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La Filosofía Política De William Godwin UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE DERECHO Departamento de Filosofía del Derecho, Moral y Política I LA FILOSOFÍA POLÍTICA DE WILLIAN GODWIN MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Luis Bueno Ochoa Bajo la dirección del Doctor: Dalmacio Negro Pavón Madrid, 2002 ISBN: 84-669-2310-1 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE DERECHO Departamento de Filosofía del Derecho, Moral y Política I TESIS DOCTORAL La Filosofía Política de William Godwin LUIS BUENO OCHOA DIRECTOR: CAT.DR. DALMACIO NEGRO PAVÓN Noviembre, 2001 ÍNDICE GENERAL • ÍNDICE GENERAL • ÍNDICE SISTEMÁTICO • INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL I.- BIOGRAFÍA INTELECTUAL [# 1 - # 2] II.- POSTULADOS [# 3 - # 4 - # 5] III.- IDEALES [# 6 - # 7] IV.- UTOPÍA [# 8] V.- INFLUENCIA DE GODWIN [# 9 - # 10] • CONCLUSIONES FINALES • BIBLIOGRAFÍA ÍNDICE SISTEMÁTICO • ÍNDICE GENERAL....................................................................pág. 3 • ÍNDICE SISTEMÁTICO.........................................................pág. 4/11 • INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL...............................................págs. 12/16 I.- BIOGRAFÍA INTELECTUAL CAPÍTULO 1.- EL MUNDO DE WILLIAM GODWIN...................págs. 18/55 1.1.- PLANTEAMIENTO [18] 1.2.- ANTECEDENTES Y CONTEXTO [19] 1.2.1.- Época de Revoluciones [19] a) La Revolución Puritana. Levellers y diggers [20] b) La Revolución Gloriosa [23] c) Las Revoluciones Americana y Francesa [26] d) La Revolución Industrial [32] 1.2.2.- La Ilustración [35] a) Origen [36] b) El impulso de la crítica [38] c) Los principios inspiradores de la Ilustración. Sus lemas [40] iv d) Actualidad del pensamiento ilustrado. La Ilustración y Godwin [42] 1.2.3.- La disidencia religiosa [43] a) La influencia de los dissenters [44] b) Influencias sucesivas [46] c) La secularización como resultado [49] 1.2.4.- La sociedad inglesa de la época [50] a) Reinados y gobiernos [51] b) Las guerras [52] c) El orden socio-económico [53] d) Últimas reformas [55] CAPÍTULO 2.- VIDA Y OBRAS DE GODWIN............................págs. 56/97 2.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN [56] 2.2.- AÑOS DE INICIACIÓN Y FORMACIÓN (1756-1792) - [57] 2.2.1.- Los primeros años [57] 2.2.2.- Períodos de formación [62] 2.3.- CENIT (1793-1797) - [67] 2.3.1.- Perspectiva personal [67] 2.3.2.- Vertiente intelectual. Especial referencia a la Political Justice [69] 2.3.3.- Aspecto social [77] 2.4.- OCASO (1798-1836) - [83] 2.4.1.- Circunstancias adversas [83] 2.4.2.- Producción bibliográfica [86] 2.4.3.- Los últimos años [93] II.- POSTULADOS CAPÍTULO 3.- LA NATURALEZA HUMANA...........................págs. 99/127 3.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN [99] v 3.2.- LA NATURALEZA HUMANA [100] 3.2.1.- La igualdad [100] a) Antecedentes [100] b) La igualdad física y la igualdad moral [104] c) En busca de la excelencia intelectual [107] 3.2.2.- Doctrina de la necesidad moral versus libre albedrío [108] a) Dos concepciones contrapuestas: de servo arbitrio y de libero arbitrio [109] b) El determinismo godwiniano [111] c) Inferencias [115] 3.2.3.- Del ejercicio universal del juicio privado [120] a) La inspiración disidente [120] b) Sobre el juicio personal [121] c) Sobre el juicio universal [125] d) Exaltación del individualismo [126] CAPÍTULO 4.- ÉTICA Y POLÍTICA......................................págs. 128/153 4.1.- ÉTICA Y POLÍTICA EN LA CONTROVERSIA SOCIEDAD-GOBIERNO [128] 4.1.1.- Identificación entre Ética y Política [128] 4.1.2.- Sociedad versus gobierno [129] 4.1.3.- Alcance y significación del término government [130] 4.2.- LAS INSTITUCIONES POSITIVAS [132] 4.2.1.- El gobierno [132] a) Fundamento del poder político [132] b) Hacia la disolución del gobierno político [133] c) Autoridad y delegación [136] d) Crítica de las formas de gobierno [136] 4.2.2.- La Ley [139] a) Sobre la facultad de legislar [139] b) Objeciones [141] c) La Razón suplanta a la Ley [143] 4.3.- LA EUTANASIA DEL GOBIERNO [146] 4.3.1.- El germen de una visión anarquizante [146] vi 4.3.2.- El autogobierno racional [148] 4.3.3.- El futuro de la sociedad política [151] CAPÍTULO 5.- LA PROPIEDAD...........................................págs. 154/177 5.1.- INSTAURACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA IGUALITARIO DE PROPIEDAD [154] 5.1.1.- Equiparación de la justicia económica y la justicia política [154] 5.1.2.- Causas y antecedentes de la existencia del derecho de propiedad [158] 5.1.3.- Beneficios del sistema igualitario [161] a) Acentuación del espíritu de independencia y de la firmeza [162] b) Eliminación de la opulencia [162] c) Evitación de la igualación negativa o nivelación [163] d) Desaparición del espíritu de opresión, servilismo y fraude [163] e) Superación de la ambición [163] f) Aumento de la población [164] 5.1.4.- Examen de las objeciones al sistema igualitario [166] a) Objeción atendiendo a la fragilidad de la mente humana [166] b) Objeciones sobre la imposibilidad de dar permanencia al régimen igualitario [167] c) Objeciones relativas a la tentación de la pereza [168] d) Objeciones fundadas en los admirables efectos del lujo [170] e) Objeciones basadas en la inflexibilidad de las restricciones [171] 5.1.5.- Medios para implantar un sistema equitativo de propiedad [172] a) La vía reformista y su período de transición hacia el republicanismo [172] b) La revolución de las opiniones [175] 5.2.- CONCLUSIONES [176] III.- IDEALES CAPÍTULO 6.- IDEALES CULTURALES................................págs. 179/218 6.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN [179] 6.2.- IDEALES CULTURALES [180] vii 6.2.1.- Razón [180] a) La Razón como hilo conductor de la propuesta godwiniana [180] b) Razón y Gracia [181] c) Preeminencia de la Razón [182] d) Ideas afines: Ley; negación de la fuerza y Verdad [187] e) La diosa Razón tolerante y prorreformista [191] 6.2.2.- Educación [191] a) El ideal formativo (investigación, comunicación y discusión) como motor del cambio social [191] b) La educación en las obras de Godwin [193] c) An Account of the Seminary...[194] d) Political Justice: el fenómeno educativo y la educación nacional [197] e) The Enquirer...[202] f) Proyección de la educación libertaria [205] 6.2.3.- Progreso [205] a) Prolegómenos a todo el progreso futuro: síntesis de las aportaciones de Godwin [205] b) Génesis de la idea de Progreso [206] c) Antecedentes de la noción godwiniana: la Revolución Puritana y los pensadores franceses del siglo XVIII [207] d) Godwin como apóstol del Progreso [212] e) Perfectibilidad y optimismo [214] CAPÍTULO 7.- IDEALES SOCIO-POLÍTICOS.........................págs. 219/248 7.1.- IDEALES SOCIO-POLÍTICOS [219] 7.1.1.- Benevolencia Universal [219] a) El sistema de benevolencia universal (disinterested benevolence) en oposición al del amor a sí mismo (self-love) - [219] b) El Utilitarismo de Godwin [222] c) La visión altruista [223] d) La visión perfeccionista [226] e) La doctrina del amor propio (self-love) y el sentimiento de autoaprobación o autoestima (self-complacency) - [229] 7.1.2.- Pacifismo [231] a) El Pacifismo como medio adecuado del cambio social [231] b) Resistencia [232] c) Las revoluciones [234] viii d) La guerra [236] e) Pacifismo y reformismo [238] 7.1.3.- Internacionalismo [239] a) Internacionalismo versus patriotismo [239] b) El internacionalismo como forma de cosmopolitismo humanitario [241] 7.1.4.- Federalismo [242] a) Federalismo versus antiautoritarismo [242] b) El federalismo y el cumplimiento de las principales funciones gubernamentales [243] c) El tránsito hacia el federalismo. Su relación con el estatismo [245] 7.2.- CONCLUSIONES [247] IV.- UTOPÍA CAPÍTULO 8.- UTOPÍA.....................................................págs. 250/307 8.1.- INTRODUCCIÓN [250] 8.2.- UTOPÍA Y ANARQUÍA [251] 8.2.1.- Ideología y Utopía [251] 8.2.2.- Significación de la Anarquía [254] a) Anarquía y Anarquismo [255] b) Anarquía y Despotismo [256] c) Anarquía y Justicia [261] 8.3.- FORMAS DE MANIFESTACIÓN DE LA JUSTICIA [262] 8.3.1.- Justicia social [262] a) Godwin: un teórico de la justicia social [262] b) Causas de la injusticia social [263] c) Consideraciones a propósito de la justicia social y las instituciones positivas [268] d) Igualdad y libertad: presupuesto y condición, respectivamente, de la justicia social [270] ix 8.3.2.- Justicia penal [272] a) El castigo como problema fundamental de la ciencia política [272] b) Doble perspectiva en función de la doctrina determinista y del juicio privado [273] c) Examen de las objeciones al castigo [275] d) Exposición crítica de la justicia del castigo [281] e) Exposición ideal de una justicia sin delitos ni castigos [288] 8.3.3.- Justicia política [290] a) La justicia política como culminación de la propuesta utópica [290] b) Simplicidad política (political simplicity) - [291] c) Inspección pública y censura (power of public inspection and censorship) - [297] d) Sinceridad positiva (true sincerity) - [299] e) Republicanismo y Democracia [301] 8.4.- CONCLUSIONES [306] V.- INFLUENCIA DE GODWIN CAPÍTULO 9.- INFLUENCIA CULTURAL.............................págs. 309/340 9.1.- PLANTEAMIENTO [309] 9.2.- INFLUENCIA CULTURAL [312] 9.2.1.- Los poetas de los lagos y la Pantisocracia [312] a) William Wordsworth (1770-1850) - [317] b) Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) - [319] c) Robert Southey (1774-1843) - [322] 9.2.2.- Percy Bysshe Shelley y la sombra de Frankenstein [325] a) La relación Godwin-Shelley [326] b) Queen Mab [331] c) The Revolt of Islam [332] d) Prometheus Unbound [333] e) Hellas [336] f) La sombra de Frankenstein [338] x CAPÍTULO 10.- INFLUENCIA POLÍTICA..............................págs. 341/402 10.1.- INFLUENCIA POLÍTICA DIRECTA: ROBERT OWEN [341] 10.1.1.- Aproximación a la figura de Owen [341] a) Apunte biográfico [341]
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