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Cura Aquarum in Israel II Water in Antiquity In Memory of Mr. Yehuda Peleg Prof. Ehud Netzer Dr. David Amit Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region Israel 14– 20 October 2012 edited on behalf of and by Christoph Ohlig & Tsvika Tsuk Siegburg 2014 Schriften der Deutschen Wasserhistorischen Gesellschaft (DWhG) e. V. Volume 21 Homepage of DWhG: http://www.dwhg-ev.com Israel Nature and Park Authority: http://www.parks.org.il// © PAPIERFLIEGERVERLAG GmbH, Clausthal-Zellerfeld Telemannstr. 1, D – 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld www.papierflieger.eu All rights preserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 978-3-86948-333-7 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar 1. Edition 2014 I TABLE of CONTENTS Tsvika Tsuk Introduction and Conclusions III In Memory of Mr. Yehuda Peleg VII In Memory of Prof. Ehud Netzer XI In Memory of Dr. David Amit XIII Daniel A. Warner Is there Light at the End of the Tunnel? Excavations of the Tel 1 Gezer Water System. Preliminary Results of the 2010-12 Seasons David Amit Water to Jerusalem: the Route and Date of the Upper and Lower 9 and Shimon Gibson Level Aqueducts Amos Frumkin Bedrock Water Tunnels in the Southern Levant: Deviations, Sur- 43 veying Techniques and Shaft Construction Yardenna Alexandre The Inverted Siphon Pipelines to Tel Bet Yeraḥ- al-Ṣinnabra 53 Yosef Porath When the Qanat Systems were introduced to the Holy Land? 65 Amir Gorzalczany The Early Islamic Aqueducts to Ramla and Hebron 71 and David Amit Yehoshua (Yeshu) Taninim Dam – A Byzantine Flushing Mechanism 81 Dray Boaz Gross, The Ancient Garden of Ramat Raḥel and its Water Installations 93 Yuval Gadot, Oded Lipschits Tsvika Tsuk Touring Israel's Ancient Water Systems 115 Shimon Tal Water in Israel and in the Middle East – Past, Present, Future 137 Hartmut Wittenberg Groundwater Use in the Hittite Capital Hattuša 1600 BC 139 Mathias Döring The Roman Hydraulic Engineering Buildings of Antioch (Turkey) 149 Henning Fahlbusch The Roman Water Supply System of Pergamum 165 E.J. Owens The Aqueducts and Water Supply of Tralleis 185 and Rafet Dinç Dennis Murphy Ancient Water Systems of the Lamas Çayi and the Surrounding 197 Hinterland CURA AQUARUM IN ISRAEL II, Schriften der DWhG, Band 21, Siegburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86948-333-7 II Table of Contents Werner Eck The Armed Forces and the Infrastructure of Cities during the 207 Roman Imperial Period – The Example of Judaea/Syria Palaestina Ariel M. Bagg Water as Weapon and Military Target in Ancient Mesopotamian 215 Warfare Michael J. Knight Groundwater Use and Understanding in Ancient Times: 227 Lessons for Today and Tomorrow Wilke D. Schram Dynamic Control Elements in Roman Aqueducts – A Reconnais- 229 sance Study Anna Androvitsanea The Role of Water in Ancient Sanctuaries. The Sanctuary 247 of Amphiaraos Stefanie Preißler When Ceres Commands her Nymphs – An Investigation of the 257 Relation between Mills and Aqueducts in the Ancient Mediterra- nean Maria Luisa The Glass Kiln (“Horno De Vidrio”), A Pressure Drop Tower in the 265 Barahona Water Supply to the City of Toledo (Spain) during the Roman Era Mehmet Bildirici Karman Ermenek Yukari Çağlar – Water Tunnels and Water Sup- 275 ply System of Ancient SBEDE Front cover: The six shafts tunnel at Sepphoris (photo: Alon Levite) CURA AQUARUM IN ISRAEL II, Schriften der DWhG, Band 21, Siegburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86948-333-7 229 Dynamic Control Elements in Roman Aqueducts - A Reconnaissance Study* Wilke D. Schram 1. Introduction: dynamics in Roman aque- The common factor of the dynamic control ducts? elements is the time dependency. So we are in search for elements – often enclosed in basins Many aqueduct studies present a static view: – which position can change over time, in or- the water source, the main conduit with tun- der to control the water flow. nels, bridges, and sometimes siphons, with at the end the water distribution in the town. On the other hand, there were fixed elements In ancient times one may suppose a more dy- found in aqueducts like overflows: when the namic environment: seasonal fluctuations in water reached a certain level the overflow led the supply (up to 1 to 10 for the present source the excess water to a drain or brook nearby. of the Metz aqueduct, Chanson 2002, pag. 2), These we call static control elements because day and night rhythm on the demand side, they are not time-dependant and so are not a temporarily closing of a section for mainte- part of our study. nance and major interventions e.g. extra supply or users. In response to these external stimuli one would 3. Examples of control elements expect a need for control. To illustrate our subject, we will point at some The main question in this study is: was there examples of control elements present in Roman any control in Roman aqueducts from the aqueducts: source to the main distribution point near the city? Modern authors hint on the need for con- Of course the distribution basins in Nîmes trol in Roman aqueducts (Hodge 1992 pag. and Pompeii: how long and how much 293-4, Aicher 1995, pag. 136 & 139, Ellis water was made available to which groups 1996, pag. 179, Wilson 1997, Bossey 2000, of users, given the fact that the supply was pag. 771, Blackstone & Hodge 2001, pag. 132, not constant over the year and the demand Chanson 2002, pag. 4). was dependant from the time of the day? Based on a sample of 26 basins with control elements, we try to throw some light on this interesting subject. 2. Dynamic control Several control elements were found in aque- ducts which raises many questions: which functions did they execute and which mecha- nisms were used, was there any systematic approach in Roman times, is there any literary or epigraphic evidence about these actions. Basically: how did the Romans control an aq- ueduct? Water distribution basin (Castellum divisorium) in Nîmes. How did the Romans close the apertures? ________________________ (Neyses (n. d.) pag. 14, based on Stübinger 1909, fig. * Dedicated to Sirp J. de Boer. The author wants to thank 38). H.P.M. (Paul) Kessener for his advice. CURA AQUARUM IN ISRAEL II, Schriften der DWhG, Band 21, Siegburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86948-333-7 230 Wilke D. Schram, Dynamic Control Elements in Roman Aqueducts- A Reconnaissance Study Water distribution basin (Castellum divisorium) in Pompeii. Did the Romans use plugs? (Ohlig 2001, fig. 149). The regulation basin of the Metz aqueduct at Ars-sur-Moselle, just before the water crossed the Moselle river by means of the well known twin aqueduct bridge. How and when was the extra outlet used? Three sluice gates in the channel between the inlet and the two cisterns in Bararus (Tunisia) (Hallier 1987, pag. 1). Splitting and regulation basin in Ars-sur-Moselle, part of the aqueduct of Metz (France). Note the double set of grooves in the side branch (Jolin1981, pag. 72). The splitting basin for a water mill of the Roman aqueduct of Nin (Croatia) was equipped with two sets of single sluice At Bararus (Tunisia) the inlet of a combi- gates, so clear decisions could be made nation of a settling and a storage basin how to distribute the water over both us- (7600 m3) was equipped with three sluice ers: the mill and the people in Nin. Who gates. Why? made the decisions? CURA AQUARUM IN ISRAEL II, Schriften der DWhG, Band 21, Siegburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-86948-333-7 Wilke D. Schram, Dynamic Control Elements in Roman Aqueducts- A Reconnaissance Study 231 There are many more examples where one would expect dynamic control elements: Where a side channel splits from the main: for example at Porta Maggiore in Rome where the Arcus Neroniana branches off from the Aqua Claudia; At the inlets and outlets of storage basins; At double bridges like the one of the Aqua Anio Novus in the Valle Barberini and the five double bridges of the aqueduct of Fréjus. We have to realize that it is not al- ways sure that these double systems were in use at the same time; In many cases settling and storage basins were equipped with an extra outlet close Branch in the aqueduct of Aeona (present Nin, Croa- to the bottom for cleaning purposes, which tia) to a mill complex (Ilakovac 1982, fig. 36). had to be closed for proper functioning. See for example the settling basin in the Virgo aqueduct as drawn by Fabretti (Ev- A remarkable example of a seemingly missing ans 2002, pag. 151 at K) and the main control element is at Osteriola: the start of the storage basin at the La Fourvière hill in Tivoli loop were the water flow of the Anio Lyon. How were theses orifices opened Novus – one of Rome’s main aqueducts – was and closed? divided (Ashby 1935, pag. 267/268, fig. 27). Settling basin in the Aqua Virgo aqueduct of Rome with an outlet at K. (Fabretti 1680, pag. 228). At the header basins of siphons: apart from filtering and overflow devices, one would expect one or more stops to close selectively the available pipe(s) in time of A splitting near Osteriola in the Anio Novus aqueduct maintenance or repair. of Rome, without any regulating mechanism? (Ashby 1935, fig.
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