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'The Prince Regent's Role in the Creation And James Anderson, ‘The Prince Regent’s role in the creation and development of Regent Street and Regent’s Park’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XVII, 2009, pp. 107–114 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2009 THE PRINCE REGENT’S ROLE IN THE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF REGENT STREET AND REGENT’S PARK JAMES ANDERSON he creation of Regent Street and the reformed in the late eighteenth century by its then Tdevelopment of Regent’s Park was the largest Surveyor-General, John Fordyce, and this process single urban construction project undertaken to that was continued after his death in by his date by the British government. It entailed the successor, Lord Glenbervie. Following Glenbervie’s acquisition and redevelopment of houses along a line retirement in his position as the Office’s First from Carlton House in Pall Mall to Langham Place, Commissioner was taken by William Huskisson, north of Oxford Circus, a distance of approximately a close associate of Lord Liverpool with extensive one mile, together with the redevelopment of the business and economic expertise. In day to day acre Marylebone Park. Initial planning began as control was the Office’s Joint Secretary, Alexander early as , and building, which got underway in Milne, an experienced and able senior civil servant. , lasted for some ten years. The initial cost was Regent Street and Regent’s Park were followed estimated at £ , , but the final sum expended by a number of additional projects in London, by the government was £ . million; this, of course, including Suffolk Street and various improvements excluded the cost of the houses and buildings along to the Charing Cross area, and these were, inter alia, the New Street and in Regent’s Park, which was the chronicled in James Elmes’s publication, responsibility of the various individual developers. Metropolitan Improvements; or London in the The timing of the project was also interesting, Nineteenth Century . because work was delayed until the final cessation of It has long been assumed that the Prince Regent hostilities against France following the victory at was a prime mover in Metropolitan Improvements, and Waterloo. The twenty odd years of war had left the that he took a personal interest in the planning and British government with huge debts and an economy design of Regent’s Park and Regent Street. Steen Eiler which was entering a serious post-war recession, Rasmussen, writing in , identified Napoleon’s which in turn would be exacerbated by the improvements to Paris as being the inspiration for the demobilisation of hundreds of thousands of soldiers development of the Park and Street, and he assumed and seamen. With the prospect of massive the Prince Regent’s was the guiding hand: unemployment, the government was deeply When the French Emperor had the Rue de Rivoli built, concerned that serious public unrest could arise. the English Regent must needs also have a splendid The project was under the overall control of the thoroughfare. The First Gentleman of England, Office of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues, a however, wanted the street to form an artery leading from government department which reported directly to Carlton House to the country house he had planned to the Treasury. The Office had been systematically build surrounded by the big park with its fine views. THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVII THE PRINCE REGENT ’ S ROLE IN THE CREATION OF REGENT STREET In John Nash, Architect to King George IV , first Prince where the topic was discussed; this was on published in , John Summerson was less October , the day before formal Treasury emphatic about the Prince’s role than he was later to approval was given to John Nash’s first plan. There become, commenting that ‘[A]t this point [October is no record that the Prince had been provided with , ] we are frustrated by tantalising ignorance of copies of the plans before that meeting, and Nash the relations existing between Nash and the Prince of was not instructed to make any changes as a result of Wales’. However, referring to Nash’s report, he it. The New Street Commissioners met on a regular commented that ‘the commissioners, and after them basis throughout the course of the planning and the Treasury, and, most important of all, the Prince, building process and there is no mention of royal seem to have been completely captivated’. involvement in their minutes during the crucial first It is quite understandable that such a link should five years of the project, nor have I found any have been assumed; both the Park and the New allusion to the Prince’s involvement in Nash’s Street are named in his honour, the development was frequent memoranda to the Commissioners, which on Crown property and the plans were under covered all aspects of his involvement in the project. consideration soon after his elevation to the Regency. Elmes’s Metropolitan Improvements is one of Additionally, the project architect was John Nash, the most comprehensive near-contemporary who, in early , ‘at the personal behest of the publications to have considered Regent’s Park and Prince Regent, [was given temporary] responsibility Regent Street. His dedication to George IV is for all the royal palaces’. Nash worked on Royal somewhat effusive: ‘The splendid and useful Lodge, Windsor, from to , and again in improvements that have been effected in this – , and was responsible for conversion works METROPOLIS, under your MAJESTY’S auspices at Carlton House and for the temporary structures […] will render the name of GEORGE THE erected in the gardens of Carlton House for the FOURTH, as illustrious in the British annals, as that grand fête to celebrate Wellington’s victories and the of AUGUSTUS in those of Rome’. But his ensuing centenary of the Hanoverian succession. commentary makes no mention of any personal In terms of architectural history, it is of more than involvement by the King. Although clearly not passing interest to establish whether a major building exhaustive, my review of various nineteenth-century project was undertaken at the behest of a ruling works on London has also not found any direct sovereign. Where a clear link can be established, the suggestion of his involvement. Edward Walford in historian can seek to interpret the architecture in Old and New London ( ), mentions a proposed terms of the public approbation of the monarch or proposed villa or guinguette for the Prince, but the dynasty. The form and location of particular certainly gives the impression that it was not a buildings could be expected to have some symbolic serious proposal: significance, and the allocation of public finance to The present park was commenced in , from the such a project would be indicative of the perceived designs of Mr Nash, the architect, who had lately relationship of the monarch to the state. This article finished Regent Street [...] It was at first proposed to will explore this theme and will examine the build a large palace for the Prince Regent (after whom recorded links with the Prince Regent, suggesting the park is named) in the centre, but this plan was that his identification with the project has little not entertained, or, if entertained, it was speedily abandoned. documented support. Lord Glenbervie, when First Commissioner of the Office of Woods, Forests and In Georgian London, first published in , Land Revenues, records only one meeting with the Summerson somewhat reassessed his earlier view of THE GEORGIAN GROUP JOURNAL VOLUME XVII THE PRINCE REGENT ’ S ROLE IN THE CREATION OF REGENT STREET the relationship between Nash and the Prince had been submitted to John Fordyce, Glenbervie’s Regent, now firmly linking the latter to the project: predecessor, and were taken into account when James Pillar, Joint Secretary to the Commissioners, From , the Prince and Nash were clearly the moving powers in the planning scheme. The Prince drafted instructions dated October to the talked enthusiastically about eclipsing Napoleon’s Office’s surveyors, Thomas Leverton and Thomas Paris, while Nash designed a guinguette , or Royal Chawner, and to its architects, John Nash and James pleasaunce, for Regent’s Park and planned Regent Morgan, requesting their proposals for the Park. Street as a ‘Royal mile’ from Carlton House to the He specifically requested that a villa be provided guinguette . for ‘a Person of Rank and Fortune’, a form of This gives the impression that the subject was terminology which could refer either to the Prince of frequently discussed by the Prince, but Summerson’s Wales or to the Duke of Portland. This document footnote makes clear that it was in fact a reference to would certainly have been discussed with the one specific occasion, a dinner party, recorded in a Treasury before it was circulated to the two teams letter of October written by Thomas Moore of architects. to James Corry in which Moore reported the Prince Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister at the time of to be ‘so pleased with this magnificent plan, that he Glenbervie’s meeting with the Prince Regent, had has been heard to say “it will quite eclipse fallen out with the latter through his earlier support Napoleon ”’. It is quite understandable that the of Princess Caroline and through his insistence on Prince had a passing interest in the scheme, and in the stringent restraints contained in the Regency Bill; the context of dinner party conversation, he may well the Prince retaliated by discussing a possible change have expressed enthusiastic support, but this in itself of government with opposition leaders, but this came cannot be construed as evidence of the Prince’s to nought. In view, therefore, of the highly sensitive active involvement. This letter, dated two days after political and personal relationship which existed Treasury approval of the plans, is the only recorded between the two men in the latter months of , instance that I have found of the Prince Regent there is a strong circumstantial case to be made that referring to the scheme, nor have I located any the guinguette was Perceval’s idea.
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