1 The Workers United This exhibition commemorates the 150th anniversary of the Trades Union Congress through exploring the extraordinary holdings of the TUC Library Collections – a centre for the study of trade unions and working life from the 19th century to the current day and now part of the Special Collections at London Metropolitan University. The exhibition uses the Library’s printed, manuscript and visual resources to explore the work and policies of the TUC since its foundation in 1868. All images copyright of the TUC/TUC library except RMT poster and photo of Frank Bailey, copyright Frank Bailey Family. 2 1868 – THE WORLD INTO WHICH THE TUC WAS BORN In the 100 years before 1868, Britain was transformed from a mainly rural society into one based on industrial production and whose population had moved to fast expanding towns. This social and economic disruption, worsened by the long war with France (1793- 1815) and huge rises in food prices, gave an impetus to workplace and trade organisation, and a demand for reform in Parliamentary representation. By the late 1840s, the railway network had stimulated the growth of the staple industries - coal, iron, cotton and engineering and Britain dominated world trade. Skilled workers set up new stable unions, like the Amalgamated Society of Top left: Emblem and Membership certificate of the Engineers 1851 which Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 1852. Top right: One of twelve watch cases believed to have collected membership been struck in 1864 to mark the meeting in London of the International Association of Working Men (The First dues, employed full time International). officials and offered 'friendly Above right: Reform Demonstration 1866. society' benefits. The London Trades Council, formed in 1860, brought together many of the London based leaders of trade unions, but it was the Manchester and Salford Above: This first Congress passed a resolution “that it is highly desirable that the trades of Trades Council that the United Kingdom should hold an annual congress, for the purpose of bringing the trades into closer alliance, and to take action convened the first Trades in all Parliamentary matters pertaining to the Union Congress, which met general interests of the working classes”. Left: Early TUC leaders including George June 2-6, 1868 in the Potter, Henry Broadhurst, Daniel Guile, George Odger and George Shipton. 1873. Manchester Mechanics Institute. The Workers United - a TUC Library exhibition All images copyright of the TUC/TUC Library unless stated otherwise, and all available (with many hundreds of others) from www.unionhistory.info 3 THE INSTITUTION Over the following years, the TUC grew and established itself as the voice of trade unions. In its first decades, the TUC concentrated on influencing government policy, but from the 1920s onwards it took a more active role in industrial matters. Over time, the TUC recruited a permanent staff, and became part of the infrastructure of the trade Above: In 1958, the TUC moved into Congress House in Below left: Fire destroyed the large Colston Hall in Bristol union movement, as well as central London. Now Grade II* listed, it was built as a during the 1898 Congress. All papers left in the Hall were modernist memorial to the trade unionists who died in the destroyed but Congress continued in an adjacent room. an influential and formidable two world wars, and is home to a notable Jacob Epstein This photograph shows the TUC Parliamentary Committee sculpture in the courtyard. and other officers sitting unperturbed in the ruins. campaigning body. Below: TUC General Secretaries (l-r): John Monks (1993- 2003), Norman Willis (1984-1993), Frances O'Grady (2014- ), Brendan Barber (2003-2013). The TUC also became part of the fabric of British political life, consulted by governments on policy and leading opposition to any attempts to undermine the rights and living standards of working people. Bottom left and right: In 1968, the TUC celebrated its centenary with a parade and other events in Man- chester, a concert at the Royal Festival Hall in London, a special postal stamp, and the Queen attended a banquet in London’s Guildhall. The Workers United - a TUC Library exhibition All images copyright of the TUC/TUC Library unless stated otherwise, and all available (with many hundreds of others) from www.unionhistory.info 4 THE MEDIA AND THE MESSAGE The TUC has always been a influential its own materials guaranteed to make the high profile organisation. As were, most people learned headlines. From the the collective voice of about the TUC through 1960s - 1990s, working people it has rarely what we now call the Congress proceedings been out of the news. ‘mainstream media’. Until were broadcast live, relatively recently every sometimes on both the The TUC Press and media organisation had BBC and commercial Publications Department specialist journalists channels. played a major role in the covering the labour and work of the organisation; trade union movement. Today, in this digital age, producing posters, the TUC speaks directly magazines, badges and Coverage of the TUC was to its members and the even newspaper and at its most intense around public through the cinema adverts to back its major disputes but the internet and social campaigns. But however annual Congress was also media. Top l-r: TUC poster 1933. From 1922 – 1964, the TUC produced its own daily newspaper The Daily Herald, initially directly and from 1930 as a minority shareholder in what became the world’s largest circulation newspaper. The Herald was the first paper to break the two million daily sales mark in 1933. The 1930s saw fierce competition between The Herald and right wing rivals such as the Daily Express. But by the 1960s its sales had declined and in 1964 the TUC sold its stake to the International Publishing Corporation, which re-launched the paper as The Sun, now ironically owned by Rupert Murdoch with an anti-union editorial line. Labour, the TUC magazine published 1922-1977. Above: TUC Congress badges, 1899-2002. Above right: The most famous image of the TUC was that of the carthorse drawn by cartoonist David Low. Although the image might now seem old fashioned and offensive, at the time this slow, steady, strong, and hardworking beast was regarded with such affection that the TUC itself hired a white carthorse to lead its centenary parade around Manchester. Copyright David Low © Evening Standard. The Workers United - a TUC Library exhibition All images copyright of the TUC/TUC Library unless stated otherwise, and all available (with many hundreds of others) from www.unionhistory.info 5 JOIN A UNION – NOW The high unemployment of the 1920s and ‘30s, following the decline of the staple industries in the old industrial centres and worsened by the 1929 'great crash', led to a decline in trade union membership from around 6.5 million in 1920 to its lowest point in the inter-war years of 3.2 million in 1934. Individual unions and the TUC launched mass recruitment campaigns, particularly aimed at women and young workers. Top l-r: Early TUC recruitment publicity for women often aped the styles of popular magazines. Above left: From the 1980s, unions actively produced recruitment literature aimed at black workers and different language groups. Above right: In 1938, the TUC Youth Charter demanded the raising of the school leaving age to 16 years, a limit of 40 hours on the working week and the abolition of overtime for under 18s, adequate technical training and 14 days paid holiday each year. Far left: TUC recruitment poster, 1937. Left: From 1929-1940, the TUC also ran an awards scheme as an incentive for the recruitment of new members. Bottom left: Union Yes campaign bus toured Manchester and the London Docklands area offering information and advice on equal pay and similar issues. 1990. Union membership rose again steadily from WW2, reaching a peak of 13 million in 1979, but deindustrialisation, unemployment and a hostile political climate in the 1980s affected union strength and new recruitment strategies were required. The Workers United - a TUC Library exhibition All images copyright of the TUC/TUC Library unless stated otherwise, and all available (with many hundreds of others) from www.unionhistory.info 6 A WOMAN’S PLACE IS IN HER UNION Above: The marriage bar was removed for all teachers and in the BBC in 1944, in the Civil Service and most local government and the post office in 1954. Elsewhere it survived into the 1960s. women in trade unions Left: The strike by Ford Motor Company sewing machinists In the mid-19th century, in 1968 over a re-grading claim launched a groundswell of protest which led to the introduction of the Equal Pay Act most women workers – continued to campaign for in 1970 - though not implemented till 1976. except in weaving - were equal pay and against the Copyright Pat Mantle. excluded from unions. marriage bar in In 1874, the Women's employment. Despite their Protective and Provident contribution on the League (later the Women's industrial Home Front Trade Union League) was during WW2 and the founded to encourage recommendation of a women to join existing Royal Commission in 1946, unions where possible and women still had to wait until Above: Corruganza Box Factory workers on strike 1908. In 1906, the League set up the National Federation of Women to set up separate unions the 1960s to see equal pay Workers as a militant general workers’ union, campaigning for minimum wages for women in low paid trades. It in women-dominated legislation. claimed a peak membership of 100,000 in 1917. trades such as dressmaking, bookbinding From the 1970s, women in and upholstering.