BRITISH WORKING CLASS MOVEMENTS Also ~y G. D. H. Cole * AN INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC HlSTORY, 1750-1950

A HISTORY OF SOClALIST THOUGHT, Vols. I-V

ATTEMPTS AT GENERAL UNION: A Study in British History, 1818-34

CHARTIST PORTRAITS

THE CASE FOR INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIP BRITISH WORKING CLASS MOVEMENTS * SELECT DOCUMENTS 1789-1875

BY

G. D. H. COLE AND A. W. FILSON

Palgrave Macmillan 1965 ISBN 978-0-333-08563-9 ISBN 978-1-349-86219-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-86219-1

This book is copyright in all countries which are signatories to the Berne Convention

First Edition 1951 &issued 1965 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1965 978-0-333-01125-6

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THIS volume has been designed to serve as a companion to G. D. H. Cole's " Short History of the British Working-class Movement", which, first published more than twenty years ago, was revised throughout and extended in the new edition of 1948. It can also be used with "The Common People", by G. D. H. Cole and Raymond Postgate, of which a thoroughly revised edition was published in 1946. As both these volumes give book references, it has not been considered necessary to repeat them here; but references to both these books J have been given for each main section. The passages inclnded in the present volume are taken from many sources. A large number have been quoted from books and pamphlets included in G. D. H. Cole's collection, now at Nuffield College, Oxford. Others come from the Place and other collections in the British Museum; from the Horne Office Papers at the Record Office; from the George Howell collection at the Bishopsgate Institute, London, or from similar familiar gathering grounds. Our special thanks are due to Professor Aspinall of Reading University for allowing us to supplement our own excerpts from the Horne Office Papers by quoting from his volume, " The Early English Trade Unions"; to Dr. S. R. Driver, for two documents given in his life of Richard Oasder, published under the tide, " Tory Radicai"; to Mrs. Barbara Hammond and to Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. for several documents quoted from " The Skilled Labourer " and " The Village Labourer"; to Mr. A. W. Humphrey for documents quoted from his" History of Labour Representation "; to Mr. Ness Edwards, for a passage from his " History of the South Wales Miners "; to Dr. M. W. Thomas, for several extracts from his book, "The Early Factory Legislation "; to Mr. R. W. Postgate, for a passage from " The Builders' History "; and to Mr. Reg. Groves, for permission to quote a labourers' song from his" Sharpen the Sickle ". We began work on this volume in 1937, and had prepared the greater part of the material before war broke out. We had then to lay it aside, and have only now been able to finish it. It was fully in shape before, in 1948, aseries of small volumes, forming a series calld " History in the Making " and covering apart of the

I Referred to respectively as " Short History " and " Common People ". v British Working Class Movements same ground in a substantially different way, began to be issued, and our own selections were made entirely without reference to these volumes. We have done our best to be accurate ; but in transcribing from copy in libraries, and especially in dealing with manuscript material, some errors are bound to creep in. Weshall be grateful to any reader who draws our attention to mi stakes of any kind. G.D.H.C. A.W.F. May 1949

VI CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE I. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. INTRODUCTION I. THE LABOURERS. From Rev. D. Davies, "The Case of the Labourers in Husbandry ", 1795 . 3 2. THE STATE OF THE POOR. (a) From Sir F. M. Eden, " The State of the Poor", 1797. (b) From the same 4 3. THE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM. From Robert Owen, " Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System ", 1815 . 8 4. THE WOOLLEN INDUSTRY. From aReport on the State of the Woollen Manufacture of England, 1806 I2 5. THE COAL MINERS, 1765. From the Annual Register, 1765 14 6. THE SEAMEN. From the Horne Office Papers, 1792. Reproduced from A. AspinalI, "The Early English Trade Unions", 1949 . 16 7. THE SKILLED ARTISANS. From the Place MSS., 27,834 f. 108 (1834) 19 8. FOOD RIOTS. (a) From the Annual Register, 1766. (b) From the same 20 9. THE SPEENHAMLAND SCALE. From J. L. and B. Ham- mond, " The Village Labourer, 1760-1832 " (19II). 25

11. POLITICAL MOVEMENTS TO 1789 27 INTRODUCTION I. WILKES AND LIBERTY. A Test for Parliamentary Candi- dates, 1771 28 2. THE AMERICAN WAR. From William Cobbett, "the Life and Adventures of Peter Porcupine ", 1796 29 3. " TAKE YOUR CHOICE !" (a) Extracts from John Cart­ wright's" Take Your Choice ! ", 1776. (b) A Letter from Richard Price. From" Life and Correspond- ence of Major John Cartwright " 30 4. THE YORKSHlRE REFORMERS. From the Wyvill Papers, vol. i (1794) 32 5. THE WESTMINSTER COMMITTEE. From the ' Report of the Sub-Committee of Westminster', 1780. From the same 34 6. THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CONSTITUTIONAL IN­ FORMATION, 1780. From the Society's volume of Tracts, 1783 35 vii British Working Class Movements CHAP. PAGK III. GREAT BRITAIN AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 37 INTRODUCTION I. THE REvOLUTION SOCIETY. (a) From a Congratulatory Address to the National Assembly in France, 1789. (b) From Dr. Richard Price's " Discourse on the Love of Our Country ", 1789 . 39 2. THE RIGHTS OF MAN. (a) From Thomas Paine, " Rights of Man ", Part I, 1790. (b) From the same, Part 11, 1791. (c) From the same, 1791 40 3. THE LONDoN CORRESPONDING SOCIETY. (a) From " An Address to the Nation from the London Cor­ responding Society", 1793. (b) From the Place MSS., 27,812 f. 75. [1793]. (c) FromJohn Thelwall, " The Rights of Britons ", 1795. (d) From" Revolu- tions without Bloodshed ", 1794 43 4. THE SOCIETY FOR CONSTITUTIONAL INFORMATION. From " An Address by John Frost and Joel Barlow, Mem­ bers of the Society for Promoting Constitutional Information " 52 5. THE SOCIETY OF THE FRIENDS OF THE PEOPLE. From an Address of the Society, 1794 54 6. THE BRITISH CONVENTION, 1793. (a) From the Second Report of the Committee of Secrecy, 1794. (b) From the same, 1794 . 54 7: lIog's Wash, or Politics for the People. (a) From Daniel Isaac Eaton, Hog's Wash, 1793. (b) From the same, 1793. (c) From the same, Part 11, No. I, 1794 56 8. THE RADICALS AND THE FRENCH WAR. From the same, Part 11, No. 8, 1794 58 9. THE MANCHESTER REFORMERS. (a) From "The Whole Proceedings on the Trial of an Indictment against Thomas Walker and Others, for a Con­ spiracy", 1794. (b) From Thomas Walker, "A Review of some of the Political Events which have occurred in Manchester during the Last Five Years ", 1794. (c) From the same, 1794 60 10. THE LOYAL ASSOCIATIONS. (a) From Debrett's Parlia- mentary Register, vol. xxxiv. (b) From the Reeves MSS. [1792] 65 1 I. THE TRIAL OF THOMAS MUIR. From" State Trials ", vol. xxiii . 66 12. THE COMMITTEE OF SECRECY, 1794. (a) From the First Report, 1794. (b) From the same, 1794. (c) From the Second Report, 1794. (d) From the same, 1794 67 13. THE TREASON TRIALS OF 1794. From" The Trial at Large of Thomas Hardy for High Treason", October 28 to November 5,1794. (RepOl:ted by John Newton, 1794) . 69 viii Contents PAGE 14. THE NAVAL MUTINIES OF 1797. Manifesto of the Delegates to their Countryrnen: Address handed to Lord Northesk, .Tune 6, 1797. Frorn" Revolution frorn 1789 to 1906 " (1923) 72 15. REPRESSIVE LECISLATION, 1795-1800. (a) Frorn the Seditious Meetings Act, 1795. (b) Frorn the Unlawful Oaths Act, 1797. (e) Frorn the Corresponding Societies Act, 1799 74 16. THE RADICAL REVIVAL, 1806-1807. (a) Frorn Cobbett's Weekly Politieal Register, 1806. (b) Frorn the Place MSS. 27,850 ff. 19-20 [1806]. (e) Frorn the same, 27,838 ff. 19-20 [1807] . 77

CHAP. IV. TRADE UNIONISM TO 1815 82 INTRODUCTION I. TRADE UNIONS AND THE LAW BEFORE 1799. (a) Frorn A Bill of Conspiracies of Victuallers and Craftsrnen, 1548 (2 & 3 Edw. VI. c. 15). (b) Frorn Notes and Queries, 1867. (e) From 12 Geo. I. c. 34 (1726). (d) Frorn' Rex v. the Journeymen Tailors of Cam­ bridge', 1721. (e) Frorn" The Trial of the Journey- rnen Printers", 1798 85 2. THE COMBINATION ACTS OF 1799 AND 1800. From The Cornbination Act, 1800 90 3. THE COTTON TRADE IN 1812. From Alexander Rich- rnond's Evidence before the Cornrnittee on Artizans and Machinery, 1824 93 4. THE ENFoRcEMENT OF THE COMBINATION LAWS.From the Horne Office Papers. Reproduced frornA.Aspinall, "The Early English Trade Unions ", 1949 (16 extracts) . 99 5. THE SKILLED CRAFTS. (a) Frorn The Gorgon, 1818. (b) Frorn "The London Scale of Prices for Com­ positors' Work: agreed upon, April 16th, 1810, with Explanatory Notes, and the Scales of Leeds, York, Dublin, Belfast, and Edinburgh " 105 6. THE STATUTE OF ARTIFICERS, REpEAL OF WACES AND ApPRENTICESHIP CLAUSES, 1813-1814. From the Statute of Artificers, 1562. (5 Eliz. c. 4) 109

V. THE LUDDITES . III I NTRODUCTI ON I. THE MIDLAND LUDDITES. The Declaration of the Frarnework Knitters, 1812. Horne Office Papers, 42{1I9 lU

A· ix British Working Class Movements

PAGK 2. THE YORKSHIRE LUDDITES. Letter sent to a Hudders- field Master, 1812. Home Office Papers, 40/41 113 3. A LUDDITE OATH. From F. Peel, " The Risings of the Luddites ", 1895 115

(HAP. VI. THE POST-WAR CRISIS 116 INTRODUCTION I. SIGNS OF UNREST. (a) From Samuel Bamford, " Pass­ ages in the Life of a Radical ",1840. (b) From The Black DwarJ, 1817. (c) From the same, 1817 • 118 2. COBBETT TURNS TO THE WORKING CLASS, 1816. (a) From Gobbett's Weekly Political Register, 1816. (b) From the same, 1816 121 3. THE SPENCEAN PHILANTHROPISTS. (a) From Thomas Spence, "The Restorer of Society to its Natural State ", 1801. Letter I. (b) From the same, 1801. Letter 5. (c) From the Place MSS., 27,809 f.93 (?1816). (d) From the First Report of the Com­ mittee of Secrecy, 1817 124 4. ROBERT OWEN AND THE POST-WAR CRISIS. (a) From "The Life of Robert Owen" (1857), vol. i. (b) From Robert Owen, " Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing Poor ", 1817 13 1 5. THE HAMPDEN AND UNION CLUBS. (a) From F. D. Cartwright, " Life of Major Cartwright (1826), vol. ii. (b) From the same, 1826. (c) From Gobbett's Weekly Political Register, 18 I 7 . 139 6. THE MARCH OF THE BLANKETEERS, 1817. From The Gouner, 1817 142 7. The Black DwarJ. (a) From The Black DwarJ, 1817. (b) From the same, 1817 143 8. OLIVER THE Spy, 1817. (a) From The Leeds Mercury, 1817. (b) From the same, 1817 146 9. THE POLITICAL PROTESTANTS, 1818. From the Home Office Papers, 42/179 148 10. THE PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETY, 1818. (a) From the same, 42/181. (b) From The Gorgon, 1819. (c) From the Place MSS., 27,799 f. 143 . 149 11. RADICAL DEMANDS, 1818-1819. (a) From The Gorgon, 1818. (b) From Parliamentary Papers, 1819-1820 . 158 12. PETERLOO, 1819. From Sherwin's Weekly Political Register, 1819 163 13· THE FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, 1817-1824. From Richard Carlile's The Republican, 1820 . 165 14. THE SIX ACTS, 1819. (a) From 60 Geo. III, c. I. (b) From 60 Geo. III, c. 9 . 167 x Contents

PAGE 15. THE CATO STREET CONSPIRACY. (a) From G. T. Williams, " An Authentic History of the Cato-Street Conspiracy" [1820]. (b) From" TheTrials of Arthur Thistlewood, and Others, for High Treason " 170 16. THE CASE OF QUEEN CAROLINE. (a) From An Address to the Most Gracious Majesty the Queen from the Artisans, Mechanics and Labouring Classes of the Town of Manchester. Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, 1820. (b) From The Queen's Answer to the Manchester Address. From the same, 1820. (c) From The Courier, 1820. Quoted in Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, 1820 . 172

C:HAP. VII. THE REPEAL OF THE COMBINATION LAWS 177 INTRODUCTION I. THE EFFECT OF THE COMBINATION LAWS. From the Report of the Committee on Artisans and Machinery, 1824 178 2. FRANCIS PLACE AND THE COMBINATION LAWS. (a) From " Observations on Huskisson's Speech", by F. P. (Francis Place), 1825. (Quoted from Graham Wallas, "The Life of Francis Place", 1898.) (b) From the Place MSS., 27,798 ff. 12-14. Ibid. (c) From the PI ace MSS., 27,798 ff. 20-24. Ibid. 180 3. THE ACT OF 1824. From 5 Geo. IV, c. 95 184 4. THE ACT OF 1825. From 6 Geo. IV, c. 129 186

VIII. LABOUR ECONOMICS AND CO-OPERATION IN THE 1820s 189 INTRODUCTION I . CO-OPERATIVE SOCIALISM. (a) Labour the Source of Value. From" AReport to the County of Lanark", 1820. (b) Villages of Co-operation. From" The Life of Robert Owen" (1858), vol. i a. (c) The Contrast. From the same, 1858 190 2. THE LABOUR THEORY OF VALUE. (a) From Thomas Hodgskin, "Labour Defended", 1922. (b) From the same, 1922. (c) From William Thompson, "Labor Rewarded", 1827. (d) From William Thompson, " Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to retain them in Political, and thence in Civil and Domestic, Slavery", 1825 197 3. THE CO-OPERATIVE AND ECONOMICAL SOCIETY, 1821. From The Economist, 1822 206 4. THE BRIGHTON Co-operator. From The Co-operator, 1828 209

Xl British Working Class Movements

P.\GtI: 5. THE BRITlSH ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING CO­ OPERATIVE KNOWLEDGE. From the Place MSS., 27,822 f. 17 211

CH AP. IX. THE REFORM MOVEMENT, 1827-1832 2 14 INTRODUCTlON I. CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION AND THE ENGLISH RE­ FORMERS,1827-1829. From" An Account of a Meet­ ing of the Friends of Civil and Religious Liberty ", 1827 ...... 216 2. WORKING CLASS ATTlTUDES TO THE REFORM BILL, 1831. (a) From The Poor Ma71's Guardian, 1831. (b) From the same, 1831 218 3. COBBETT AND REFORM, 1831. From William Cobbett, " Manchester Lectures ", 1831 220 4. THE NATIONAL POLITICAL UNION, 1831. (a) From , Objects and Rules of the National Political Union " 1831. Place MSS., 27,791 f. 184. (b) From the same, 1831. (c) From John Wade, " British History Chronologically Arranged ", 1839 222 5. THE BIRMINGHAM POLITICAL UNION, 1830. From' The Declaration of the Birmingham Political Union', 1830 226 6. THE NATIONAL UNION OF THE WORKING CLASSES AND OTHERS, 1831. (a) From Penny Papers for the Peaple, 1831. (b) From Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, 1833 227 7. THE GRAND NATIONAL HOLIDAY. From William Ben- bow, " Grand National Holiday, and Congress of the Productive Classes ", 1832 230 8. THE REFORM BILL STRUGGLE IN THE COUNTRY. (a) From John Wade, " British History Chronologically Arranged ", 1839. Extract for October 7, 1831. (b) From the same, Extract for October 29, 1831. (c) Handbill. From the Place MSS., 27,791 f. 303 [1831] . (d) From John Wade, ap. cit. November 7 and 21, 1831. (e) From the same. May 1832. 233 9. THE REFORM ACT OF 1832. From the Act 236

X. TRADE UNIONISM AND UNREST, 1820-1834 241 INTRODUCTION I . TRADE UNIONS AFTER 1825. From "The Jubilee Volume of the London Society of Compositors ", 1898 243 2. THE METROPOLITAN TRADES' UNION. From Penny Papersfar the People, 1831 245 3. THE GENERAL UNION OF THE SPINNERS, 1829. From the Horne Office Papers, 40/27 [1829] 247 xii Contents

PAGrr 4. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LABOUR, 1830. (a) From The United Trades Co­ operative Journal, 1830. (b) From " On Combina- tions of Trades ", 1831 251 5. THE NORTHERN MINERS. From the Horne Office Papers, 1832 253 6. THE LABOURERS' REVOLT. (a) From Cobbett's Two­ penny Trash, 1830. (b) From W. Carpenter's Politieal Letters, 1830. (e) From the Horne Office Papers 40/25 [1830]. (d) From Cobbett's Weekly Politieal Register, 1830 255 7. THE SCOTCH CATTLE [1832]. From N. Edwards, " The History of the South Wales Miners" . 260 8. CO-OPERATIVE PRODUCTION. (a) From" Report of the North West of England United Co-operative Com- pany", 1832. (b) From The Pioneer, 1834 261 9. Equitable Labour Exchanges. (a) From The Crisis, 1832. (b) From the same, 1832. (e) From the same, 1834 262 10. THE OPERATIVE BUILDERS, 1833-1834. (a) From R. W. Postgate, " The Buildcrs' History "[1833]. (b) From The Pioneer, 1833. (e) From the same, 1833. (d) From "Brief History of the Operative Building Trades Union", 1833 . 266 II. THE GRAND NATIONAL CONSOLIDATED TRADES UNION. (a) From The Crisis, 1833. (b) From The Pioneer, 1834. (e) From the Rules of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1834. (d) From The Pioneer, 1834 270 12. THE YORKSHIRE TRADES' UNION. (a) From "The Character, Objects and Effects of Trades' Unions ", 1834. (b) From the same, 1834. (e) From The Poor Man's Guardian, 1833 276 13. THE NATIONAL REGENERATION SOCIETY. From The Pioneer, 1833 282 14. THE TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS. (a) From a Placard. (b) From George Loveless, "Victims of Whiggery", 1837 283 15. THE DISSOLUTION OF THE ' GRAND NATIONAL'. (a) From The Crisis, 1834. (b) From the same, 1834 288 16. THE JOURNEYMEN ENGINEERS. From Hetherington's Twopenny Dispateh, 1836 289 17. THE TRIAL OF THE GLASGOW COTTON SPINNERS, 1837. (a) From the First Report of the Select Committee on Combinations of Workmen, 1838. (b) From " The Rights of Labour Defended", 1837. (e) From the First Report of the Select Committee on Combina- tions of Workmen, 1838 291

X1U British Working Class Movements

CHAP. PAGE XI. THE FREEDOM OF THE PRESS . 295 INTRODUCTION 1. THE NEWSPAPER ACT OF 1819. (a) From C. D. CoIlet, "History of the Taxes on Knowledge" (1899), chapter 3. (b) From the Horne Office Papers, 41/5/43 (1819). Extract from a letter from Lord Sidmouth to the Mayor of Exeter . 296 2. RICHARD CARLILE. (a) From The Republiean, 1820. (b) From the same, 1823. (e) From the same, 1824 298 3. WILLIAM HONE. From" The Political House that Jack Built ", 1820 299 4. COBBETT'S REGiSTER AND THE STAMP DUTY. (a) From Cabbett's Weekly Politieal Register, October 26, 1816. (b) From the same, November 16, 1816. (e) From the same, 1824. (d) From the same, 1830 300 5. The Paar Man's Guardian. (a) From The Poor Man's Guardian, July 9, 1831. (b) From the same, 1834. (e) From the same, 1835 306

XII. THE FACTORY MOVEMENT, 1815-1850 311 INTRoDucTION 1. ROBERT OWEN'S FACTORY BILL, 1815. From" Life of Robert Owen " (1858), vol. i a 312 2. THE FACTORY ACT OF 1819. From Factory Act, 1819 (59 Geo. 111. c. 66) 314 3. YORKSHIRE SLAVERY. (a) From Richard Oastler's Letter to The Leeds Mercury, October 16, 1830. Re­ printed in" Tory Radical ", by C. Driver, 1946. (b) From John Fielden, "The Curse of the Factory System ", 1836 . . 315 4. THE SHORT TIME COMMITTEES. (a) From the First Report of the Select Committee on Combinations of Workmen,1838. (b) From 'Alfred' [Samuel Kydd], "The History of the Factory Movement" (1857), vol. i. (e) From C. Driver, op. eit., 1946. (d) From the same, 1946. (e) The York County Meeting, 1832. From' Alfred ' [Samuel Kydd], op. eit 318 5. THE FACTORY ACT OF 1833. (a) The Purposes of the Act. From Leonard Horner, "The Factories Regulation Act Explained ", 1834. (Quoted in M. W. Thomas, " The Early Factory Legislation", 1948.) (b) Oastler's Comment. From R. Oastler, "The Rejected Letter ", 1836. (Quoted in M. W. Thomas, op. eit.) (e) The Benthamite View. From The Londan and Westminster Review, October, 1836. (Quoted in M. W. Thomas, ap. eit.) (d) The Effects. From Leonard Horner, "On the Employment of Children in Factories", 1840. (Quoted in M. W. Thomas, ap. eit.) 326 XIV Contents

PAGE: 6. THE SHORT TIME COMMITTEES IN THE 1840s. From Philip Grant, " The History of Factory Legislation ", 1866 328 7. THE TEN HOURS ACT. From Shaftesbury's Letter to the Short Time Committees, 1847. From E. Hodder, " The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftes- bury", 1892 32 9

CHAP. XIII. THE NEW POOR LAW 331 INTRODUCTION I. COBBETT ON THE POOR LAW BILL. From Cobbett's Weekly Politieal Register, 1834 . 33 1 2. THE CALL TO RESISTANCE. From the same, 1835 332 3. THE RESISTANCE. (a) From a Speech by the Rev. J. R. Stephens on the New Poor Law, 1838. Printed in R. G. Gammage, " History of the Chartist Move­ ment" (Ist edition, 1854). (b) From Richard Oasder, " Damnation! Eternal Damnation to the Fiend-begotten Coarser-Food New Poor Law", 1837 333 4. THE ANTI-POOR LAW AsSOCIATIONS. From The Northern Star, 1838 335 5. THE STRUGGLE AT TODMORDEN. (a) From the Fourth Annual Report of the Poor Law Commissioners, 1838. (b) From the Fifth Annual Report of the Poor Law Commissioners, 1839 336 6. "THE BOOK OF THE BASTILES." From G. R. Wythen Baxter, " The Book of the Bastiles ", 1841 341 7. THE SEPARATION OF THE SEXES. (a) From Marcus, " The Book of Murder ", 1839, tide-page. (b) From the same, pp. 7-8 342

XIV. CHARTISM TO 1839 345 INTRODUCTION t. THE LONDON WORKING MEN'S AsSOCIATION. (a) From the Place MSS., 27,819 f. 31 (1836). (b) From the Address and Rules of the London Working Men's Association, 1836. (e) From "An Address to the Reformers on the Forthcoming Elections", 1837. (d) From an Address to the Canadian People, 1837 346 2. THE BIRMINGHAM POLITICAL UNION. From the Bir- mingham Petition, 1837 349 3. UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. From Bronterre's Natiollal Reformer, 1837 . 351 4. THE PEOPLE'S CHARTER: THE SIX POINTS. From a Handbill . 352 xv British Working Class Movements

PAGK 5. THE NATIONAL PETITION, 1837. (a) From the National Petition. Place MSS., 27,820 f.374. (b) From a speech by P. H. Muntz. From a pamphlet, "The Grand Midland Demonstration at Birmingham, 1838 353 6. THE LONDoN DEMOCRATIC AsSOCIATION. (a) From The London Democrat, 1839. (b) From the same, 1839 356 7. THE NORTHERN STAR. From R. G. Gammage, "History of the Chartist Movement, 1837-54", 1894 358 8. THE FIRST CHARTIST CONVENTION, 1839. (a) Resolu­ tions to April. From The Charter, 1839. (b) From the same, 1839. (c) From the Manifesto of the Con­ vention, May 14, 1839. (d) From R. G. Gammage, "History of the Chartist Movement ", 1894. (e) Resolutions, July to August. From The Charter, 1839. (f) Dissolution. From R. G. Gammage, op. eit. 360 9. THE NEwPoRT RISING. From" The Trial of John Frost for High Treason ", 1839 368

CHAr. XV. CHARTISM: LATER PHASES 370 INTRODUCTION I. THE NATIONAL CHARTER AsSOCIATION. From The Northern Star, 1840 374 2. THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. From" Rules and Objects of the National Association " . 380 3. THE COMPLETE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT. (a) From William Lovett, " Life and Struggles ". (b) From the "Report of Proceedings of Birmingham Con- ference ", 1842. (c) From the same, 1842. (d) From The Birmingham Journal, 1842 . 381 4. THE CHARTISTS AND THE ANTI-CORN LAw LEAGUE. (a) From The English Chartist Circular, 1842. (b) From The Liberator, 1842 389 5. CHARTISM AND THE TRADE UNIONS. (a) From The Northern Star, 1838. (b) From The Charter, 1839. (c) From the same, 1842 391 6. THE CHARTIST PETITION OF 1842. From R. G. Gam- mage, " History of the Chartist Movement ", 1894 . 394 7. THE PLUG PLOT. (a) From The Northern Star, 1842. (b) From the same, 1842 396 8. THE METROPOLITAN PARLIAMENTARY REFORM ASSOCIA- TION. From the Place MSS., 27,810 f. 152 (1842). 397 9· THE CHARTIST LAND SCHEME. (a) From the Rules of the Chartist Cooperative Land Society, 1845. (b) From a Circular of the National Land Company, 1847. (c) From the Sixth Report of the Se1ect Com- mittee on the National Land Company, 1848. 398 xvi Contents

PAGS 10. THE FRATERNAL DEMOCRATS. From" The Prindples and Rules of the Society of Fraternal Democrats ", 1845 4°1 I!. THE CHARTIST PETITION OF 1848. (a) From "Pro­ ceedings of the National Convention", 1848. (b) From The Annual Register, 1848. (c) From R. G. Gammage, "History of the Chartist Movement", 1894 4°3 12. HUME'S LITTLE CHARTER. From Hansard's " Parlia- mentary Debates ", 1848 406 13. THE NATIONAL REFORM LEAGUE. (a) From The National Reformer, 1847. (b) From Propositions of the National Reform League, 1850 406 14. THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENTARY AND FINANCIAL RE- FORM AsSOCIATION. From The Reformers' Almanack and Political Year Book, 1850 . 41 I 15. THE FIRST TRADE UNION CANDIDATE, 1852. (a) From The Operative, 1852. (b) From Reynolds' Newspaper, 1852. (c) From the same, 1852 414 16. ERNEST IONES AND THE LAST DAYS OF CHARTISM. (a) From The People's Paper, 1852. (b) From the same, 1854. (c) From the same, 1858 417

CHAP. XVI. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT, 1835-187;) 422 INTRODUCTION I . THE OWENITE SOCIALISTS. (a) From Rules of the National Community Friendly Society, 1837. (b) From the same, 1837. (c) From Propositions of the National Reform League, 1848 423 2. QUEENWOOD, OR HARMONY HALL. From The Move- ment, 1844 426 3. THE ROCHDALE PIONEERS. (a) From G. J. Holyoake, "History of the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers", 1857. (b) From The Society's Almanack, 1860. (c) From W. Robertson, " Rochdale Past and Present: a History and Guide ", 1876. (d) From The Society's Almanack, 1864 • 427 4. CO-OPERATIVE DIVIDEND ON PURCHASES. From The Poor Man's Guardian, 1832 431 5. THE REDEMPTION SOCIETIES. (a) From The Herald of Redemption, 1847. (b) From Address and Rules of the Bury Redemption Society, 1850. (c) From The Christian Socialist, 185 1 432 6. THE CHRISTIAN SOCIALISTS. From Politics for the People, 1848 434 7. THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING WORKING-MEN'S AsSOCIA- TIONS. (a) From "Tracts on Christian Socialism", No. 5 (1850). (b) From" Report ofthe Society", 1852. 434

XVll British Working Class Movements

PAGE 8. THE ENGINEERS AND CO-OPERATIVE PRODUCTION. From The Operative, 1851. . . . . 442 9. THE CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE AGENCY. From the Furnival Papers, vol. i, No. 24 : [Report of a Meeting for the Establishment of the Central Co-operative Agency, 1851] 443 10. CO-OPERATIVE FLOUR MILLS AND WOOLLEN MILLS. From The Christian Socialist, 1851 444 11. CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES AND THE LAw. (a) From the Friendly Societies Act, 1846. (b) From the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1852. (c) From the same, 1862 445 12. THE CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY. (a) From The Co-operator, 1863. (b) From the same, 1867. (c) From The Co-operative News, 1872 447 13. THE CO-OPERATIVE CONGRESS AND THE CO-OPERATIVE UNION. From a Circular issued by the Central Co- operative Agency, 1868. 453 14. THE REVIVAL OF CO-OPERATIVE PRODUCTION. (a) From The Co-operator, 1868. (b) From Maberly Phillips, "A History of Banks, Bankers and Banking in Northumbedand,Durhamand North Yorkshire", 1894 456 15. CO-OPERATIVE BANKING. From Percy Redfern, "The Story of the C.W.S.", 1913 461

CHAP. XVII. TRADE UNIONISM, 1840-1868 463 INTRODUCTION 1. MEETINGS OF TRADES' DELEGATES. From The Charter, 1839 464 2. THE MINERS' AsSOCIATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. From R. L. Galloway," Annals of Coal Mining and the Coal Trade " (2nd Series, 1898) 464 3. THE NATIONAL AsSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES FOR THE PROTECTION OF LABOUR, 1845. (a) From The Northern Star, 1845. (b) From a Circular, 1845. (c) From The Labour League, 1848 469 4. THE POTTERS' UNION AND EMIGRATION SOCIETY. (a) From The Potters' Examiner, 1844. (b) From the same, 1844 474 5. THE AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS. From the Rules of the Society, 1850 477 6. THE ENGINEERING LOCK-OUT OF 1852. (a) From The Operative, 1852. (b) From the same, 1852 479 7. THE PRESTON LOCK-OUT OF 1853. (a) From the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science, " Report on Trade Societies", 1860. (b) From "Balance sheet and Address of the Metro- politan Trades' Delegate Committee", 1854 483 xviii Contents

PAGK 8. THE LONDON BUILDING DISPUTE OF 1859. From " Balance sheet of the late Strike and Lock-out in the London Building Trades ", 1860 . 486 9. THE LONDON TRADES COUNCIL. (a) From the " Report of Trades Council of London ", 1862. (b) From The Beehive, 186S 488 10. THE MINERS' UNIONS, 1858 TO 1875. (a) From The Beehive, 1863. (b) From The Miner and Work­ man's Advocate, 1865. (c) From the Seventh Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 1867. (d) From the Eighth Report of the same, 1867. (e) From the Eleventh Report of the same, 1867. (f) From " Minutes of the Conference of the Miners' National Association", 1873. (g) From "Proceed­ ings of the National Conference of Miners", 187S. (h) From the " Report of the Amalgamated Associa­ ti on of Miners", 1873. (i) From the " Report of the Miners' National Association Conference", 1874. (J) From " Proceedings of the National Conference of Miners ", 1875. (k) From the same, 1875 492 ll. CONCILIATION AND ARB ITRATI ON. (a) From T. J. Dunning, "Trades' Unions and Strikes", 1860. (b) From "Report of the Select Committee on Masters and Operatives", 18S6. (c) From The Bookbinders' Trade Circular, 1858. (d) From ' An Account of the Board of Arbitration and Conciliation in the Hosiery and Glove Trades '. (e) From the Tenth Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 1867-1869. (I) From the Fourth Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions, 1867- 1869 S02 12. THE FACTORY REFORM MOVEMENT. From The Beehive, February 23, 1867 Sll 13. THE UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE OF ORGANISED TRADES. From " Rules for the Government of the Alliance", 1867 513 14. THE . (a) From the Circular of Invitation, 1868. (b) From G. Howell, "The Conflicts of Capital and Labour", 1878. (c) From a Circular of the Parliamentary Committee, 1872 S14 CHAP. XVIII. WORKING CLASS POLITICS, 1858-1867 S18 INTRODUCTION 1. THE NORTHERN REFORM UNION. From The Newcastle Chronicle, 1858 . S 19 2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT. From the Howell Papers [1867] S20 3. THE MANHOOD SUFFRAGE AND VOTE BY BALLOT ASSOCIATION. From Reynolds' Newspaper, 1862 S23

XIX British Working Class Movements

PAG. 4. THE TRADE UNIONS AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. (a) From The Beehive, 1863. (b) From G. J. Holy­ oake, "The History of the Rochdale Pioneers", 1867 524 5. THE WELCOME TO GARIBALDl. From Reynolds' News- paper, 1864 525 6. THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING MEN's AsSOCIATION. (a) From the Rules of the Association, 1864. (b) From "Annual Report of the London Trades' Council ", 1867 . 527 7. THE NATIONAL REFORM UNION. (a) From" Report of Proceedings at the National Reform Conference ", 1865. (b) From a Leaflet of the Union [1866-1867] 529 8. THE NATIONAL REFORM LEAGUE. (a) From the Rules of the League, 1865. (b) Address issued by the League" To the Working Men of Great Britain and Ireland ", 1865. (c) Address issued by the League " To the Trades' Unionists ofthe United Kingdom ", 1865. (d) From the Minute Book, 1866. (e) From the same, 1867 . 532 9. THELoNDON WORKING MEN's ASSOCIATION. (a) From The Beehive, 1866. (b) From the same, 1866. 540 ]0. THE HYDE PARK MEETING, 1866. (a) From Joseph Irving," The Annals of our Time " , 1871. (b) From Reynolds' Newspaper, 1866 541 ]1. THE REFORM ACT, 1867. (a) From The Common- wealth, 1867. (b) From the same, 1867. (c) From The Beehive, 1867 544

CHAP. XIX. THE LABOUR LAWS, 1867-1876 . 548 INTRODUCTlON I. THE LAW OF TRADE UNIONS AFTER 1825. (a) From the summing up cf J. Erle, in 1851. (b) From the Eleventh Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions (Memo. by Sir William Erle), 1868 . 549 2. THE MOLESTATION OF WORKMEN ACT, 1859. From the Act 551 3. THE LAW OF MASTER AND SERVANT. (a) From" Report of a Conference on the Law of Masters and Work­ men ", 1864. (b) From the Master and Servant Act, 1867 552 4. THE SHEFFIELD OUTRAGES. (a) From " Trades Union Commission: Sheffield Outrages Inquiry ", Report, 1867. (b) From the same, 1867 558 5. HORNBY v. CLOSE. (a) From the Lord Chief Justice Cockbum's Judgment, 1867. (b) From the Larceny and Embezzlement Act, 1868. (c) From the Trades Unions (Protection of Funds) Act, ]869 561 xx Contents

PAGE 6. THE TRADE UNIONS AND THE ROYAL COMMISSION. (a) From "Report of the Trades Conference", 1867. (b) From The Beehive, 1867 564 7. THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON TRADE UNIONS, 1867- 1869. (a) From the Commission's Eleventh Report, 1869. (b) From the same, 1869. (e) From the same, 1869 566 8. THE TRADE UNION ACTS, 1871. (a) From the Trade Union Act, 1871. (b) From the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1871 . 570 9. THE LONDON GAS STOKERS, 1872. (a) From The Illustrated London News, 1872. (b) From "The London Gas Stokers. AReport ", 1873 573 10. THE LABOUR LAWS OF 1875-1876. (a) From the. Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act, 1875. (b) From the Employers and Workmen Act, 1875. (e) From the Trade Union Act A'llendment Act, 1876 . 577

CHAP. XX. POLITICAL MOVEMENTS, 1866-1875 583 INTRODUCTION I. THE LONDON WORKING MEN'S AsSOCIATION AND THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1868. From A. W. Humphrey, " A History of Labour Representation ", 1912 583 2. THE LABOUR REPRESENTATION LEAGUE. (a) From the Minute Book of the Reform League, 1867. (b) From a Leaflet [1869]. (e)" Address of the Labour Re­ presentation League to the Working Men Electors of the Uni ted Kingdom '), 1871. (d) From a Leaflet [1874] 585 3. THE NORTHERN REFORM LEAGUE. From The Neweastle Daily Chronicle 1873 . 589 4. THE TRADES UNION CONGRESS AND THE GENERAL ELECTION OF 1874. A Leaflet, 1874 . . . 590 5. THE FIRST WORKMEN M.P.s. (a) From A. Macdonald's , Address to the Electors of Stafford', 1874. Re­ printed in A. W. Humphrey, " A History of Labour Representation", 1912. (b) From The Newcastle Weekly Chronicle, 1873. (e) From The Neweastle Daily Chronicle, 1874 . 592 6. THE NATIONAL REFORM UNION. Ft"Om a Leaflet [18751 595

XXI. INDUSTRIAL MOVEMENTS, 1870-1876 597 INTRODUCTION 1. THE NINE HOURS MOVEMENT. From the " Report of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers ", 1872 597 2. THE NINE HOURS BILL. From the Report of the Trades Union Congress Parliamentary Comrnittee, 1873 599

XXI British Working Class Movements

PAGK 3. TRADE UNION PROGRESS. (a) From the same, 1873. (b) From the same, 1875 . 600 4. THE AGRICULTURAL LABouRERs. (a) From "Joseph Arch: the Story of His Life, by Himself", 1898. (b) From " Constitution and Rules of the National Agricultural Labourers' Union", 1874. (c) From The LabouTCTs' Union ChTonicle, 1874. (d) From the same, 1874. (e) From " Songs for Singing at Agricultural Labourers' Meetings", by Howard Evans. (f) From the Report of the Royal Com- mission on Agriculture, 1882 . 602 5. THE UNSKILLED AND THE FORBIDDEN. (a) From the Rules ofthe General Labourers' Amalgamated Union, 1872. (b) From the Report of the Trades Union Congress, 1874 . 607 6. THE WOMEN'S PROTECTIVE AND PROVIDENT LEAGUE. From the League's First Annual Report, 1875 608 7. THE PLIMSOLL LINE. (a) From Samuel Plimsoll, " Our Seamen", 1872. (b) From George Howell, "Labour Legislation, Labour Movements, and Labour Leaders", 2nd edition, 1905 . 611 8. PROPOSALS FOR CLOSER FEDERATION. (a) From the Official Report of the Trades Union Congress, 1874. (b) From " Proposed Rules for the Govern­ ment of thc Fedcration of Organised Trade Socicties ", 1875 61 4

INDEX. 617

XXll