20080321033709/http://www.sabucat.com/?pg=copyright and http://www.creativeclearance.com/guidelines. html#D2 • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Grave_of_Audrey_Hepburn,_Tolochenaz,_Switzerland_-_20080711.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/5/53/Grave_of_Audrey_Hepburn%2C_Tolochenaz%2C_Switzerland_-_20080711.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Alexandra Spürk (Alexi) • File:Hepburn-Perkins-1959.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Hepburn-Perkins-1959.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay Original artist: Studio • File:Holden-Hepburn-Sabrina.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Holden-Hepburn-Sabrina.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:El Matador. Original artist: Studio publicity still. Original uploader was Wikiwatcher1 at en.wikipedia • File:P_vip.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil • File:Valentino_dress_for_audrey_hepburn.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Valentino_dress_for_ audrey_hepburn.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Loquax • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0