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IAHR AIRH Newsletter 2 Volume 20 / 2003 (Supplement to JHR - Vol 41 - No 2) Investigation of extreMe flood International Processes And unCerTainty – Journal of IMPACT River Basin IMPACT is a major three- year European research Management project looking at the failure of flood defence embankments and JRBM embankment dams co- ordinated by IAHR Corporate Member HR Wallingford. More information on page 29 Breaching a 6m high embankment in Norway (Oct. 2002) IMPORTANT Roman aqueducts NOTE: The NOVATECH 2004 Dr. P.-L. Viollet and Dr. abstracts submission H. Chanson review the deadline (see leaflet history of aqueducts in within this mailing) the section ‘Chronicles has been extended on the history of to April 28th, 2003 hydraulics’ on page 26 for IAHR Members, instead of March Arches of the Anio Novus 28th, 2003 as aqueduct, in its upstream A new Journal, JRBM - the International indicated in the course, between Tivoli and Subiaco (photo: P.L. Journal of River Basin Management - will Viollet) leaflet. be launched at the Third World Water Forum in 2003 with a specific role to provide a forum for the scientific community to adopt a more cross-sectoral approach to research and practice in river basin management. The new Journal will be published by IAHR in collaboration with other leading international associations. See page 20 for further information on this new Journal. Keep up-to-date with the latest Congress news. Continues on page 21 17 IAHR IAHR AIRH Newsletter AIRH Newsletter and climbing back up the slope to the Fes (Morocco) is known to have had HODGE, A.T., Roman aqueducts and water downstream reservoir. Some of these conduits delivering pure water to all supply, Duckworth, 1995 reservoirs can still be seen, including some houses of the al-Qarawwiyyin town area, VIOLLET, P.L., L’ Hydraulique dans les of the holes from where the lead pipes as reported by the medieval geographer civilisations anciennes, Presses des Ponts departed (see picture). al-Idrissi. et Chaussées, 2000 When the Roman empire collapsed in the West, the aqueducts slowly Bibliography. deteriorated, through lack of maintenance ARGYROPOULOS P. A., “Ancient Greek (see the table in the following article by hydraulic engineering experience and Are YOU interested in the history of hydraulics? Is there any study or report in this area that YOU would like to publish in our new Chanson); only in Rome, the Popes used technique”, IAHR Congress, Cagliari, Sept newsletter section ‘Chronicles on the history of hydraulics’? Please don’t hesitate to contact Dr. Pierre-Louis Viollet at: to maintain some of the aqueducts for the 1979 [email protected] needs of waterwheels. In the Western CHANSON, H., “Hydraulics of Roman middle ages, people in cities returned to aqueducts : steep chutes, cascades and the rivers for their domestic needs, and dropshafts”, American Journal of Aqueducts : a short history many hygiene problems followed. In the Archeology, 104, p 47-72, 2000 By Pierre-Louis Viollet, Arabic world, the Roman idea of water in GARBRECHT, G. H., “Die Entwicklung der EDF R&D the city remained: for instance Samarkand Wasserwirtschaft Pergamons bis zur The upstream reservoir of a siphon of the Gier [email protected] kept its aqueduct systems operating until Romischen Kaiserzeit”, Journées d’Etude aqueduct: of the ten holes from where the lead pipes departed, four can be seen on this picture. the city was attacked by the Mongols in sur les Aqueducs Romains, Les Belles The white arrows show the direction of the flow What is an aqueduct? It can be defined as flow only, following the ground level with a masonry channels with more or less 1219. Furthermore, in the XIIth century, Lettres, 1983 (photo P.L. Viollet). “an artificial channel or conduit aimed at gentle slope. By the IIIrd century BC, the rectangular shapes allowing larger cross- delivering water to human settlements for effect of pressure in fluids became better sections and thus higher flow rates than domestic or industrial purposes”. This known, thanks to the works of a number of older aqueducts. The first aqueduct of the definition excludes irrigation and philosophers and mathematicians orbiting city of Rome, Aqua Appia, was built by navigation canals, and implies that water is around the famous Alexandria Library and 312 BC, and was mostly a subterranean Roman aqueducts: delivered with a sufficient head for feeding Museum -the most illustrious one being simple channel. Between 312 BC and 226 a distribution network or producing energy. Archimedes (287 – 212 BC) who lived in AC, 11 aqueducts were built for the city of hydrology Vs. hydraulics !? In the birthplaces of the oldest Syracusa but had visited Alexandria and Rome, the longest ones being about 90 civilisations, ancient Egypt and the fertile used to correspond with the km long: Aqua Marcia (144 BC), the first By H. Chanson, catchment hydrology. Four aqueduct flowrate varied on average within 35% of the plain of lower Mesopotamia, the building mathematician Erathostenes of Cyrene, one to use a siphon allowing water to pass Reader, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, systems are discussed and the results mean at Gorze, but these variations were of aqueducts was not possible because no director of the Alexandria Library. By that from Caelius to Aventin hills inside Rome, Department of Civil Engineering, The demonstrate severe hydrological limitations greater during dry periods: e.g. between 40% water resources were available in that time, pressure conduits made of stone- and Aqua Anio Novus (52 AC), issuing University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD during dry periods, implying needs for some and 200% of the average daily flowrate at altitude. The oldest aqueducts are located carved elements began to be used, from a dam on the river Anio. The amount 4072, Australia form of dynamic regulation. Gorze, and the spring outflow was zero more in the eastern Mediterranean area where allowing aqueducts to descend a valley of water supplied to Roman cities reached E-mail: [email protected] - than once at Mons. While the flowrates springs or streams are found in mountains and rise a hill using the principle of the so- a peak: 1 cubic meter per day and per Website: http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/ Hydrology and operation of some Roman during Roman times are unknown, it is or hills above the cities. By 2000 BC The called “siphon”. This technique was not person for the city of Rome. aqueducts plausible that hydrological variations were palace of Cnossos in Crete had a water developed in Greece but in Hellenistic The Romans built aqueducts all around Roman aqueducts supplied water to cities for The hydrology of some catchment areas similar to present trends. This suggests that distribution system, and there were also Anatolia (modern Turkey). In Pergamon, their empire. The longest ones are the public baths and toilets in addition to public supplying Roman aqueducts were recently the aqueducts conveyed relatively low flows terracotta or wood aqueducts in the astounding Mandradag aqueduct was aqueducts of Apamea (Syria, 116 AC), 150 fountains (HODGE 1992, FABRE et al. 2000). studied (CHANSON 2002), the “source de during dry periods. In turn, the operation of Mycenaean Greece (1600 – 1200 BC), for probably built under king Eumenes II (197 km long, and of Carthage (Tunisia, 162 They were long subterranean conduits, l’Eure” at Uzés supplying the Nîmes the aqueduct and the water distribution in the instance in the palace of Pylos (see – 159 BC). It consisted of a 40 km AC), 118 km long in its longest branch, following contour lines (Fig. 1 & 2). Numerous aqueduct; the “source de Gorze” feeding the Roman city had to be adjusted, possibly with Chronicle n°2 in Newsletter 6, 2002). In upstream section with 3 parallel terracotta and with wonderful arches in the valley of aqueducts were used for centuries and some Gorze aqueduct (Metz); the “source du Thou” a dynamic regulation. classical Greece (VIth to IVth centuries pipes, followed by a siphon made of a Oued Milliane. In Europe, the longest are still in use (e.g. Carthage, Mons). Their and “ruisseau d’Arches” supplying the Mont BC), terracotta aqueducts used to follow single lead pipe. The siphon started from a aqueducts outside Rome are found in construction was a huge task, often d’Or aqueduct (Lyon); and the “sources de la Aqueduct flow regulation? the level of the ground, in which there cistern facing the Pergamon acropolis (fed Koln, 98 km long, and Lyon with the performed by the army under the guidance Siagnole” feeding the Mons aqueduct Several aqueducts were equipped with were buried, in order to protect them by the aqueduct’s upstream section), went aqueducts of Gier and Brevenne which are of military hydraulic engineers. Their cost was (Fréjus), which are all in use today (Table 1). regulation basins installed along the canal. against accidental damages and to hide down in a valley to an altitude 200 m lower more than 70 km long. The most extra-ordinary considering the real flow rate The comparison between the Gorze and For example at Ars-sur-Moselle (Metz); at the them from the eyes of enemies: they were than the reservoir, and then up 175 m to impressive roman bridges are in Nîmes (less than 400 l/s) : i.e., about 1 to 3 million Nîmes aqueducts is particularly relevant, Vallée de l’Eure, upstream of Pont-du-Gard, made with elements 60 cm to 1 m long, the Pergamon acropolis. The outside (see the photo by Chanson in the following sesterces per kilometre on average (FEVRIER considering that they were among the largest at Lafoux along the Nîmes aqueduct; at and 11 to 22 cm inside diameter.
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