ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 1-39! 2020 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 16 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-39 Spring 2020
印尼的獨立建國*
߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔְચၱ൴णጯրିڌ
ၡ ࢋ
ĂڼԧࣇА̬Оκϔཌྷ۞൴णĂତаᜪఈᜋ۞തϔ ޢٙणฟ۞ࢭĂޢοϲކᑭෛޢГֽ҂၅͟ώ۞ְҫᅳĂ
྅ጬֽઇඕԍĄڠ .ͽγϹश vs
ă͟ώְҫᅳăϲࢭڼᙯᔣෟĈОκϔཌྷăఈᜋ۞തϔ
ᄃण୕ķጯఙࡁົĂέΔĂڶέ៉઼ᅫࡁտጯົᏱĶ˼ᒩѐֽ۞Оκů൴णனٺ൴ܑ * 2019 ѐ 9 ͡ 28 ͟Ą઼ϲέ៉रቑ̂ጯဦ३ᐡ७ડტЪ̂ሁ 508 ົᛉވĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 2
No, Your Majesty, this is not your country. It is our country, our homeland. One day it will be free, free forever- we have sworn it! Ernest Douwes DekkerĞMcMahon, 1981: 30ğ
Though life in Indonesia was filled with hardship during Japanese military rule, Japan was a model for us in one way, which was that Asia too could defeat Western colonialism. This was an important thing we learned from Japan. Before then, it had never entered our minds. Pramoedya Ananta ToerĞISHP, n.d.ğ
With the arrival of the Japanese just about everyone was full of hope, except for those who had worked in the service of the Dutch. Pramoedya Ananta ToerĞWikipedia, 2019ağ
Is Liberty and freedom only for certain favored peoples of this world? Indonesians will never understand why it is, for instance, wrong for the Germans to rule the Holland if it is right for the Dutch to rule Indonesia. In either case the right to rule rests on pure force and not on the sanction of the population. SukarnoĞMcMahon, 1981: 95ğ
On examination we find that the autonomy offered us by Dr. van Mook is as different from true autonomy as chalk is from cheese. Under fancy titles and a gilded facade Dr. van Mook is out to impose on us a streamlined version of the old Dutch colonial policy— something far, far less than what we already hold. The Dutch are graciously permitting us entry into the basement while we have climbed all the way to the top floor and up to the attic. Mohammad HattaĞMcMahon, 1981: 96ğ 3 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
壹、前言
1 2 ཏफޘОڌκҘֲĂIndonesia ğࣧώߏఈᜋ ٙᛳ۞ޘОκĞО Φ̳ޘОڌĞNetherlands IndiesğതϔгĂఈᜋд 1602 ѐјϲপధᗽᕝ۞ ĞDutch United East India Company, VOCğֽགྷᒉĂ̳ΦЯࠎలჺਕ҃д д 1816 ѐତგĄд˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼഇมĂఈᜋдعѐயĂտϤ߆ 1799 ĂޘОڌѐ 5 ͡జᇇ઼ҫᅳĂ˧ᜪ̈́ঔγᛳгĂ͟ώд 1942 ѐซԽ 1940 ୢཏफ۞ᅳ˿Ą͟ώд 1945 ѐ 8 ͡ 15 ͟Ըٸ̙ᙸຍֶع߹˸۞തϔ߆ ࢫĂϲྻજᅳጱ۰ᛂΙᏚĞSukarnoğăͽ̈́ݣ྿ĞMohammad Hattağд ކ֏ăކٙγ൴ܑᖎൺ۞ϲا۰дฮΐ྿݈ٺ͟ ώ۞ᐵధ˭3Ă8 ͡ 17͟ ᐂ 1ğĄдఈᜋ۞ீ̚ĂВܢοјϲОκВ઼ĞRepublic of IndonesiağĞ ְ۰кΗྫྷ͟ώЪүăͻϒ༊ّĂЯѩ՟ѣԯࣇ࠻дீ྆ć۞઼ ࢬ၆̙͟ಝ˘ᑝĂϨˠͧྵᐹ۞෪˘؆عఈᜋതϔ߆ٺΪ̙࿅ĂϤ аĂܔୢОκ۞ᝋĂఈдࡻ઼ฤӉᓍ˭႙ѨٸΑĄߊఈᜋ١ ĂۋĄགྷ࿅αѐк۞ϲጼعĂݒ˧ᑝሚВ߆טаᅳ˿۞ଠפྏဦࢦາ д 1949 ѐ 12 ͡ 27 ͟జ࢝ٚᄮОκ۞ᝋĄٺఈᜋ ᑅၴ˭ĂОκ۞ڼĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂдതϔۏཌྷ۞ய઼ޓОκߏఈᜋ ˠ̙ᕝࢬᓜˠ˾࿅кă̈́ళ۞ೋّೈᒖĂซˢ˟Ȉ͵ࡔĂጐგγֽ߆ᝋ ဘྏ࿅ाᗿਠ۞Ϡ߿Լචֽٛᘇ༊гˠĂٕధΞͽдϠă̈́ିֈᆸࢬ ဈ̼۞ءăՀෛࣇϲ۞ഽ୕Ă҃ڼர߉̈Ăݒ̙ᙸຍ᎕ໂଯજҋ ᓏ͟ৈᆧײҋڼ੨͞ёՀߏឰĞpriyayiğࢺຏழᗓĂОκˠ۞߆̶ ѐķĞYoung Indonesiansğ̏ܦૻćдॡ࣏Ăགྷ࿅Ҙ͞னିֈ۞ĶОκ
κҘֲķĞIndonesiağ࣎ЩෟĂߏҋࡊጯछд 1920 ѐνΠٙ౹ĂࣧώߏϡдޘĶО 1 ༚Ăܦ ཏफ۞ཏă̈́гந̶ᙷĂజጯϠᖐ Indonesian Alliance of StudentsޘОڌ :ϔྻજ۰ϡֽຐညˠϔ۞Т͕Ğunity of peoplesğĞSeekins, 1993: 35; Wikipedia, 2019 Indonesian National AwakeningğĄ 2 ఈᜋĞDutch Republic, United Provinces of the Netherlands, United Provinces, Republic of the Seven United Netherlandsğߏд 1581 ѐ௲ᗓҘͰϲĞWikipedia, 2019: Dutch RepublicğĄ ϯ͚Ăˠፉ͕༖۞ಡೇܑ̙҃ၗĞHays, 2008: 2ğĄܑء࣎Ҿ͟ώ 3 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 4
ѩజതϔ۞གྷរĂྏဦ̼͛ăᄬ֏ă̈́ۤົكགྷᙖ҃4Ăࣇֶፂ ၹ˘࣎ຐည۞ВТវĞimagined communityğĂ˵ಶߏޙ5Ăဘྏڡᆸࢬ۞̶ ,ҋ̎۞ன઼छ۞ОκϔĞIndonesian NationğĞSeekinsٺຐࢋѣ˘࣎ᛳ 1993: 3, 31-33; Anderson, 1991; Cribb & Brown, 1995ğĄ ତ˭ֽĂԧࣇА̬Оκϔཌྷ۞൴णĂତаᜪఈᜋ۞തϔ ޢٙणฟ۞ࢭĂޢοϲކᑭෛޢĂГֽ҂၅͟ώ۞ְҫᅳĂڼ
྅ጬֽઇඕԍĄڠ .ͽγϹश vs
貳、印尼民族主義的發展
ĂૻܐȈ͵ࡔ˟ٺ6ă൴ۋȈ˝͵ࡔ۞็ԩٺОκ۞ϔཌྷθֈ ᄼă͟ώă઼̚ă˿҅ăܻ̈́ᘲ۞ϔྻજᇆᜩĂޠăහޘОזצধ ăкܜഇࡼӴјܐдજใ۞ 1930 ѐԣి൴णĂд͟ώҫᅳ۞ 1940 ѐ ჸࠎൃ˘វĂ˵ЯѩĂ˟Ȉ͵ࡔ۞݈ΗొЯѩజჍࠎĶОٺົ̮ۤ κϔᛇᏹķ۞ॡĞSeekins, 1993: 31; Wikipedia, 2019: Indonesian National кĂΒ߁ޝAwakening; McMahon, 1981: 29ğĄܳјОκϔຍᙊ൴ण۞Я৵ ಫវăౌξ̼ăВயཌྷăаିăିֈă̂ிऎሄăͽ̈́ఈᜋ۞הώ˿О عᗓĂГΐ˯ϔཌྷ۰۞ြֈĂ̚Ăࢦࢋ۞ᔘߏఈᜋതϔ߆ ۰χĶି̼ķă̈́Ķன̼ķ۞λᑞĂυืटԡ෪ڼٺᑅ࢝ćϤڼ߆۞
ѐĞJong JavağĂኢ˿гă̈́ˠϔܦRaden Satiman Wirjosandjojo д 1918 ѐ౹ϲͬݝ 4 ĞJong SumatrenົםѐܦඍᘷܝѐᛂܦϏֽĂତĂݣ྿ă̈́ Mohammed Yamin ۞ ރѐĞJong Ambonğă̈́ᛂٛܦѐĞJong MinahasağăщզܦBondğĂౙᜈ˫ѣѼৼݣᖠ ҘܦѐĞYong CelebesğĞHuis, 2018: 5ğĄ ĂڡĂۤົ˯ѣαᚑࢦ۞̶݈́۞઼ޙॲፂ TagliacozzoĞ2013: 1-2ğĂОκдϲ 5 ϲ۰ĂᛊтᛂΙᏚăͽפۋณϹᖐĈĞ˘ğૺᄃ͟ώЪү၆ԩఈᜋăҨ፟˧ົֱۤ ሕˢг˭ԩ͟۰Ăᛊтआᄿ֧ႬĞSutan Syahrirğă̈́ౘ̱ϥĞTanٺݣ྿Ă̝̈́ ٺϲυืҡᐌۤົࢭ۰ćĞˬğԓጔன̼Ă̝ٺMalakağĈĞ˟ğವՐϲ۰Ă̝ ᅫཌྷ઼ٺ۰ᛊтֲᆅĞAcehğ۞ᛂ̜ćͽ̈́Ğαğϔཌྷ̝ޢ۰Ăޘטޙދ͚ ۰Ą ,๐ੵĞWikipedia˧ڠعд 1917 ѐజതϔ߆ ޢ ᛊтд 1890 ѐன۞ Saminism MovementĂ 6 2019: Saminism Movement; Kahin, 1952: 43-44ğĄ 5 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
Թਇ̄צ༊гˠ۞ᓏࢰፖΐχᑅĂளᛉဥវٺඕۤҋϤĂ၆ڼᇈّ۞߆ ଂЪүĂΪѣ͌ᇴ۞යࡻึٺຍఢᔖതϔ۰Ăҋ֖גႾଠâਠˠ ԩ١തϔཌྷĂጴᖣ۞ಶߏֱˠ۞ሤଐăͽ̈́؇ᚥײᓙᓏ় ĞWikipedia, 2019: Indonesian National AwakeningğĄ οކऌĞWilhelmina of the Netherlandsğځຆރд 1901 ѐĂఈᜋ̃ͳ തϔгҊϔѣᜪٺٙᏜ۞Ķࣖந߆ඉķĞEthical PolicyğĂܑϯఈᜋ၆ ኳϠ߿۞ԼචĂវ۞үࠎΒ߁న߉ă̰ొۏࡅ۞ࣖநయЇĂ˵ಶߏ ٙᅮࢋ۞ԫఙĂᄲࡍڼொϔăͽ̈́Ҙ͞ିֈĂ҃ିֈ۞ϫ۞ߏૈዳതϔ ለ߷ጯهޅˠ˧ćд 1900 ѐĂΪѣ 1,500 ЩОκ̈۞ڼಶߏ྾Җมତ˞ ѐĂ 1928 ˞ז྿ 13,000Ă̙јּͧĂҭߏޅ७Ă࠹ྵ̝˭Ăለ߷ˠ۞̈ :ጯĞWikipedia, 2019̚זه ಶѣ 75,000 ОκˠԆјҘ̈͞ጯିֈă6,500 ฟؕѣ̖ޅĂОκයࡻ۞̈ޢDutch Ethical Policy; Kahin, 1952: 30-31ğĄѩ ̂هఈᜋז፟ົળఈᄬ̈ጯă̈́̚ጯĂܑனᐹள۞லຽϠΞͽซ˘Վྭঔ ҋ̎ྫྷז߇ฏԱ̙זĂ̂кᇴයࡻаזĞHuis, 2018: 1ğĄΪߏ՟ѣຐ ለ߷ˠĂЯࠎ࣎ˠܧଵੵء৺͛۞ޘОڌ࠹ᙯ۞̍үĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂצ ;Ă೩ֻϔཌྷᅳጱ۰۞ԖĞMcMahon, 1981: 27ܡצˠᐝг۞გ Kahin, 1952: 33ğĄ чĂ҃ĂҲลයࡻܲٺШ้˯ڼགྷ࿅ 300 ѐ۞തϔඛĂд߆ Ă͍ߏ̳̈ચࣶăརጄෳăିࣶă̈́ᗁϠćдᇹ۞ࡦېனٺ႕̙֭ ഀ˭Ăฮΐ྿ώ˿ᗁϠቚጯ७ Doctor Djawa School ۞ጯϠĂд 1908 ѐ ᖐ Noble EndeavorĞ7 Budi UtomoğĂᅳ ጱ ߏ Wahidinڼᖐௐ˘࣎ன۞߆ Sudirhusodoă̈́ Raden SoetomoĂϫᇾߏԼචОκҁѺؖ۞ۤົăགྷᑻă̈́ ຍࢫҲͬݝᄬ۞͚੨ّăଳג̼͛ࡅćߏОκϔྻજ۞ອᚰĂࣇ ᄬ͞ءཏफ۞఼ϡĞlingua francağֽᄬĞbazaar MalayğүࠎޘОڌϡ :ϯϲ۞Оκົोֽ༊ү઼छᄬ֏Ă෪ᇈ઼छ۞ဥඕ8ĞHuis, 2018ކ֏Ă 2; Seekins, 1993: 34; McMahon, 1981: 29-3; Kahin, 1952: 390ğĄдТѐĂ
ᛌࠎ High Endeavorăٕߏ Prime PhilosophyĄ˫ 7 ຍֹϡֽᄬă̙ឰ༊гˠֹϡఈᄬྫྷҋ̎ϹኘĂᄮࠎтג၁˯Ăఈᜋˠд͟૱Җ߆ְ 8 ຏĞKahin, 1952: 39ğĄןăͽ̈́Оκˠ۞ҋܫރѩ˘ֽ̖Ξͽჯఈᜋˠ۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 6
ϡОκࠎЩ۞ۤဥ Indonesian Associationֹޘጯఈᜋ۞ОκጯϠјϲ˞ࢵ ĞPerhimpoenan IndonesiağĂଯજОκ఼ሹϤఈᜋϲć࣎ဥវ۞јࣶ͟ ಞાҫѣ˘य̝гĂᛊтݣ྿ĞHuis, 2018: 1ğĄڼдОκ߆ޢ ဥវ National Indiesڼ۞߆ڍд 1910 ѐâ࣎ͧ Noble Endeavor Հ ,PartyĞNationale Indische PartijğனĂᅳጱ۰ߏለֲҕĞIndo-Europeaans Eurasians ğ۞ಡۤበ Ernest Douwes Dekker ᄃЩᗁϠ Tjipto ٙѣˠޘОڌMangoenkoesoemoă̈́ Soewardi SoerjaningratĂࣇ෦ՐඕЪ ͽ྆ࠎछ۞ˠķĞThe Indies for those whoٺᛳޘОڌՐϲă಄Ķ make their home hereğćDekker ྫྷᓁ༛ Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg ă҃ͷໂϫᇾߏϲĂᓁ༛ڼᓏĂࣖந߆ඉᑕྍΒӣࠎതϔг౯ҋ ࣼͅ࠹ᙎĂОκϖᅈ̙ΞਕϲĂޢд 1913 ѐߤ༰ྍᛨćТѐĂDekker ᄃҜᗁϠ̓ˠ Tjipto Mangunkusumoă̈́ R. M. Suwardi Surjaningrat д༱ ڌଐᙸăࢋՐనϲވษĞBandungğј Native CommitteeĂχზШఈᜋͳ ۰Яࠎд 1913 ѐ 7 ͡ 3 ͟ᇤᆷ̈Ί̄IJтԧߏఈᜋޢᛉົĂտĂޘО ఈᜋᇉৡϲѺѐྥĂוˠijĞIf I Were for Once to Be a DutchmanğăᏝ ,ుఈᜋĞSeekins, 1993: 34-35; Wikipediaٸ߆ᛨͽᙹᖬཋజ༰ăᅳጱ۰జ 2019: Indonesian National Awakening; Ernest Douwes Dekker; Huis, 2018: 5; McMahon, 1981: 30; Kahin, 1952: 70-71ğĄSurjaningrat ᇹᆷĈ
In my opinion, there is something out of place - something indecent — if we (I still being a Dutchman in my imagination) ask the natives to join the festivities which celebrate our independence. Firstly, we will hurt their sensitive feelings because we are here celebrating our own independence in their native country which we colonize. At the moment we are very happy because a hundred years ago we liberated ourselves from foreign domination; and all of this is occurring in front of the eyes of those who are still under our domination. Does it not occur to us that these poor slaves are also longing for such a moment as this, when they like us will be able to celebrate their independence? Or do we perhaps feel that because of our soul-destroying policy we regard all human souls as dead? If that is so, then we are deluding ourselves, 7 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
because no matter how primitive a community is, it is against any type of oppression. If I were a Dutchman, I would not organize an independence celebration in a country where the independence of the people has been stolen.
ĂаିवથˠĞ͍ߏᜐߖຽğд Haji Umarۋࢬ၆ͬݝරથ۞ೋّᚮ ѐјϲ Islamic Trading Association 1909 ٺ˭Said Cokroaminoto ۞ᅳጱ ٺ ĞSarekat Dagang IslamğĂྍᖐซ҃д R. Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto ޘОڌྵૻ۞ Islamic UnionĞSarekat IslamğĂଯજקڼѐᖼࠎ߆ 1912 Ăߏௐ˘࣎ᇃ٢ҁѺؖΐˢ۞ᖐĂд 1914 ѐཱིჍјࣶѣ 36 ༱ڼҋ۞ ѐд͟ຒјϲ Followers of Muhammad 1912 ٺˠćࠁаିव ඍᘷ࠷г۞ࣧҝϔѼݑָܲˠܝĞ Muhammadiyah ğĂপҾߏᛂ кˠԸˢϲྻજĂᛊтݣ྿ćд 1926 ѐĂޝĞMinangkabauğᏨણΐĂ Ꮚטч۞ Revival of the Religious ScholarsĞNahdlatul UlamağனĂܲ ࠁ9ĞSeekins, 1993: 35-36; Huis, 2018: 3; Kahin, 1952: 65ğĄ д 1914 ѐĂఈᜋВயཌྷ۰ Hendricus SneevlietĞ̼Щ alias Maring 10ğј۞ Indies Social-Democratic AssociationĞISDVğĂАд 1920 ѐᖼڒ ࠎ Communist Association of the IndiesĞPerserikatan Komunisi di Hindiağă ᚶ҃д 1924 ѐϒёԼЩ Indonesian Communist PartyĞPKIğĂдВய઼ᅫ۞ ă̈́ฏ˭ćОВд 1926ă1927 ѐົ̍ٺႣ߱͘ĂОВ߿פᇣཕ˭ଳ ĂдͬݝăͽܡҤˠϔ۞͚Ă̙ᜪВய઼ᅫপચĞћࠁğౘ̱ϥ۞ᚍ ᓁВงॏ˞ 13,000 ВᛨЊ̄Ă̚ 4,500عඍᘷᛒซཌྷĂതϔ߆ܝᛂ̈́ Ҙ৸ೀֲ̰11ĞWestern Newזుٸזٸă823 ˠ߹ٲҿЖˢႯă1,308 ˠ
ෛаିवĂ͟д 1943 ѐјϲ Consultative Council of Indonesianنعఈᜋതϔ߆ 9 MuslimsĞMasyumiğĂৼˢࠁ۞ Muhammadiyahă̈́ܲчࠁ۞ Nahdlatul UlamaĂ ߏ࡚̓ᛨĞCouncil of Indonesian Muslim Associations, Masyumi Partyğ۞݈֗ ĞSeekins, 1993: 41ğĄ ௐ˘ҜܑĂॲፂдОκ۞གྷរĂ۞઼̚זд 1918 ѐజᜭుဩĂߏВய઼ᅫࠁڒ 10 ,ă൴णཏிૄᖂĞKahin็ކᛉ઼̚Вயᛨΐˢ઼઼̚ϔᛨĂӀϡᗫ۞ᖐซҖޙ 1952: 72, 74ğĄ ԼЩࠎҘ͐οֲĞWest PapuağăҘϿ֧щĞWest Irian JayağĄޢ 11 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 8
;Guineağ۞̜֤࡚ٛĞTanah MerahğĞSeekins, 1993: 36; McMahon, 1981: 31 ৈΐᚑधĄڼĂఈᜋ۞ޢKahin, 1952: 71, 74-89ğĄѩ ߏᛂΙᏚĂߏд 1920 ѐ၈ᜨᐝ֎ĂጯϠॡۏˠڼௐ˘࣎Б઼ّ۞߆ Ăд༱ษԫఙጯੰـಶᄃ Indies Partyă̈́ Islamic Union ۞ᅳጱ۰Ϲ ѐјϲ Perhimpoenan 1925 ٺĂޢĞTechnische Hoogeschool te Bandoengğலຽ ѐјϲ 1928 ٺ˫Pelajar-Pelajar IndonesiaĞPPIIğፋЪٙѣጯϠᖐĂ Indonesian Nationalist Union12ĞPNIğĂૻአཏிᖐă̙ЪүཌྷĂໂϫ ᇲߏѼݑָܲˠआᄿ֧Ⴌă̈́ٛ྿Ăˠ۞ጯҜߏఈᜋݏᇾߏϲć۞ ШߏۤົϔĂҖְநّăઐр႙ซሀёĂ̙ಈᝌᛂΙᏚ้ڼጯă߆̂۞ ࢲॾĂࣇд 1931 ѐ౹ϲ Indonesian National Educationڼႝ۞߆ ҖજĂտڼ߆ܧˠ̖ă҃ڼĞPNI-BaruĂ˫Ⴭ New PNIğĂϫᇾߏૈዳ߆ ࢚࣯͛ႬĞBoven Digoelğă̈́ᇝ౩ΐཏफگు͐οֲ۞ٸޢˠజॏĂА ྿फĞBandağĞSeekins, 1993: 37; Wikipedia, 2019: Indonesian National۞ Party; Huis, 2018: 11; McMahon, 1981: 32-33ğĄ ႙ѨعᓏĂതϔ߆ײѐϐഇĂࢬ၆Оκˠు႙ႚ۞ϲ 1920 ˞ז ୢĶࣖந߆ඉķĂᛂΙᏚඈᅳఞЯࠎᖐజ৪ᛋ၅Ⴃд 1929 ѐజॏĂ ځඍᘷ۞ܝు̈ཏफ̚۞τࠃઙफĞFloresğăГᖼ٪ᛂٸͽᙹᖬཋ ̝۞ߏ Indonesian PartyĞPartindoğĂ҃פΟጆĞBengkuluğĂPNI ЯѩྋវĂ ˵ЯࠎࢋՐϲ҃జχᑅĂд 1934 ѐҋҖྋć͟д 1942 ѐซҫఈᛳ ߆ጪĂྫྷݣ྿ᄮࠎߏОκᒔϲ۞̂р፟ົĂܔĂᛂΙᏚࢦޘОڌ ϫ࠹࠻Ăᄮח˧ᛂΙᏚཱིΡཏி۞ਕٺˠТຍྫྷ͟ЪүĂ҃͟͞˵၆ જࣶĂপҾߏజჍࠎĶ౻ચ۰ķĞrōmushağ۞ૻ࢝౻ۋࠎΞͽࣄࢦซҖጼ જ۰13ĞSeekins, 1993: 37-38, 41ğĄ
12 ˫Ⴭࠎ Indonesian Nationalist PartyĄ γफăٕߏ͟זഇมĂፂҤЍдͬݝಶѣ 400-1,000 ༱౻ચ۰ĂΩѣ 27 ༱జࠁۋдጼ 13 ݝĞSeekins, 1993: 39-40ğĄͬזݑֲҫᅳ۞г͞ĂտΪѣ 5 ༱ 2 Ϡᔘаڌώд 9 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
參、荷蘭殖民統治
Φд 1610 ѐనཉᓁ༛ĂௐαЇᓁ༛ࡊाĞJan Pieterszoon̳ޘОڌ Оڌତგ̳Φ۞ఈᛳޢฮΐ྿Ăᓁొనд྆Ă͟ڇفCoenğд 1619 ѐ ϲఈޙĂఈᜋࢦາᒔϲăೇ઼ޢĄჍ࠱۞ो૬ጼୀعϡࠎࢵڻ˵ޘ ᕖૺĂགྷ۞ޘОڌᜋͳ઼ĞKingdom of the NetherlandsğĂฟؕ᎕ໂणฟд ķĞCultivation SystemğĂૻޘטᑻ҂ณҌ˯ĂপҾߏд 1830 ѐଯજĶਆ гඁϡֽྃ˿۞ٯĂٙۏϔࣧώങቌѼ۞ϣгԼγዚགྷᑻүྺט ࣶăͽ̈́ء෭ఈᜋ۞གྷᑻĂҁѺؖΪࢋ̙ዴѪಶрćጐგ༊гයࡻăതϔ έĂ̖д 1860 ѐ˯عҋϤࠁ߆זරˠ̬̚ЯѩᒔӀĂྺϔ۞ፉΐࢦĂۡ ຽҋજ̼ᎸĂдለ̍ٺćд 1870-1940 ѐഇมĂϤޘטฟؕᗫཆ ൴णՀߏԣిĂതϔགྷᑻ࠻ֽ̏གྷᙱͽ۞ۏ߷̈́Δ࡚۞ξಞᕖૺĂགྷᑻү ፁજĞSeekins, 1993: 21-30; McMahon, 1981: 23ğĄॲፂ McMahonĞ1981: Φ˘͞ࢬᑅၴྺϔâ͞ࢬр̳ޘОڌĂ˭ڼĂдมତڱ25-26ğ۞ᄲ Ăԛ̚ଟဳҁѺؖ۞͇ᅳጱ۰ĄצຏТ֗ڱයࡻăឰࣇ ཏफ۞ޘОڌٺ၆ۏˠڼĂఈᜋ̂ி̈́߆ڱཌྷ۞ү઼ޓٺ࠹ྵ ĂࢋߏЯࠎώ֗Ϊߏ˘࣎̚ݭ۞઼छĞmiddle powerğĂڦᛳгѣྵ۞ᙯ ࣶ̂ăˠ˾кăྤᖳಱ۞തϔгĂ̙֭ߏᖎಏ۞߄ጼ14ćГֽĂ಼ڼࢋ ᒉќ၆ఈᜋ۞གྷᑻ࠹༊ࢦࢋĂΩγĂঔγ۞̍үΞͽ۞ֽ҃חຩޘОڌϤ щଵ઼̰۞̂ጯலຽϠĞSteinberg, 2011: 7-8ğĄ˘ਠ҃֏Ăለ߷઼छ̙֭ሄ ঔγതϔ۞઼ڱ༊гˠ۞ਕ˧൴णă˵̙͉ᙸຍኬ̟ᝋӀĂ̚ͽז֍ٺ ߏ࠹༊ࢬĂ͍ߏд 1926 ѐВᛨᛢજ˵ޘ۰ࠎೋЩߌၓĂ҃ఈᜋ۞ၗ ޘОڌĞ Steinberg, 2011: 17ğĄѣॡ࣏Ăఈᜋົ֏̙Ϥਾܑϯຐࢋૈዳ˘ޢ ༊гٺϔຍᙊĞsense of Indies NationalityğĂ҃Ăѣॡ࣏˫ົԼ˾ĂϤ۞ ćЯࠎтѩĂᙱҺآטυืЯгޘטڼă̈́ཏ࠹༊к̮Ăѣड़۞߆ົۤ۞ ឰˠछኳႷĂఈᜋᄮࠎ༊гˠϖᅈ̙ΞਕჸОκϔĂ֏˭̝ຍĂӈֹ አĞSteinberg, 2011: 11ğĄםă̈́ڼĂᔘߏᅮࢋఈᜋ۞ڼΞͽᒔг͞ݭ۞ҋ
14 д˟Ѩ̂ጼ̝ᅫĂОκˠ˾ 7,200 ༱Ăఈᜋˠ˾̙࿅ 900 ༱ĞSteinberg, 2011: 11ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 10
યᗟĂڼ߆ܧᄲĂതϔг۞ϔཌྷߏᛋෛኝᗟăֽ҃عఈᜋ߆ٺ၆ ڼ߆ٺࣶྫྷϔྻજ۰ѣٙତᛈĂдࣇ۞͕ϫ̚Ĉ༊гˠ၆ءЯѩ̙ࣞ Ҙ͞ିֈăҋռҋӀ۞˘̈ᇪˠćצ՟ѣᎸĂ҃ϔཌྷ۰லౣߏֱ֤ତ ٺӈֹఈᜋຐࢋྫྷ༊гˠЪүĂֱ֤፬ซ۞ϔཌྷ۰୮౯ćҌ ,ຐྫྷఈᜋЪүĂֱˠݒߏ֖ᅅࢦĞSteinbergޝϔཌྷ۰Ăᔵࣇ۞ Ăఈᜋˠ۞ണᇷ̙ۋυืซҖതϔጼڍֽ߱͘ᄲĂт۞ڼ17ğĄಶ :2011 ᄼć˘όԆјཇҖޠăٕߏ઼࡚дහޘд̚ݑΗफăࡻ઼дО઼ڱٺ˭ ᖐăᚑॾგந۞͞ёĂ̂វˠّ̼ĂலౣϫᇾߏтޘפજĂఈᜋົଳ к۞֯ϗĞSteinberg, 2011: 19ğĄפңբ ఈᜋд 1916 ѐనཉٙᏜ۞ˠϔᛉົĞVolksraad, People’s Councilğᑕ ၁ᝋĂкზߏ˘࣎ᛉົ۞ࣧݭ۞ڱĂߊ՟ѣّܑă˵՟ѣϲާ Ѩ̂ጼϐ˘זĞproto-parliamentğĂϡֽᑕ;ֱ֤ࢼࢵჍҊ۞็༖̓ćۡ ఈᜋ߆פഇĂࣗ࠱εନ۞ᓁ༛ Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum ፉ͕Вᛨ έĂᓁ༛јጳ˯عć˘όΠᓍ߆ڼᝋĂϏགྷ΄ᑕ̯ኬ̟၁ᝋăͽ̈́ҋ ع ᛉ ߆ ޙ߆Լౄ؎ࣶົĞCommission for Constitutional Reformğซ Җ አ ߤă ᛉ়҃Ĉጐ̝ڼĂజതϔ̂ҊঐᅋࠎĶጯఙ௫үķĂҋڼҋޘОڌኬ̟ ཏफྫྷऱٛ৶ĞCuraçaoğă̈́ᛂӀݑ۞гޘОڌགྷ࿅࣒ጳĂֽޢგтѩĂ Ă࣍ᛉϲజෛࠎݔޢҜ೩̿ࠎఈᜋͳ઼۞˘ొ̶ă̙ГߏതϔгĂѩ ใĞSeekins, 1993: 33-34; Steinberg, 2011: 20, 51-52; Wikipedia, 2019; Indonesian National Awakening; McMahon, 1981: 30-31ğĄ д 1930 ѐĂˠϔᛉົШఈᜋଐᙸĞSoetardjo PetitionğĂԓ୕ֶፂఈ υืҡᐌۤڼҋڼநϤߏ߆۞͞ءĂజ̝ͽᆄĂڼௐ˘୧ᒔҋڱᜋጳ གྷᑻ൴णҋјሢֽ҃ćᓁ༛ Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge ᙕ႕Ԡг̈́ົ ҂ᇋົޢοЍೇކОκ 300 ѐćд 1941 ѐĂᓁ༛ڼϯĂఈᜋҌ͌ᔘົܑ οĞRadio addressކऌд 1942 ѐ 12 ͡ 7 ͟ᇃᇫځຆރ࣒ጳĂତ۰Ăఈᜋ̃ͳ Լ۞઼ޓby Queen Wilhelmina on 7 December 1942ğĂົΡฟॸົᛉኢ :ĞSteinberg, 2011: 20, 53; McMahon, 1981: 34; Kahin, 1952ڼ ౄăᑕ ̯ О κ ҋ 95-99ğĄ
11 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
肆、日本的軍事佔領
ԩ۞ٯཏफăၨߜٛѤ͕ޘОڌд 1942 ѐ 1 ͡ 10 ͟ซఈᛳ͟ ϫ࠹࠻Ą͟ώᓺᏑ۞ߏᖳח15ĂОκˠڼອອ୬ᆩ۞ఈᜋതϔפఈĂ රΔĂυืЈᏥซ˾ࣧफ़Ăܬಱ۞ҋྤĞဦ 1ğĂপ Ҿ ߏ д 1937 ѐ 7 ͡ˢ д 1941 ѐᐌ઼࡚ع߆ޘОڌćޘОڌያ઼ֻ࡚ගă25%ֽҋڵᛊт 55%ࣧ Тຍ͞۞Ķݑซ߆ඉķĂд̚ݑΗफ๕тѻĂع߆ִڌ၆͟ώ၁߉༰ྻĂ ତ˫дͬݝঔጼԝĞ1942/2/27ğ൭ङࡻ઼ăఈᜋă፫߷ă઼࡚̈́۞ᓑЪ 16 ОκˠٺϏགྷሿથ༖ ಶд 1942 ѐ 3 ͡ 9 ͟Ըࢫć၆ع߆ޘОڌᚻฤĂ ఈٺԼតОκˠ၆غጡჟ։Ăౣ̙ጼ҃ࢫĂၔڠᄲĂఈˠᇴྵкăֽ :ăᄮࠎఈᓙ17ĂߏОκ።Ϋ۞̶ͪᑏĞSeekins, 1993: 38-40ڱᜋˠ۞࠻ Kahin, 1952: 101-102ğĄ ώˠ 17 ༱ఈᜋˠă̈́ለ߷ˠβ༰дะ̚ᒉĂ೩٥ᇴͽ˼ࢍОκˠ͟ ۰ڼതϔг۞ۤົ߹જĂΩγĂາ۞˞ٸᛳତྃ͘̚ลᖚҜăฟ˭ ༰ͤఈᜋᄬ۞ֹϡĂᇾ̼۞Оκᄬ18ĞIndonesian Language, Bahasa˫ Indonesiağ༊ү̈ጯˬѐ৺ͽ˯ିጯă͟૱Җ߆ăϠຍă̼̈́͛߿જ۞̳ ̝Ă֭Ϗૻ࢝ଯዚ͟ώ̼͛ăΪᄮ҃פഇϫᇾߏͽ͟ᄬܜВᄬ֏Ăጐგ ˢ͟ώჟৠٕΞ၆ԩҘ͞തϔཌྷ19ć˘ฟᐝĂ͟ώᇲෛОκϲ۞ڦࠎ ϐഇฟۋ൴னĂϲ۞ОκٕధΞͽඕ༖҃ѣӀְĂЯѩдጼֽޢૺĂ ѐĂֱཌྷдຍᙊ˯ߏ͟ͅăͅఈ۞ϔ 1944 ˞זቚ༊гˠ20Ăؕ
Ă֍ AzizĞ1955ğĄௐ˟Їᓁநᔁ֧͈˚ĞAmir SjarifuddinğڼώдОκ۞തϔ͟ٺѣᙯ 15 ОκĞAziz, 1955: 197ğĄڼд˥וഅགྷೡĂ͟ώˠॲώߏो ѣ 8,000 Щࡻă࡚̈́ዸͬݝĞKahin, 1952: 101ğĄإ༊ॡĂ 16 дڼĂᚶᜈڱү۞عჯ൝߆઼ڱߏఈᜋχზྫྷ͟ώથณຳሹĂԓ୕ਕϼड़ڱѣ˘ᄲ 17 ݑΗफ۞ᛳгĞKahin, 1952L 102ğĄ̚ ᄬ֏ֽҘֲᄬ͞ءߏ˘གྷ࿅ᇾ̼۞ֽᄬĞMalay languageğĂᄃֽҘֲ 18 ĞBahasa Malaysiağ࠹ܕĄ Т˘࣎ĞraceğĄٺд 1942 ѐ 3 ͡ 7 ͟൴Ҷĺௐ˘ཱིୄ΄ĻĂᔘᄲ͟ώˠྫྷОκˠᛳ͟ 19 Ⴭࠎฏ˿֨ཌྷĞTentara Sukarela Pembela Tanah Air/Volunteer Army of Defenders of 20 ጡĂڠĂֱˠତќ͟۞ޢćጼצthe FatherlandĂᖎჍ PetağĂᓁВѣ 57,000 ˠ ,ͽјΑ၆ԩဘྏरаഈ۞ఈᜋฤĞTagliacozzo, 2013: 2; Kahin, 1952: 109; Aziz 1955: 226-30ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 12
ϲӈᖼೱࠎВޢοϲކјࠎϲྻજ۞ĂдОκޢ͟ءཌྷ۰Ă :ĞSeekins, 1993: 40; Steinberg, 2011: 24; McMahon, 1981: 35; Aziz, 1955 209; Kahin, 1952: 109, 131-32ğĄ
ĈWowShack TeamĞ2019ğĄֽ ࣣϮŶ២ϮăϮࠒŶĄܛĈځᄲ
ဦ 1Ĉ͟ώጼ݈၆Оκ۞ຐညĞ 1932ğ
عώְ߆͟ٺćϤܓধᝌܚ۰ăᎸٸฟᐝĂОκˠෛ͟ࠎྋ˘ ՟ѣ֖ૉ۞Җ߆ˠ͘Ăΐ˯ሹፂ̚ลҜཉ۞ఈᜋˠă̈́ለֲҕќ٪ะ ᒉĂҲลОκˠॡ̿˞ 1-3 ৺Ă၆͟ώӈֹ՟ѣрຏăҌ͌˵՟ѣ̚ͅ ണᇷĂОκጯϠ႙႙ពٺ۞ᖃăࠤҌ͟ٺೀ࣎͡ĂϤזຏć҃Ă̙ ፬൴Оκˠ۞ϔຍᙊĂాڼனͅԩĂտĂᑅٺᜨᇲຍăࠤҌ ,ຍᙊౌЯࠎ◱ԝ࿅ࢦ҃̂ࠎႚĞKahin, 1952: 102-104ڼฏ˭ྺϔ۞߆ 128-29ğĄ͟Аޢјϲ PoeteraĞPoesat Tenaga Rakjat, Center of People’s ͞ءPowerğă̈́؇̳ົĞDjawa HokokaiğќበයࡻĂְ۰ᛂΙᏚӀϡ ᖐ็ᇫϔཌྷĞKahin, 1952: 106-10ğĄ 13 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
ϲćְ၁ޢᄼĂ͟ώд 1943 ѐ֭ϏధᏚОκጼޠոă̈́හٺ࠹ྵ ᛉĞGreater East AsiaົֲڌΡฟִ̂ڌٺ͟ Ă͟ώд 1943 ѐ 11 ͡ 5-6˯ ВၷĞGreater East Asia Co-Prosperity SphereğĂֲڌConferenceğĂ೬㋃̂ Ρֲ߷ϔ၆ԩҘ͞തϔཌྷĂОκ֭Ϗણΐϒёົᛉ21ć҃Ăᐌཱི͉ д 1944 ѐ 9 ͡ 7ٺЫღĂ͟ώࢵ࠹̈ᒧ઼ߌĞKuniaki Koisoğۋπ߶ጼ ཏफϲĂጐޘОڌοĂдĶ̙˳۞ֽķĞin the near futureğឰఈᛳކ͟ ቁĂឰ˘Шૺྫྷ͟Ъү۞ᛂΙᏚă̈́ݣ྿ᗫ˘˾ঈćࠎځგቑಛ̙֭ πिОκˠ۞ᛢજĂТॡ˵ߏࢋჯ᜕ˠд͚۰͕ϫ̚۞гҜĂҫᅳ˞ 22 ခᐽ༊г۞ϔཌྷĂΪ̙࿅ĂΞਕЯࠎְ۰аᑕ͉ၙĂϔצ ༊Ԋ ;ி͟ͅ۞ଐჰֶ̙ᕝႚă๕̙Ξ༊ĞHays, 2008: 2; Seekins, 1993: 42 Aziz, 1955: 217: Kahin, 1952: 106ğĄ տĂ͟д 1945 ѐ 3 ͡ 1 ͟ކοӈјϲϲ౯አߤົ23 ĞInvestigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence, ڌBPUPKIğĂࠎͬݝफ۞ϲઇ౯ćົᛉՙؠϏֽ۞Оκ่̙Βӣఈᛳ զă̈́ఈᛳҘ͐ޓཏफ۞ቑಛĂᔘᕖ̈́ࡻᛳֲֽ̈́Δᘲ˜ăཬᛳޘО οֲĂ˵ಶߏĶ̂ОκķĞIndonesia RayağĞWikipedia, 2019: Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence; Seekins, 1993: 42ğĄд ϲ ઼ޙѣЩ۞ĺކ౯አߤົௐ˘ѨБវົᛉඕՁॡĞ1945/6/1ğĂᛂΙᏚ Јăˠཌྷăϔཌྷăϔă̈́ۤົܫࣧĻĞPancasilağĂΒ߁ี̣
୧ࡻ፟ĞHideki Tojoğă႕э઼۞ૺഀă઼̚۞ჟăڌᄃົ۞ܑΒ߁͟ώࢵ࠹ 21 ޠࢵĞᐮ Subhas Chandra Boseğăහ̮عᓜॡ߆ޘո̮ࢵ͐ంĞBa MawğăҋϤО ࡠᏐͳĞWanރᄼௐ˟В઼ᓁ౻ႬĞJose P. Laurel ğă઼̈́পֹ ώ͟ٺϒёົᛉĈϤܧણΐִڌ྿ٯ̖ޢWaithayakonğĂᛂΙᏚă̈́ݣ྿ߏдົᛉඕՁ :Ă֭Ϗᔛኛݑă̈́ജܑᄃົĞWikipedia, 2019عჯ൝߆઼ڱᙸຍཋৼოԬങ۞̙ Greater East Asia Conference; Aziz, 1955: 217-18ğĄЯࠎݣ྿ྫྷг˭ᖐѣٙᓑᘭĂዸͬ ຏᔁᒔҋֽ݈ٺᄱͽࠎࣇᛳִڌд͟ώĂٲݝࣧ͟ώχზ˘˭ࢳ፟ಶΨጳһ ဥវĞCommission of ThanksğĂ࿅˘ӃĞKahin, 1952: 106-107ğĄ۞ڼ ڌඍᘷᕩ 25 ဥăͽ̈́ཏफܝώዸ̶ࠎїчͬݝ̈́ౌٛफ۞ౙ 16 ဥăᛂ͟ 22 ϔཌྷă̈́аିवٺщă̈́ྤฟଳĂ16 ဥ၆ڼ۰۞ࢋЇચߏޢᕩঔĂొ ಞાԷႊጱ۞֎ҒڼдОκ۞߆ޢĂ˵ЯѩĂͬݝ͟ޘΒटၗפ߿જଳڼ߆۞ ĞSeekins, 1993: 39-40ğĄ ࡻ͛ĄܧώϡфĂᘲфᖎᆷֽҋОκ͛ࣧ͛ă҃͟פ႔фᖙᛌଳ 23 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 14
ϒཌྷćдௐ˟ѨБវົᛉ˯ĂѣˠૺјϲᙷҬ઼࡚۞͵ܸҋϤёϔĂ ĂטࢬĂᛂΙᏚଯજಏ˘វ͞טѣˠ˧ଯаି઼छĂТᇹгĂдጳ߆វ˵ Ăטಏ˘វפ֍ĂТຍଳڡĂிˠͽϲᐹАॕୢޢćטݣ྿ઐрᓑ֣ ֏ĂТॡଯᓝᛂ݈۞ڱጳޢᘪ˭ĺฮΐ྿ጳౢĻĞJakarta Charterğүࠎ͟ ;ΙᏚࠎᓁăݣ྿ࠎઘᓁĞWikipedia, 2019: Jakarta Charter; Hays, 2008: 2 Seekins, 1993: 42-43: Kahin, 1952: 122-27ğĄ ϴ˭ࣧ̄ᇅĂ͟ώܜ઼࡚д 1945 ѐ 8 ͡ 6ă8 ̶͟Ҿдᇃफă̈́ٺϤ ཏफϲ۞౯̍үĂд 7 ͟Ăݑ͞ᓁΦ΄ъ̰ုޘОڌజ࢝ΐిఈᛳ ĞHisaichi Terauchiğᑕ̯నཉ˘࣎ 21 ˠ۞ϲ౯؎ࣶົĞPreparatory˘ Committee for Indonesian Independence, PPKIğĂᛂΙᏚă̈́ݣ྿̶ҾፉЇϒઘ Ă͟͞ᛂΙᏚăݣ྿ă̈́ BPUPKI य Radjiman Wediodiningra͟ 9 ˞ ז यć ᛳݑ̂ΰξથᛉĂъ̰ု˘ࠁᛂΙᏚࠎ PPKI यĂТຍд 19ڱזྶ Оڌቁܑϯᅳ˿Βӣٙѣఈᛳځጳົᛉăд 24 ͟ឰОκϲĂ֭טΡฟ͟ Ă͟ώזཏफćPPKI д 12 ͟ϒёјϲĂˬˠߏд 14 ̖͟ࢳаĂ՟ຐޘ ĂᛂΙᏚă̈́ݣځଐ๕̙ٺοԸࢫ˞Ăົᛉֽ̙̈́ΡฟćϤކಶޢ͟ д 15 Ăд 15-16ܢࠎ͟۞ົعѐĞpemudasğፉ͕າ߆ܦ྿͕̈ᓍᓍĂ ĞKarawangğ۞ᒉĂ࢝ٻᙝΙٛڌฮΐ྿ٺˠፃ֕ăహ༰дҜ͟ Ѻؖҋ൴ཌྷ۞عҶϲĂԓ୕ਕ፬ᐽࢵކˠ̙ࢋགྷ࿅͟ధΞಶ ĞHays, 2008: 2; Wikipedia, 2019: Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence; Gale, 2007b: 2; McMahon, 1981: 38; Kahin, 1952: 127ğĄ Ҷϲ24Ăࣗܳј۞ PPKI дѨ͟Ρฟކ͟ ᛂΙᏚд 1945 ѐ 8 ͡ 17 ᛉ८ΞົޘᛉĂଯᏴᛂΙᏚ̈́ݣ྿ࠎϒઘᓁ25Ăјϲ˛ˠ̈Ăдࢵົ ĞState Constitution of the Republic ofڱBPUPKI д 7 ̏͡གྷਨᑢ۞ᓜॡጳ Indonesia, 1945ğćд 19 ͟۞ௐ˟Ѩ̈ົᛉĂОκ̶ࠎҘͬݝăͬ̚ݝă
֏ߏд͟ώঔ݈͌ϣჟĞTadashi Maedağछ̚ਨᑢ۞ĞWikipedia, 2018: Tadashiކ 24 ,Maeda (admiral)ğĄ݈ϣჟྫྷᛂΙᏚăͽ̈́ݣ྿ܲᙋ̙ົ̒ĂᅅҐ̏࿅༱ࢦ̋ĞGale 2007b: 3ğĄ ĂЇࢵҜᓁநćטд 1945 ѐ 11 ͡ԼؽՀૺࠎ̰ᅦטдआᄿ֧Ⴌጱ˭Ăጳ߆វ 25 Ąפ˚д 1947 ѐ 6 ͡జઘ͘ᔁ֧͈ 15 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
Ҙރඍᘷăΐ֧ત̜ĞKalimantanĂӈᘲ߷ Borneoğăᛂٛܝݝăᛂͬڌ ĞSulawesiğăᇝ౩ΐĞMalukuğă̈́̈ཏफ26ĞLesser Sunda Islandsğć Central Indonesian National טд 22 ͟۞ௐˬѨົᛉĂ̈నཉՙඉ፟ ྅ొڠCommitteeĞKNIPğă઼छ߆ᛨ Indonesian National PartyĞPNIğă̈́ д 29 ͟Αј֗ੜăజᕖ·јࣶޢฤ۞݈֗ĞPeople’s Security AgencyğĂ ĞWikipedia, 2019: Preparatory Committee for IndonesianפKNIP ӛৼ҃ ۞ Independence; Central Indonesian National CommitteeğĄ
伍、民族革命
ჍࠎОκϲ˫ــОκϔࢭĞIndonesian National Revolutionğ οϲĞ1945/8/17ğăކĞIndonesian War of IndependenceğĂߏϤОκۋጼ ፋፋαѐޢ྅ࢭĂ݈ڠᒔఈᜋϒёٚᄮĞ1949/12/27ğ̝มٙଂְ۞ז Ăయତќ۞ߏ༖ޢĞWikipedia, 2019: Indonesian National RevolutionğĄጼ ݑֲጼડĞSouth East Asia Command, SEACğΦ΄ᄋ͐ĞLouisڌ ࠎ۞ࡻд 1945 ѐ 9םጼಞĂͽ̂ࡻ઼ܧОκ֭ٺMountbattenğĂϤ щ۞̍үĂ֎Ғ࠹ڼᏵ൳ౙͬݝ27ć̏གྷԸࢫ۞͟జኬ̟ჯֽ̖ؔؔ͡ ጡගڠВĂΩ˘͞ࢬռ˭೩ֻט༊ᑌԉâ͞ࢬυื੨Ъ༖ᑅ ࣇĞHays, 2008: 3; Drooglever, 1998ğĄ Оκ۞Ϗֽ՟ѣຐ͉кă˵՟ѣ˘۞߆ඉĂΪߏٺ၁˯Ă༖઼၆ְ ӣгԓ୕ᗕ͞ррӱ˭ֽኘĈΪ̙࿅Ă̂кᇴ۞ОκҁѺؖᄮࠎ༖઼ ͟ ਓჾШ̰ᝈĂ༊ߏࢋᑒఈᜋޭೇതϔгĂЯѩĂд 1945 ѐ 8 ͡ 17۞ ԣಶྋޝҶϲă̈́ 9 ͡ 29 ͟༖൳ౙൺൺ̱࣎ᖃ̝มĂВ઼ᅳጱކ PPKIعᓝᏱБ઼ّᏴᓝĂາ߆ֽ̙̈́ٺᝋ˧ćϤڼ྅ăዮ߆ڠੵ͟ ϡ͟ώҫᅳڻ፟ၹğĂҖ߆˯ତќڱᖼࠎϲޢKNIPĞ͟ טᖼೱࠎᏙྙ፟
ඍᘷफă̈́ΐ֧ત̜फඈٙј۞̂ཏफĞGreater Sundaܝݝफăᛂͬٺ࠹၆ 26 IslandsğĄ 27 ˧ߏОޘĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 16
,ഇมనཉ۞؇̳ົᖐă̈́ˠࣶĂ߆ᝋᖼொ̂ึӀĂ͍ߏдͬݝĞHays 2008: 3-4: Wikipedia, 2019: Jawa Hokokai; Seekins, 1993: 43-44ğĄ дг͞˯Ăጐგд֭дડાă̈́г͞నཉኜт KNIP ۞̈؎ࣶົĂ ࿅ٺଐ๕ൾͧྵ৾ใâਠҁѺؖ̂˯ᄮࠎߏ˘ಞࢭĂЯѩĂ၆ ѐćһਣใĂܦΝྫྷఈᜋă͟ώЪү۞යࡻ̙ᙜҒĂপҾߏ፬ซ۞ జᇨᇥڡव۞ҖࠎĂࣧѣ۞ۤົ̶̝ڱᙱҿᕝտౣߏࢭЊ̄ăᔘߏ̙ޝ ăཏăͽ̈́ݱฏ̝มĂВ઼дг͞˯۞ᅳጱ۰Тॡࢬି؟ೋ̼ĂΒ߁ ၆ఈᜋă̶ᗓཌྷă̈́νࠁ۞ӵᑝĞHays, 2008: 3-4ğĄ፫߷ฤд 1945 ཏफநᓁ༛ HubertusޘОڌΗొ28Ăఈᛳڌѐ 9 ͡णฟ൳ౙĂซҫཏफ۞ ྿ฮΐ྿Ăఈᜋͽொˢనд፫߷ο֧ٯ͟ van Mook д 10 ͡ 2 Ă൴னଐ๕ͧА݈ഇ۞Հពᐍೋع͛ˠ߆ޘОڌĞBisbaneğ۞ఈᛳ ĞNetherlands Indies Civil Administration, NICAğĞHays, 2008: 4; Wikipedia, 2019: Hubertus van Mook; Gale, 2007b: 3-4ğĄ щă˘ᙝྋାజ͟β༰дะ̚ڼᄋ͐ࣧώ۞Їચߏ˘ᙝჯ ڻᒉ۞ለ߷ˠĂ̙ۢΞ̈㌿ֲ߷۞ϔཌྷĂЯѩĂһ˧ొཌд ѐԯϬᐝШٙѣΞਕܦĂזĂ՟ѣຐعঔ۞ݱξăԯฏ˭ϹගВ߆ 29 ၆ϲ۰ĂΒ߁රˠă఼̈́ᇲ۞Оκˠ ౌజᇷ˧࠹ШĂాг͞ౌͅ 1946 ז͡ Ձ͘ඉĞHays, 2008: 4ğĄଂ 1945 ѐ 8عҺዎ߯ĂᛂΙᏚ߆̙ ѐ 12 ͡۞જใĂజჍࠎ Bersiap ॡഇĂᓁВѣ 3,600 Щለֲҕᙋ၁Ꭾᙱă εᖸĂፂҤѣ 20,000 Оκˠಉă̂кᇴߏણΐࢭ۞ѐᅅˠĂ҃ 20,000 ߏ͟˵ຫὲһ 1,000 ν ΠĂࡻ ѣ 660 ˠĂࢋߏОޘĞWikipedia, 2019: BersiapğĄ ˯ዎ࿃В઼ϒఢĞIndonesian National Army, TNIğăͽث˯ࡻ ͪڸݝ۞ͬڌ൳ౙغ͡ ԩĂপҾߏд 1945 ѐ 10ٯ྅ڠϔһĞIaskarğ۞̈́
ඍᘷĄܝ፫యତќγफĞOuter IslandsğĂࡻయͬݝă̈́ᛂ 28 ĞRoyal Netherlands East Indies Army, KNILğ۞ݑᇝޘОڌఈᜋ࠱छٺԝڇࢋߏ 29 Ҙ۞ѼৼݣᖠĞMinahasa MenadoneseğĄࣇރ౩ΐ۞щզˠĞAmboneseğă̈́Δᛂٛ ຍͽג۰ڼĂఈᜋܫһ࣯ྵĂ̙͌Оκᅳఞ࠹ܠߏૄ༛वăᅹͧ˘ਠаିवОκ όОκϲĂҋ̎۞ᐹ๕ಶົ̙֍ĞKahin, 1952: 60-61ğĄ˘ܫлĂឰࣇ࠹טл 17 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
Վһௐ 49ޘѐཱིٙΡ۞ѺؖԩĂОܦٺܡצזĞSurabayağĂ՟ѣຐ A. W. S. Mallaby ੱ˸Ăࡻд 11 ͡ 10 ͟൴જౙঔ۩ಡೇّԽᑝĂ ءॠ೭ ˵ϠĂࡻـጼְؼᜈˬ࣎ᖃ̖ԆјཇĂҤѣ 6,000-12,000 Оκˠ ѣ 295-2,000 ˠੱ˸ĂခОκˠ۞Т̩ᇲນĂ̫֞ 11 ͡ 10 ͟ߏОκ۞Ķࡻ ҕབྷ۞ۋԝĞ1945/10/10-24ğߏОκϲጼ̝ͪڸฯ͟ķĞHeroes Dayğć ࡻ۞ണᇷĂ઼͔ᅫᔕኢٺݑֲၝধ۞˘ԝĂϤڌԝă˵ߏࡻд˘ ࡻ઼տυืሹڇ၆ОκതϔĂ༖̙̙ϒෛВ઼۞хдĂТॡᄲͅ ზၣĞHays, 2008: 4-5; Wikipedia, 2019: Battle of Surabaya; Seekins, 1993: 44; Gale, 2007b: 3ğĄ Оڌ՟ѣڍаОκതϔгĂࢋ۞நϤߏĈтפĂఈᜋેຍޢጼ ೇ൩Ă˵ົజለ߷ૻᝋ࠻ᅅࠎˬ߹۞ڱ30Ă̙ͤఈᜋ۞གྷᑻྤ۞ޘ Ҷϲ̙ͤߏ௧ă҃ͷކķڱܧछĂ҃ͷдᅳጱลᆸ۞ீ̚ĂОκĶ઼ ߏ van MookĂۏОκྻ۞ᙯᔣˠޢĻćጱጼڱ࿁ͅĺ1922 ѐጳ˵ дҫعГᄲĂෛВ઼߆ڼૺОκϲυืೈԔ႙ซĂАឰఈᜋޭೇ щ31ĞSteinberg, 2011: 26-27; McMahon, 1981: 39-40ğĄڼᅳડ̏གྷ၁ኳჯ ఈᜋֽᄲĂߊОκϲ̏གྷߏጿ̙ҝ˞Ă̙тึͪଯҐјϲ˘͚࣎ٺ၆ ჯ᜕ࣧѣ۞གྷᑻӀৈ҃טᗓ༤۞ᓑ઼֣छĂឰఈᜋΞͽҌ͌Ξͽጐณଠ ĞSeekins, 1993: 4ğĄ ҘڱఈᜋᛂΙᏚă̈́ݣ྿ፀЂࠎ఼ᇲ̶̄ĂෛОκВ઼ߏ͟ώ ഇมజۋఈᜋώ֗дጼٺОκˠϔຍᙊႚćϤזĂ՟ѣຐۏЊ̄۞ய ܦГĂതϔг۞ќೇ̙֭ߏ֤ᆃึӀĂপҾߏ̋ڌৼოҫᅳăͻྤ ˧ࢬ၆ဩ̰රˠăعĂЯѩᖼ҃యَВ߆ۋԩ˧ڠѐă̈́Вயᛨඉજ ٩͡ ᇷ˧Њ̄ćࡻд 1946 ѐ 11ט༼ˠăͽ̈́૦۞ВயᛨĂਕޘО
ᛂטቱ֕ռĂ҃ͅఈЊ̄˫ଠ۞˧࿄ͤĂ͍ߏᄃາΐع༊ॡโξሩăВ߆ 30 ᇎ͕തϔгΞਕົயĂጩതࠤܜĂఈᜋੑ߆ొۏүܛඍᘷă̈́ͬݝ۞થຽّனܝ ୬ྏĞGale, 2007a: 1ğĄޘОڌˢĂఈᜋ࠱छ̬˧ڠפଳعᄲ߆ྼٺҌ ಈᝌĂ̙֭މ၁˯Ăvan Mook ѣҋϤཌྷ้Шă˫ТଐОκϔཌྷĂܲч߆ְ 31 ЯѩĂտ֭ϏৌੵćտĂд 1948 ѐᏴፄΝᖚĂᗓฟϠгͬݝăᅈ֕ᓑЪ˵ ĞWikipedia, 2019: Hubertus van MookğĄ઼ڱٺڢĂ઼ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 18
ჿĂ55,000 ఈ̏གྷ႙ѨซዸͬݝĂտ྿ 100,000 һ˧Ăߊ˧ొཌă ਕྋϥĂдؽ˯ă̙̙൴ĂЯѩĂੵ˞ఈВĂఈᜋ઼ົЧྮˠ̙˫ ݚᄮࠎ၆ОκВ઼णฟְҖજ̏གྷ̙ΞᔖҺćఈ̙ͤፃᒔႾ༰В ඍᘷ۞λപĞPalembangğă̈́ജᜋĞMedanğĂ֭ܝᛂٺࣶĂᔘࠓҜء઼ ϲᐻ߆ޙҘफݑొᖣ˾๏ࣥૠ୭Ѻؖα༱ˠ32ĂՀခજ͌ᇴཏރдᛂٛ ,ĞHays, 2008: 4-5; Wikipediaܫރ۞عᝋĂ͕᎕ᇋĂಶߏࢋ݇ऴВ઼߆ 2019: Hubertus van Mook; Gale, 2007a: 2ğĄ
˘ăLinggadjati Agreement
ܝᄋ͐ࣧώχზ၁ኳٚᄮВ઼߆ᝋĂ̙ᙸឰఈ൳ౙͬݝă̈́ᛂ 33ĞGreat͞ڌĂఈ࿅͟ώঔА݈ҫᅳ۞ᘲ߷ă̈́̂זඍᘷĂ՟ѣຐ ϏޭೇĂvan Mook ೩ᛉإঈ̮ٺEastğणฟͅԽĞဦ 2ğć˘ฟᐝĂఈᜋϤ ѐ 1946 ٺćఈᜋАםതϔгϲăГᄃఈᜋВ઼۞ޘОڌտົឰఈᛳ ҘΡฟ MalinoރОκЧг۞ܑĂҋҖдᛂٛڌᜭඉֽҋᘲ߷ă̈́͡ 7 णฟኘҿăдعᄃВ઼߆͡ 10 ٺConferenceĂдࡻ઼۞ၭ˭Ă̙̙ ؠ Linggadjati AgreementĞWikipedia, 2019: Unitedם྿јγϹ͟ 15 ͡ 11 States of Indonesia; Malino Conference; Hays, 2008: 5; Seekins, 1993: 44-45; Hadi, n.d.: 1-2ğĄ ඍᘷă̈́ౌٛܝؠĂఈᜋТຍٚᄮОκВ઼дͬݝăᛂםॲፂ ĞMadurağ۞၁ኳგᔑᝋĂ୧ІߏОκВ઼Тຍᄃᘲ߷ĞState of κҘֲЪிޘО۞טĞGreat Eastern StateğЪᓑ֣֣͞ڌBorneoğă̈́̂ ਠ۞םĞUnited States of Indonesia, USIğĞဦ 3ğĂ̂छГВТј˘઼઼࣎
ĞRaymond Westerlingğૺࠎ˞୭ᗗ⪠൚Ăυืଳڒࢮপء೭ޘОڌఈᜋ࠱छ 32 ಶгᆶҿăႀᑧ۞͞ёĂд̝̰࣎͡Ğ1946/12/10-1947/2/21ğणฟȈ˘Ѩٟፍཇפ Ăጾһग़ఈᜋдҘͬݝٙԬޢ͚۰ć͟۞عΐᆶҿಶгႀᑧВ߆̙ــҖજĂ ᐵధ˭൴જ߹ய߆តĂ۞عĂ˫дఈᜋ߆ڍᛂ̜В઼ĞPasundan RepublicğĂ̙سങ۞ ೋЩߌၓ۞జОκෛࠎጼϚĞWikipedia, 2019: Raymond Westerling; South Sulawesi ϐഇĂ̖ 1960 זۡ˘Ѝ૾۞ࡔᐂĂఈᜋෛОκ۞Νതϔࠎ༰ԟĂ̙ٺCampaignğĄϤ Ķതϔ͵ķు႙ࣟĂٺѐֽĂϤܕѣၷϔࢬٚᄮăٕߏүᙋܑϯϫ༜ጼϚҖࠎć ధߏЯࠎѣ֖ૉ۞።ΫᗓĂ̖ѣͧྵк۞ኢĞGale, 2007a: 5ğĄٕ ҘăጆΟă̈ཏफă̈́Ҙ৸ೀֲ̰ĄރΒӣᛂٛ͞ڌ̂ 33 19 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
ĈWikipediaĞ2019: Great EastğĄֽ
Ğ1938-46ğ֣͞ڌ̂۞ޘОڌဦ 2Ĉఈᛳ
ఈᜋОκᓑ༖34ĞNetherlands- Indonesian UnionğĂͽఈᜋ̃ͳࠎ̮ࢵć҃Ă ᓑ༖ĞstaatsverbandğĂڼᓑ༖̰உѣ̙Т۞ຐညĂఈᜋᄮࠎߏ߆ٺᗕ͞၆ ߏםԁ۞ޢВ઼͞ࢬͽࠎߏ˘ᗫ۞ඕ༖ĞbondgenootschapğĂ ,Ķᓑ༖˭πඈ۞ᝋϾҡķĞsovereign and equal partner in a unionğĞHays 2008: 5; Wikipedia, 2019: Linggadjati Agreement; Kahin, 1952: 196-97ğĄ
ĈWikipediaĞ2019: Linggadjati AgreementğĄֽ κҘֲЪி઼ޘᛉ۞Оם ဦ 3ĈLinggadjati
၁ĂᔘΒӣఈᛳᛂӀݑĞSurinameğă̈́ఈᛳщгЕĞthe Netherlands AntillesğĄ 34 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 20
ᛉΪ̙࿅ߏࣧםሏĂЊޢఈᜋܑဥĞCommission-Generalğдົ ఈᜋͳ઼۞гҜćvan Mookܕன၁෭ڼ߆۞ޘОڌّࢍ൪Ăϡຍߏఈᛳ ᳜֧फٺ͟ ၹĂд 1946 ѐ 12 ͡ 7-24ޙ۞טથĂಶూҋଂְᓑ֣វםϏགྷ Оκ֣ĞState of EastڌᖠົᛉĞDenpasar ConferenceğĂԬങسࢬΡฟ൳ͯ ĞWikipedia, 2019: Linggadjatiڡ̶۞ొ̰عIndonesiağ35ĂྏဦᄦౄВ߆ д 1947 ѐ 3 ͡ 25 ͟ᘪࢎޢᛉםAgreement; State of East IndonesiağĄጐგ ႕ຍĂఈ̙͞ᎸВ઼ѣҋ۞γϹă̈́дఈޝᐂ 3ğĂᗕ͞ౌ̙ߏܢĞ ,ϲҘᘲ߷֣ĞWikipediaޙᜋᔑડЇᓁ༛ĂВ઼̙႕ఈ͞˫ᇑଇ 2019: Linggadjati AgreementğĄ
˟ăRenville Agreement
ؠĂם ఈᜋд 1947 ѐ 7 ͡ 20 ͟ͽВ઼͕ЪүࠎϤᇧ໑ Linggadjati ᐌӈдௐ˟͇൴જԽ๕ĞOperation ProductğĂࠎ˞઼ᅫۤົ۞ঐཱིჍĶᛋ ၅ҖજķăᄲߏĶநķĞcleansingğݔใЊ̄Ă၁ߏଂְବᎿ36Ă༼༼ୀ ˧ඍᘷቑಛ37Ă̪ጬܝΪਕೠ೪ͬݝˬ̶̝˘ă̈́̂кᇴᛂعੜ۞В߆ 38 ᅫᔕኢ۞ᑅ˧Ă፫߷дᓑЪ઼ щநົ೩ᛉઃͫă઼࡚ٺणฟഫᑝጼćϤ ซ˘Վ೩ᛉјϲၭ؎ࣶົĞCommittee of Good Offices, CGOğࢬ઼ ฮΐ྿៉۞઼࡚ԽᑝྻᏮᚻ Renvilleٺڿѐ 12 ͡ 8 ͟дઃ 1947 ٺአઃ39Ă פјϲĂΒ߁дາဳ۞عणฟኘҿćఈ͞˘ᙝኘҿâᙝూҋซҖᓑ֣߆ ඍᘷ֣ĞState of East SumatrağĂΡฟડાܑົᛉᚯܝᛂڌᅳ˿Ԭങ۞ གྷ࿅ޢćఈᜋ೩˞ 12 ีࣧăCGO ˵ྃ·˞ 6 ีࣧĂع࿅ഭᓑ֣߆ ፍͽ̂ཌྷĂВ઼ܑҿᕝЧг̳ԸົТຍΐˢޙ઼ܑ࡚ͽགྷᑻ೯ӄࢦ ͚੨Ăᗕ͞տд 1948 ѐ 1 ͡ 17۞عᓑ֣߆פᓑ֣ă҃ͷҋ̎Ξͽ
ͬݝफͽγ۞ٙѣफᑎĂ̙ӣҘ৸ೀֲ̰ĄొڌΒ߁ᘲ߷ 35 ೋЩߌၓ۞ߏ 1947 ѐ 12 ͡ 9 ͟൴ϠдҘͬݝ۞ٛݝॾᇇૠ୭ĞRawagede MassacreğĂ 36 ᓁВѣ 431 Щ̇͘ᜠ۞Յϔజఈҽᅖૠ୭ĞWikipedia, 2019: Rawagede MassacreğĄ ԣಶќೇ 70%ͬޝ՟ѣᖐĂఈۋԩ˧ڠОκฤਨ౹ăొཌቑಛᔮĂ҃ϔมٺϤ 37 ಞĞGale, 2007a: 2ğĄڒඍᘷ۞ቱܝݝă60%ᛂ ᓑЪ઼۞̬ˢĂ֍ TaylorĞ1960ğ۞ྎࡔᐂĄٺѣᙯ 38 ֎ҒĂ֍ McMahonĞ1981ğă̈́ RoadnightĞ2002ğĄ۞ޢ઼࡚ጼٺѣᙯ 39 21 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
,ᐂ 4ğĞHays, 2008: 5; Wikipediaܢᛉ Renville AgreementĞםᘪࢎઃͫ͟ 2019: Renville Agreement; Seekins, 1993: 45; Gale, 2007a: 2ğĄ
ˬăVan Rooijen-Rum Agreement
ĂγϹኘҿ՟ѣซणĂఈ͞ూҋซҖᓑ֖̙ܫጐგઃͫĂᗕ͞Яࠎ̢ ඍܝၹâ͞ࢬԬങౌٛĞMadurağăҘͬݝĞPasundanğăݑᛂޙ۞֣ ݝඈ֣ĂϤЧ֣ᅳఞВᓑ֣ᏙᛉົĞFederalͬڌᘷă͐ึ̜֣ă̈́ ຍ̙೩В઼ăΪ೩גዛྮĂعConsultative Assembly, BFOğࠎј࿅ഭ߆ ಶቑĞWikipedia, 2019: RenvilleعඍᘷĂಶߏࢋ࿀В઼߆ܝݝ̈́ᛂͬ Agreement; United States of IndonesiağĄགྷ࿅ 1848 ѐ̂ᏴĂϤ֓ႬĞLouis ᎕ऴĂֶعᇇĞWillem Dreesğࢵ࠹۞ᓑЪ߆זJoseph Maria Beelğă ᕗ୕ְྋՙĂఈд 1948 ѐ 12 ͡ 18 ͟൴જ˟ѨĶᛋ၅Җજķ˘ڦ؝ ĞOperation KraaiğĂࡎҫᅳВ઼۞ᓜॡࢵౌ͟ຒĞYogyakartağĂፃᒔ Ă҃ണعᓑ֣߆צుતĂ࿀࢝В઼ତٸВ઼ᓁᛂΙᏚඈˠă ,ĞWikipediaعĞBukittinggiğјϲღާ߆آ˚Рڠඍᘷ۞ܝዶ۰߹ᖇҘᛂ 2019: Operation Kraai; gale, 2007a: 5ğĄ ̚ᕝĺރጐგְҖજ̂ѣୈᒔĂ઼ᅫᔕኢᙈĂপҾߏ઼࡚ ઃͫĂ៰ײ೯ӄĂᓑЪ઼щநົАޙႬࢍ൪ĻĞMarshall Planğ၆ఈᜋ۞ࢦ ᅳጱٸăᛖع఼࿅ĺௐ 67 ཱིՙᛉĻĞResolution 67ğࢋՐఈ͞ޭೇВ߆˫ ٺ˭˧۰ăд 1949 ѐ 7 ͡ 1 ݈͟ϹОκᝋćտĂᗕ͞д઼࡚۞ᑅ ؠ Roem–van Roijen AgreementĂͽᔖҺௐˬѨᛋםѐ 5 ͡ 7 ͟ᘪཌ 1949 ၅ҖજĞWikipedia, 2019: Roem–van Roijen Agreement; Seekins, 1993: 46ğĄ ӄ˭ĂםдᓑЪ઼Оκ؎ࣶົĞUnited Nations Commission for Indonesiağ۞ ѐ 8 ͡ 23 ͟дঔͰणฟॸົ 1949 ٺఈ͞ăВ઼ă̈́ᓑ֣Ꮩᛉົܑ ᛉĂޢд 11 ͡ 2 ͟ᘪཌĺᝋᖼொጳౢĻĞCharter of Transfer of ᛉםਨ९ă̈́གྷᑻඈڱSovereigntyğăĺᓑ༖୧ּĻĞStatute of Unionğăጳ ĞWikipedia, 2019: Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference; Seekins, 1993: 46ğĄ κҘֲЪிޘᝋᖼொගОޘОڌд 1949 ѐ 12 ͡ 27 ͟Ăఈᜋٙᛳ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 22
κҘֲᓑ֣ޘВ઼ĞRepublic of the United States of Indonesia, RUSIĂО ᅳгĂڼВ઼ğĞဦ 4ğ40ĂΒӣОκВ઼ඈ 7 ֣࣎ă̈́ 9 ࣎ۡᛳҋ ຍᄦౄ̶̼ăגщଵĂߏതϔ۰х͕̙։۞טĂ̙͌ϔཌྷ۰ᄮࠎᓑ֣҃ ОκĂјڌඍᘷă̈́ܝᛂڌ˞ऴ̼Оκ۞ౚᏖćд 1950 ѐ 4 ͡Ăੵ छО઼טјࠎಏ˘វ׀ˢОκВ઼ĂତĂˬ۰д 5 ͡Ъ׀ಏҜజχ ĺ1949פĻĞProvisional Constitution of 1950ğڱκВ઼Ăĺ1950 ѐᓜॡጳ ĻĞFederal Constitution of 1949ğĂОκЪி઼ϒёঐεڱѐᓑ֣ጳ ĞWikipedia, 2019: United States of IndonesiağĄ
ĈWikipediaĞ2019: United States of IndonesiağĄֽ κҘֲЪிВ઼Ğ1949-50ğޘဦ 4ĈО
陸、外交途徑 vs. 武裝奮鬥
ѐ̖ 1949 זۡ˘οОκϲĂކĂᛂΙᏚд 1945 ѐޢѨ̂ጼඕՁ˟ Ѫѷೇ፼ĂտౣߏЯࠎڼᒔఈᜋٚᄮĂ֤ᆃĂາϠ઼छјΑԩ١തϔ ྅ጬڠٺᅫγϹशĞdiplomacy, diplomasiğ۞Ӆ˧ݶड़ăᔘߏࢋᕩΑ઼
ᛉ̙ӣҘ৸ೀםᝋᖼொυืᒔˬ̶̝˟ఈᜋ઼ົᛉࣶТຍĂࠎ˞щᇬܲчࠁᛉࣶĂ 40 ,ᛉĻĞNew York AgreementğĂ̖ᕩᔘОκĞGaleםѐĂᗕ͞ᘪࢎĺ৸ࡗ 1962 זĂֲ̰ۡ 2007b: 7; Wikipedia, 2019: New York AgreementğĄ 23 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
Ğstruggle, perjuanganğĞCribb, 1986: 72; Gale, 2007b: 6ğĉॲፂ Tagliacozzo ˯Оκϲ۞ྚᛖĂੵ˞็۞ҹཌྷशĂૄώٺĞ2013: 3ğĂѣᙯ ᅳఞڼΞͽᕩৼࠎ̂ࠁĈĞ˘ğBenedict Anderson ᄮࠎĂ༊ॡ۞ࠁ߆ ᒢٺࢭԦຕ͕̈Ă࠹၆гĂৌϒਕѣӄົۤٺă၆઼ޙдϲٸԯࢦ͕ ࣒ϒפѐćĞ˟ğWilliam Frederick ଳܦྋࢭ۞ߏֱ֤؇ᚥࢭ۞ ࡻฯĂ҃ߏтңજࣶҁѺؖણᄃٺཌྷ۞៍ᕇĂᄮࠎࢦᕇ̙дॡ๕ă˵̙д ።ΫְІٺኒĂ၆۞ۏˠڼТྮቢ۞ؠҜăͽ̈́߆̙זঘٺࢭĄϤ ٙגᙱҺົѣݑᔔΔᖽ۞ྚᛖĂᛊт Linggadjati AgreementĂপҾߏᙯᔣॡ
྅ጬĄڠ .ඉரĂ˵ಶߏγϹश vs۞פଳ дᛂݣћĞSuhartoğ߆۞ٙᏜĶາ৩ԔķĞNew Order, Orde Baruğ ഇมĞ1966-98ğĂОκ۞።Ϋିࡊ३ૻአ͞дОκϲ࿅۞ࢦࢋّĂ ᛂݣћॡĂ˵ಶߏ༊˭ٙᏜĶԼࢭķĞReform, Reformasiğޢ࠹၆гĂд ҂γϹӅ˧۞ࢦࢋّྫྷְጬ˘ᇹࢦޥăͽ̈́ጯ۰ฟؕۏˠڼॡĂ߆ ᛉĂВםLinggadjati Agreement ۞ෞᆊȈ̶ࢬĂЯࠎॲፂ ٺࢋć݈۰၆ γ઼ᑅ˧۞ԸࢫҖशĂ࠹၆ٺڇئୢ˘ֱᅳ˿ĂЯѩᄮࠎ̙ಀߏٸυื઼ عᛉдன၁˯ߏυࢋ۞ĂலౣĂࣣјϲ۞В઼߆ם۰ᄮࠎኘҿޢгĂ ᒔᔛኘҿĂππӱĂϏဘ̙ߏ၁ኳٚᄮОκߏ˘࣎າ઼छĂЯѩĂ Linggadjati Agreement ᑕྍߏγϹጼர˯۞ࡎĂତ˭ֽ̖ѣᓑЪ઼щநົ ;(ኢă̬̈́ˢĞHadi, n.d.: 6-8; Wikipedia, 2019: New Order (Indonesia۞ Post-Suharto ErağĄ ϲಶрăޙᄮࠎΪࢋᝋ઼छਕعGaleĞ2007b: 6-7ğĂВ઼߆ Ă࠹၆гĂצఈᜋ۞͚੨ĂҘ͞ૻᝋֽΞͽତצᙸຍᇶॡ؎ѡՐБତ ᛉĂЯѩд઼ᅫۤົԛםΞࢬ၆Оκϲ۞ְ၁ăͯࢬᇧ໑̙عఈᜋ߆ ൴જְବᎿăጼቢޘ؝ϲć࠹̙˭Ăᗕ͞Ϊрдጼಞ֍ৌౢĂఈᜋ ౻णฟഫᑝጼĂտᔘߏѣ౻࠻̙˭Ν۞ᓑЪޞĂВ઼ͽชܜཌ࿅ొ ܝӀᄵఈᜋឰՎćᓜރࢬአઃĂ͍ߏࣧώܲ̚ϲ۞઼࡚၆ᖼ઼҃ ІķĞMadiun AffairğĂВ઼߆ְ܆ཙ۞ߏОВд 1948 ѐ൴જ۞Ķࡸఆ˘ :ߏͅВ۞ĞGale, 2007b: 6; Wikipedia, 2019عາ߆ܫһବᎿĂឰ઼࡚࠹ع Madiun AffairğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 24
ܢᐂ 1ĈОκϲކ֏ĞProclamation of Indonesian Independenceğ41
Brothers and Sisters All! I have asked you to be in attendance here in order to witness an event in our history of the utmost importance. For decades we, the People of Indonesia, have struggled for the freedom of our country — even for hundreds of years! There have been waves in our actions to win independence which rose, and there have been those that fell, but our spirit still was set in the direction of our ideals. Also during the Japanese period our efforts to achieve national independence never ceased. In this Japanese period it merely appeared that we leant upon them. But fundamentally, we still continued to build up our own powers, we still believed in our own strengths. Now has come the moment when truly we take the fate of our actions and the fate of our country into our own hands. Only a nation bold enough to take its fate into its own hands will be able to stand in strength. Therefore last night we had deliberations with prominent Indonesians from all over Indonesia. That deliberative gathering was unanimously of the opinion that NOW has come the time to declare our independence. Brothers and Sisters: Herewith we declare the solidarity of that determination. Listen to our proclamation:
PROCLAMATION WE THE PEOPLE OF INDONESIA HEREBY DECLARE THE INDEPENDENCE OF INDONESIA. MATTERS WHICH CONCERN THE TRANSFER OF POWER AND OTHER THINGS WILL BE EXECUTED BY CAREFUL MEANS AND IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME. DJAKARTA, 17 AUGUST 1945 IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE OF INDONESIA SUKARNO — HATTA
41 KahinĞ2000ğĄ 25 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
So it is, Brothers and Sisters! We are now already free! There is not another single tie binding our country and our people! As from this moment we build our state. A free state, the State of the Republic of Indonesia — evermore and eternally independent. Allah willing, God blesses and makes safe this independence of ours! ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 26
ܢᐂ 2Ĉฮΐ྿ጳౢĞJakarta Charterğ42
Whereas independence is a genuine right of all nations and any form of foreign occupation should thus be erased from the earth as it is not in conformity with humanity and justice, Whereas the struggle of the Indonesian independence movement has reached the blissful point of leading the Indonesian people safely and well before the monumental gate of an independent Indonesian State which shall be free, united, sovereign, just and prosperous, By the grace of Almighty Allah and urged by the lofty aspiration to exist as a free nation, Now therefore, the people of Indonesia declare herewith their independence, Pursuant to which, in order to form a Government of the State of Indonesia that shall protect the whole people of Indonesia and the entire homeland of Indonesia, and in order to advance general prosperity, to develop the nation’s intellectual life, and to contribute to the implementation of a world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice, Indonesia’s National Independence shall be laid down in a Constitution of the State of Indonesia, which is to be established as the State of the Republic of Indonesia with sovereignty of the people and based on the belief in the One and Only God, with the obligation to abide by Islamic law for adherents of Islam, on just and civilized humanity, on the unity of Indonesia and on democratic rule that is guided by the strength of wisdom resulting from deliberation / representation, so as to realize social justice for all the people of Indonesia. Jakarta, 22 June 1945 Signed: Sukarno Mohammad Hatta A.A. Maramis Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso Kahar Moezakkir Agus Salim Achmad Soebardjo Wahid Hasjim Mohammad Yamin
42 Wikipedia (2019: Jakarta Charter). 27 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
ܢᐂ 3ĈLinggadjati Agreement
Preamble - The Netherlands Government, represented by the Commission- General for the Netherlands Indies, and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, represented by the Indonesian delegation, moved by a sincere desire to ensure good relations between the peoples of the Netherlands and Indonesia in new forms of voluntary co-operation which offer the best guarantee for sound and strong development of both countries in the future and which make it possible to give a new foundation to the relationship between the two peoples; agree as follows and will submit this agreement at the shortest possible notice for the approval of the respective parliaments: Article 1 - The Netherlands Government recognizes the Government of the Republic of Indonesia as exercising de facto authority over Java, Madura and Sumatra. The areas occupied by Allied or Netherlands forces shall be included gradually, through mutual co-operation, in Republican territory. To this end, the necessary measures shall at once be taken in order that this inclusion shall be completed at the latest on the date mentioned in Article 12.
Article 2 - The Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic shall co-operate in the rapid formation of a sovereign democratic State on a federal basis to be called the United States of Indonesia.
Article 3 - The United States of Indonesia shall comprise the entire territory of the Netherlands Indies with the provision, however, that in case the population of any territory, after due consultation with the other territories, should decide by democratic process that they are not, or not yet, willing to join the United States of Indonesia, they can establish a special relationship for such a territory to the United States of Indonesia and to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Article 4 - The component parts of the United States of Indonesia shall be the Republic of Indonesia, Borneo, and the Great East without prejudice to the right of the population of any territory to decide by democratic process that its position in the United States of Indonesia shall be arranged otherwise. Without derogation of the provisions of Article 3 and of the first paragraph of this Article, the United States of Indonesia may make special arrangements ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 28
concerning the territory of its capital.
Article 5 - The constitution of the United States of Indonesia shall be determined by a constituent assembly composed of the democratically nominated representatives of the Republic and of the other future partners of the United States of Indonesia to which the following paragraph of this Article shall apply. Both parties shall consult each other on the method of participation in this constituent assembly by the Republic of Indonesia, by the territories not under the authority of the Republic and by the groups of the population not, or insufficiently, represented with due observance of the responsibility of the Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic, respectively.
Article 6 - To promote the joint interests of the Netherlands and Indonesia, the Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia shall co-operate in the establishment of a Netherlands Indonesian Union by which the Kingdom of the Netherlands, comprising the Netherlands, the Netherlands Indies, Surinam and Curacao, shall be converted into the said Union consisting on the one had of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, comprising the Netherlands, Surinam and Curacao, and on the other hand the United States of Indonesia. The foregoing paragraph does not exclude the possibility of a further arrangement of the relations between the Netherlands, Surinam and Curacao.
Article 7 - A. The Netherlands Indonesian Union shall have its own organs to promote the joint interests of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United States of Indonesia. B. These organs shall be formed by the Governments of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United States of Indonesia and, if necessary, by the parliaments of those countries. C. The joint interests shall be considered to be co-operation on foreign relations, defence and, as far as necessary, finance as well as subjects of an economic or cultural nature.
Article 8 - The King (Queen) of the Netherlands shall be at the head of the Netherlands Indonesian Union. Decrees and resolutions concerning the joint 29 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
interests shall be issued by the organs of the Union in the King’s (Queen’s) name.
Article 9 - In order to promote the interests of the United States of Indonesia in the Netherlands and of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Indonesia, a High Commissioner shall be appointed by the respective Governments.
Article 10 - Statutes of the Netherlands Indonesian Union shall, furthermore, contain provisions regarding: A. Safeguarding of the rights of both parties towards one another and guarantees for the fulfilment of their mutual obligations. B. Mutual exercise of civil rights by Netherlands and Indonesian citizens. C. Regulations containing provisions in case no agreement can be reached by the organs of the Union. D. Regulation of the manner and conditions of the assistance to be given by the services of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the United States of Indonesia as long as the services of the latter are not, or are insufficiently, organized; and E. Safeguarding in both parts of the Union of the fundamental human rights and liberties referred to in the Charter of the United Nations Organization.
Article 11 - A. The statutes of the Netherlands Indonesian Union shall be drafted by a conference of representatives of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the future United States of Indonesia. B. The statutes shall come into effect after approval by the respective parliaments.
Article 12 - The Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia shall endeavour to establish the United States of Indonesia and the Netherlands Indonesian Union before January 1, 1949.
Article 13 - The Netherlands Government shall forthwith take the necessary steps in order to obtain the admission of the United States of Indonesia as a Member of the United Nations Organization immediately after the formation of the Netherlands Indonesian Union.
Article 14 - The Government of the Republic of Indonesia recognizes the claims of all non-Indonesians to the restoration of their rights and the restitution of their goods as far as they are exercised or to be found in the territory over which it ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 30
exercises de facto authority. A joint commission will be set up to effect this restoration and restitution.
Article 15 - In order to reform the Government of the Indies in such a way that its composition and procedure shall conform as closely as possible to the recognition of the Republic of Indonesia and to its projected constitutional structure, the Netherlands Government, pending the realization of the United States of Indonesia and of the Netherlands Indonesian Union, shall forthwith initiate the necessary legal measures to adjust the constitutional and international position of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to the new situation.
Article 16 - Directly after the conclusion of this agreement, both parties shall proceed to reduce their armed forces. They will consult together concerning the extent and rate of this reduction and their co-operation in military matters.
Article 17 - A. For the co-operation between the Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic contemplated in this agreement, an organization shall be called into existence of delegations to be appointed by each of the two Governments with a joint secretariat. B. The Netherlands Government and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia shall settle by arbitration any dispute which might arise from this agreement and which cannot be solved by joint consultation in conference between those delegations. In that case a chairman of another nationality with a deciding vote shall be appointed by agreement between the delegations or, if such agreement cannot be reached, by the President of the International Court of Justice.
Article 18 - This agreement shall be drawn up in the Netherlands and Indonesian languages. Both texts shall have equal authority. 31 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
43 ܢᐂ 4ĈRenville Agreement
A. The Principles Proposed by the Netherlands and accepted by the Parties on January 17, 1948:
1. That the assistance of the Committee of Good Offices be continued in the working out and signing of an agreement for the settlement of the political dispute in the islands of Java, Sumatra and Madura, based upon the principles underlying the Linggadjati Agreement. 2. It is understood that neither party has the right to prevent the free expression of popular movements looking toward political organizations which are in accord with the principles of the Linggadjati Agreement, It is further understood that each party will guarantee the freedom of assembly, speech and publication at all times, provided that this guarantee is not construed so as to include the advocacy of violence of reprisals. 3. It is understood that decisions concerning changes in administration of territory should be made only with the full and free consent of the populations of those territories and at a time when the security and freedom from coercion of such populations will have been ensured. 4. That on the signing of the political agreement provision be made for the gradual reduction of the armed forces of both parties. 5. That as soon as practicable after the signing of the truce agreement, economic activity, trade, transportation and communications be restored through the co-operation of both parties, taking into consideration the interests of all the constituent parts of Indonesia. 6. That provision be made for a suitable period of not less than six months nor more than one year after the signing of the agreement during which time uncoerced and free discussion and consideration of vital issues will proceed; at the end of this period free elections will be held for self-determination by the people of their political relationship to the United States of Indonesia. 7. That a constitutional convention be chosen according to democratic procedure to draft a constitution for the United States of Indonesia.
43 ˫Ⴭࠎ Renville Political PrinciplesĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 32
8. It is understood that if, after signing the agreement referred to in item 1, either party should ask the United Nations to provide an agency to observe conditions at any time up to the point at which sovereignty is transferred from the Government of the Netherlands to the Government of the United States of Indonesia, the other party will take this request in serious consideration. The following four principles are taken from the Linggadjati Agreement: 9. Independence for the Indonesian peoples. 10. Co-operation between the peoples of the Netherlands and Indonesia. 11. A sovereign State on a federal basis under a constitution which will be arrived at by democratic processes. 12. A union between the United States of Indonesia and other parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under the King of the Netherlands.
B. Six Additional Principles Submitted by the Committee of Good Offices and accepted by the Parties on January 19, 1948:
1. Sovereignty throughout the Netherlands Indies is and shall remain with the Kingdom of the Netherlands until, after a stated interval, the Kingdom of the Netherlands transfers its sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia. Prior to the termination of such stated interval the Kingdom of the Netherlands may confer appropriate rights, duties and responsibilities on a provisional federal Government of the territories of the future United States of Indonesia. The United States of Indonesia, when created, will be a sovereign and independent State in equal partnership with the Kingdom of the Netherlands in a Netherlands Indonesian Union, at the head of which shall be the King of the Netherlands. The status of the Republic of Indonesia will be that of a State within the United States of Indonesia. 2. In any provisional federal Government created prior to the ratification of the constitution of the future United States of Indonesia, all States will be offered fair representation. 3. Prior to the dissolution of the Committee of Good Offices, either party may request that the services of the Committee be continued to assist in adjusting differences between the parties which relate to the political agreement and which may arise during the interim period. The other party will interpose no objection to such a request. This request would be brought to the attention of 33 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
the Security Council of the United Nations by the Government of the Netherlands. 4. Within a period of not less than six months or more than one year from the signing of this agreement, a plebiscite will be held to determine whether the populations of the various territories of Java, Madura and Sumatra wish their territory to form part of the Republic of Indonesia or another State within the United States of Indonesia, such plebiscite to be conducted under observation by the Committee of Good Offices, should either party in accordance with the procedure set forth in paragraph 3 above request the services of the Committee in this capacity. The parties may agree that another method for ascertaining the will of the populations may be employed in place of a plebiscite. 5. Following the delineation of the States in accordance with the procedure set forth in paragraph 4 above, a constitutional convention will be convened through democratic procedures to draft a constitution for the United States of Indonesia. The representation of the various States in the convention will be in proportion to their populations. 6. Should any State decide not to ratify the constitution and desire, in accordance with the principles of Articles 3 and 4 of the Linggadjati Agreement, to negotiate a special relationship with the United States of Indonesia and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, neither party will object. ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 34
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39 ઼ޙОκ۞ϲ
The Independence of Indonesia
Cheng-Feng Shih Professor, Department of Indigenous Affairs and Development National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng, Hualien, TAIWAN
Abstract
We shall start with an introduction of the development of Indonesia nationalism followed by a review of the Dutch colonization and the growth of Indonesian identity. We then examine the Japanese military occupation and its influence on the maturing of modern Indonesian nationalist consciousness. Further, we will look into the revolution after its declaration of independence after the war. Finally, we will conclude with the contesting between diplomatic measures and armed resistance.
Keywords: Indonesian nationalism, Dutch colonization, Japanese military occupation, independence revolution
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