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Fish Communities As Related to Substrate Characteristics in the Coral Reefs of Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, Indonesia

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Fish Communities As Related to Substrate Characteristics in the Coral Reefs of Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, Indonesia Fish communities as related to substrate characteristics in the coral reefs of Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, Indonesia, five years after stopping blast fishing practices Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften – Dr.rer.nat. im Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie) der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Unggul Aktani angefertigt am Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie Bremen 2003 Gutachter der Dissertation : 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Matthias Wolff 2. Gutachter: Dr. Andreas Kunzmann Tag des öffentlichen Kolloqiums : 15 Mai 2003 Erratum Erratum to: “AKTANI, U. 2003. Fish communities as related to substrate characteristics in the coral reefs of Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, Indonesia, five years after stopping blast fishing practices” A list of corrections follows: Page iv. Line 6-7 from above should be: Chaetodon octofasciatus was abundant in areas dominated by Acropora corals. Chromis analis was abundant in areas dominated by sub-massive corals and other fauna. Page iv. Line 11 from above should be: … the current zoning management can not be considered an adequate tool to achieve this purpose. Page 84. Line 11-12 from above should be: C. octofasciatus is more abundant in area dominated by Acropora corals. C. analis is more abundant in areas dominated by sub-massive corals and other fauna. SUMMARY AKTANI, U. 2003. Fish communities as related to substrate characteristics in the coral reefs of Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, Indonesia, five years after stopping blast fishing practices Kepulauan Seribu (“Thousand Islands”) is an archipelago of 110 small islands in the southwest Java Sea. The archipelago is currently used for traditional fishing area, tourism, sand mining, off shore oil exploration, sailing, and conservation. The major problem in Kepulauan Seribu was blast fishing since the 1970’s, which had caused extensive coral destruction. Blast fishing stopped since 1995 when the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park was founded (since 1982 there was a nature reserve). Six islands were chosen, each with three permanent transects (at 4-5 m depth) on the northeast parts of each island, covering three management zones: Bira and Putri (Sanctuary Zone), Genteng and Melinjo (Intensive Utilization Zone), and Pandan and Opak (Traditional Utilization Zone). From October 2000 until August 2001, underwater visual censuses were carried out within 45 day-intervals. The fish transects were 50 × 5 m. Within the fish transects, underwater sequential photographs were taken (50 × 1 m) to assess benthic groups and coral reef coverage. Classification of the substrate type was based on benthic groups and life form categories. Hard coral coverage was 43, 29, 25, 20, 18 and 7 % in Genteng, Pandan, Melinjo, Bira, Opak and Putri, respectively. Dead corals were the dominant cover in all islands surveyed (range: 52 to 83 %). The long-lasting impact of blast fishing on the substrate was reflected by the presence of extensive fields of dead coral rubble (range: 31 to 59 %). In contrast to the zoning allocation, the percent hard coral cover in the Sanctuary Zone was lowest and percent cover of dead coral was highest. The highest cover of hard coral was found in the Intensive Utilization Zone. A total of 119 fish species belonging to 25 families (32 863 fishes) were determined. Pomacentridae was the most abundant family (range: 53 to 62 %), followed by Labridae (27 to 33 %). Planktivore (28 to 40 %) and omnivore (27 to 37 %) fish were the two most abundant trophic groups. The composition of the fish community changed seasonally according to the alteration of west and east monsoon; with seasonal shifts in both the fish species composition and fish abundances. During the iii west monsoon, Chromis atripectoralis and Halichoeres argus, while during the east monsoon Pomacentrus lepidogenys, P. alexanderae and Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura were abundant, respectively. The fish community was more related to the presence of benthic groups and life form categories than to the coverage of hard corals. Pomacentrus lepidogenys was abundant at encrusting corals. Pomacentrus alexanderae was abundant at mushroom and dead corals. Chaetodon octofasciatus and Chromis analis were abundant in areas dominated by Acropora corals. Benthic feeders and omnivores preferred substrate with high cover of dead corals. Planktivores preferred foliose corals. Since the goal of the national park management is maintenance of a high coverage of hard coral and a high diversity fish community, the current zoning management can be considered an adequate tool to achieve this purpose. The results highly suggest a re-zoning of the national park and should encourage the management to intensify both surveillance frequency and law enforcement for the entire national park. iv ZUSAMMENFASSUNG AKTANI, U. 2003. Fischgemeinschaften und ihr Bezug zu Substrat-Charakter- istika in den Korallenriffen vom Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park, Indonesien, fünf Jahre nach dem Einstellen der Dynamitfischerei Kepulauan Seribu (“Tausend Inseln”) ist ein Archipel mit 110 kleinen Inseln in der südwestlichen Javasee. Das Archipel wird zur Zeit genutzt für traditionelle Fischereigebiet, Tourismus, Sandabbau, Off-shore Ölförderung sowie den Naturschutz. Das Hauptproblem in Kepulauan Seribu war seit den siebziger Jahren die Dynamitfischerei, die in grossen Bereichen zur Zerstörung der Korallenriffe geführt hatte. Die Dynamitfischerei ist seit 1995 eingestellt, als der Kepulauan Seribu National Park gegründet wurde. Sechs Inseln wurden ausgewählt, die in drei Managementzonen liegen: Bira und Putri (Kernzone), Gentang und Melinjo (Intensive Nutzungszone), sowie Pandan und Opak (Traditionelle Nutzungszone). An der Nordostseite jeder Insel wurden drei Dauertransekte in 4-5 m Wassertiefe festgelegt. Von Oktober 2000 bis August 2001 wurden dort alle 45 Tage visuelle Fischzählungen durchgeführt. Die Fischtransekte maßen 50 × 5 m. Innerhalb der Fischtransekte wurde das Substrat fotografiert (50 × 1 m), um den Deckungsgrad an benthischen Gruppen und an Korallen zu quantifizieren. Die Substrattyp-Klassifizierung basierte auf benthischen Gruppen und „life form categories“. Der Deckungsgrad mit Hartkorallen in Gentang, Pandan, Melinjo, Bira, Opak und Putri betrug jeweils 43, 29, 25, 20, 18 und 7 %. Tote Korallen waren die dominante Bedeckung auf allen untersuchten Inseln (zwischen 52 und 83 %). Weite Flächen mit Korallenschutt (31 bis 59 %) spiegeln den bleibenden Einfluss der Dynamitfischerei auf das Substratgefüge wieder. Im Widerspruch zum höchsten Schutzstatus der Kernzone wurde dort der geringste Deckungsgrad an Hartkorallen und der höchste Grad an Bedeckung mit toten Korallen gefunden. Insgesamt wurden 119 Fischarten aus 25 Familien nachgewiesen (32 863 Fische). Pomacentridae stellten die häufigste Familie (53 bis 62 %), gefolgt von Labridae (27 bis 33 %). Planktivore (28 bis 40 %) und omnivore (27 bis 37 %) Fischarten waren v die beiden häufigsten trophischen Gruppen. Die Zusammensetzung der Fischgemeinschaft veränderte sich saisonal entsprechend dem Wechsel zwischen West- und Ostmonsun, mit Verschiebungen sowohl in der Fischartenzusammensetzung als auch in den Fischabundanzen. Während des Westmonsuns waren Chromis atripectoralis und Halichoeres argus und während des Ostmonsuns Pomacentrus lepidogenys, P. alexanderae und Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura häufige Arten. Die Fischgemeinschaft stand eher im Bezug zu der Anwesenheit benthischer Gruppen und „life form categories“ als zum Deckungsgrad mit Hartkorallen. Pomacentrus lepidogenys war häufig mit Krustenkorallen vergesellschaftet. Pomacentrus alexanderae wurde häufig an pilzförmigen Korallen und an toten Korallen angetroffen. Chaetodon octofasciatus und Chromis analis waren in Bereichen häufig, die von Acropora-Korallen dominiert wurden. Fische, die ihre Nahrung am Boden finden und omnivore Fische bevorzugten Substrat mit einem hohen Anteil an toten Korallen. Planktivore bevorzugten den Aufenhalt in der Nähe von trichterförmigen Korallen. Da der Erhalt eines hohen Deckungsgrades mit Hartkorallen und einer Fischgemeinschaft mit grosser Diversität erklärte Aufgabe des Nationalpark- Managements ist, kann die aktuelle Zonierung nicht als ein adäquates Instrument zum Erreichen dieser Ziele angesehen werden. Die Ergebnisse weisen deutlich auf die Notwendigkeit einer Re-Zonierung des Nationalparkes hin und sollten das Management dazu ermutigen, sowohl die Überwachung vor Ort als auch die Vollstreckung geltender Gesetze für den gesamten Nationalpark zu verstärken. vi RINGKASAN AKTANI, U. 2003. Komunitas ikan dan keadaan substrat terumbu karang di Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia, setelah lima tahun tidak terjadi penangkapan ikan dengan bahan peledak Kepulauan Seribu terdiri dari 110 buah pulau kecil di Laut Jawa bagian barat daya. Di kepulauan ini terdapat kegiatan wilayah penangkapan ikan tradisional, pariwisata, pengambilan karang/pasir, penambangan minyak lepas pantai, pelayaran dan perlindungan alam. Sejak tahun 1970-an permasalahan utama di Kepulauan Seribu adalah penangkapan ikan dengan menggunakan bahan peledak yang mengakibatkan kerusakan hebat terumbu karang. Penangkapan ikan dengan bahan peledak tidak terjadi lagi sejak 1995 ketika kawasan tersebut dijadikan Taman Nasional (sejak 1982 sudah menjadi kawasan cagar alam). Enam pulau di tiga zona pengelolaan yang berbeda dipilih sebagai lokasi penelitian, masing-masing dengan tiga tempat pengamatan tetap (di kedalaman 4-5 m) pada bagian timur laut pulau: Bira dan Putri (Zona
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