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The Independence of Indonesia

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The Independence of Indonesia ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 1-39! 2020 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 16 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-39 Spring 2020 * 印尼的獨立建國 ߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔ୉ְચၱ൴णጯրି଱ڌ ၡ ࢋ ĂڼԧࣇА૟̬௜Оκϔ୉͹ཌྷ۞൴णĂତ඾аᜪఈᜋ۞തϔ௚ ޢٙणฟ۞ࢭ׻Ă౵ޢο፾ϲކᑭෛޢГֽ҂၅͟ώ۞࢕ְҫᅳĂ൒ ྅ጬ੽ֽઇඕԍĄڠ .ͽγϹ౉श vs ă͟ώ࢕ְҫᅳă፾ϲࢭ׻ڼᙯᔣෟĈОκϔ୉͹ཌྷăఈᜋ۞തϔ௚ ᄃण୕ķጯఙࡁ੅ົĂέΔĂڶέ៉઼ᅫࡁտጯົ͹ᏱĶ˼ᒩѐֽ۞Оκů൴णனٺ൴ܑ * 2019 ѐ 9 ͡ 28 ͟Ą઼ϲέ៉रቑ̂ጯဦ३ᐡ७ડტЪ̂ሁ 508 ົᛉވĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 2 No, Your Majesty, this is not your country. It is our country, our homeland. One day it will be free, free forever- we have sworn it! Ernest Douwes DekkerĞMcMahon, 1981: 30ğ Though life in Indonesia was filled with hardship during Japanese military rule, Japan was a model for us in one way, which was that Asia too could defeat Western colonialism. This was an important thing we learned from Japan. Before then, it had never entered our minds. Pramoedya Ananta ToerĞISHP, n.d.ğ With the arrival of the Japanese just about everyone was full of hope, except for those who had worked in the service of the Dutch. Pramoedya Ananta ToerĞWikipedia, 2019ağ Is Liberty and freedom only for certain favored peoples of this world? Indonesians will never understand why it is, for instance, wrong for the Germans to rule the Holland if it is right for the Dutch to rule Indonesia. In either case the right to rule rests on pure force and not on the sanction of the population. SukarnoĞMcMahon, 1981: 95ğ On examination we find that the autonomy offered us by Dr. van Mook is as different from true autonomy as chalk is from cheese. Under fancy titles and a gilded facade Dr. van Mook is out to impose on us a streamlined version of the old Dutch colonial policy— something far, far less than what we already hold. The Dutch are graciously permitting us entry into the basement while we have climbed all the way to the top floor and up to the attic. Mohammad HattaĞMcMahon, 1981: 96ğ 3 ઼ޙОκ۞፾ϲ 壹、前言 1 2 ཏफޘОڌκҘֲĂIndonesia ğࣧώߏఈᜋ ٙᛳ۞ޘОκĞО Φ̳ޘОڌĞNetherlands IndiesğതϔгĂఈᜋд 1602 ѐјϲপధᗽᕝ۞ ĞDutch United East India Company, VOCğֽགྷᒉĂ̳ΦЯࠎలჺ൑ਕ҃д д 1816 ѐତგĄд˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼഇมĂఈᜋдعѐ৔யĂ௣տϤ߆ 1799 ĂޘОڌѐ 5 ͡జᇇ઼ҫᅳĂ൑˧ᜪ̈́ঔγᛳгĂ͟ώд 1942 ѐซԽ 1940 ୢཏफ۞ᅳ˿Ą͟ώд 1945 ѐ 8 ͡ 15 ͟Ըٸ൒̙ᙸຍֶع߹˸۞തϔ߆ ࢫĂ፾ϲྻજᅳጱ۰ᛂΙᏚĞSukarnoğăͽ̈́ݣ྿ĞMohammad Hattağд ކ֏ăކٙγ൴ܑᖎൺ۞፾ϲا۰дฮΐ྿݈ٺ͟ ώ۞ᐵధ˭3Ă8 ͡ 17͟ ᐂ 1ğĄдఈᜋ۞ீ̚ĂВ׶ܢοјϲОκВ׶઼ĞRepublic of IndonesiağĞ ͹ְ۰кΗྫྷ͟ώ࢕Ъүă৿ͻϒ༊ّĂЯѩ՟ѣԯ΁ࣇ࠻дீ྆ć۞઼ ࢬ၆͟࢕̙ಝ˘ᑝĂϨˠͧྵᐹ෸۞઄෪˘؆عఈᜋതϔ߆ٺΪ̙࿅ĂϤ аĂܔୢОκ۞͹ᝋĂఈ࢕дࡻ઼࢕ฤӉᓍ˭႙Ѩٸ৔ΑĄߊ൒ఈᜋ١඗ ĂۋĄགྷ࿅αѐк۞፾ϲጼعĂݒ൑˧ᑝሚВ׶߆טаᅳ˿۞ଠפྏဦࢦາ д 1949 ѐ 12 ͡ 27 ͟జ࢝ٚᄮОκ۞͹ᝋĄٺఈᜋ௣ ᑅၴ˭ĂОκ۞ڼĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂдതϔ௚ۏ͹ཌྷ۞ய઼ޓОκߏఈᜋ ˠ̙ᕝࢬᓜˠ˾࿅кă̈́ళ቎۞ೋّೈᒖĂซˢ˟Ȉ͵ࡔĂጐგγֽ߆ᝋ ဘྏ౅࿅ाᗿਠ۞Ϡ߿Լචֽٛᘇ༊гˠĂٕధΞͽд኎Ϡă̈́ିֈᆸࢬ ဈ̼۞ءăՀ൑ෛ΁ࣇ፾ϲ۞ഽ୕Ă҃ڼர߉̈೎Ăݒ̙ᙸຍ᎕ໂଯજҋ ᓏ͟ৈᆧײҋ͹ڼ੨͞ёՀߏឰ΀௠ĞpriyayiğࢺຏழᗓĂОκˠ۞߆̶ ѐķĞYoung Indonesiansğ̏ܦૻćд఺ॡ࣏Ăགྷ࿅Ҙ͞ன΃ିֈ۞ĶОκ κҘֲķĞIndonesiağ఺࣎ЩෟĂߏҋ൒ࡊጯछд 1920 ѐνΠٙ౹ĂࣧώߏϡдޘĶО 1 ༚Ăܦ ཏफ۞୉ཏă̈́гந̶ᙷĂ୊జጯϠ௡ᖐ Indonesian Alliance of StudentsޘОڌ :ϔ୉ྻજ۰ϡֽຐညˠϔ۞Т͕Ğunity of peoplesğĞSeekins, 1993: 35; Wikipedia, 2019 Indonesian National AwakeningğĄ 2 ఈᜋĞDutch Republic, United Provinces of the Netherlands, United Provinces, Republic of the Seven United Netherlandsğߏд 1581 ѐ௲ᗓҘ঱Ͱ፾ϲĞWikipedia, 2019: Dutch RepublicğĄ ϯ͚޺Ă׎΁ˠ݋ፉ͕༖࢕۞ಡೇ̙҃೷ܑၗĞHays, 2008: 2ğĄܑء࣎Ҿ͟ώ࢕ 3 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 4 ѩజതϔ۞གྷរĂྏဦ෹෸̼͛ăᄬ֏ă̈́ۤົكགྷᙖ൒҃੓4Ă΁ࣇֶፂ ၹ˘࣎ຐည۞ВТវĞimagined communityğĂ˵ಶߏޙ5Ăဘྏڡᆸࢬ۞̶ ,ҋ̎۞ன΃઼छ۞Оκϔ୉ĞIndonesian NationğĞSeekinsٺຐࢋѣ˘࣎ᛳ 1993: 3, 31-33; Anderson, 1991; Cribb & Brown, 1995ğĄ ତ˭ֽĂԧࣇА૟̬௜Оκϔ୉͹ཌྷ۞൴णĂତ඾аᜪఈᜋ۞തϔ௚ ޢٙणฟ۞ࢭ׻Ă౵ޢο፾ϲކᑭෛޢĂГֽ҂၅͟ώ۞࢕ְҫᅳĂ൒ڼ ྅ጬ੽ֽઇඕԍĄڠ .ͽγϹ౉श vs 貳、印尼民族主義的發展 ĂૻܐȈ͵ࡔ˟ٺ6ă൴੖ۋȈ˝͵ࡔ۞็௚ԩٺОκ۞ϔ୉͹ཌྷθֈ ᄼă͟ώă઼̚ă˿҅׎ăܻ̈́ᘲ೻۞ϔ୉ྻજᇆᜩĂޠăහޘОזצধ ăкܜഇࡼӴјܐдજใ۞ 1930 ѐ΃ԣి൴णĂд͟ώҫᅳ۞ 1940 ѐ΃ ጖ჸࠎൃ൒˘វĂ˵ЯѩĂ˟Ȉ͵ࡔ۞݈ΗొЯѩజჍࠎĶОٺ௣ົ̮ۤ κϔ୉ᛇᏹķ۞ॡ΃ĞSeekins, 1993: 31; Wikipedia, 2019: Indonesian National кĂΒ߁ޝAwakening; McMahon, 1981: 29ğĄܳјОκϔ୉ຍᙊ൴ण۞Я৵ ಫវăౌξ̼ăВய͹ཌྷăаିăିֈă̂ிऎሄăͽ̈́ఈᜋ۞הώ˿О ع჌୉࿣ᗓĂГΐ˯ϔ୉͹ཌྷ۰۞ြֈĂ׎̚Ă౵ࢦࢋ۞ᔘߏఈᜋതϔ߆ ۰χ඾Ķି̼ķă̈́Ķன΃̼ķ۞λᑞĂυืटԡ෪ڼ௚ٺᑅ࢝ćϤڼ߆۞ ѐĞJong JavağĂ੅ኢ˿гă̈́ˠϔܦRaden Satiman Wirjosandjojo д 1918 ѐ౹ϲͬݝ 4 ĞJong SumatrenົםѐܦඍᘷܝѐᛂܦϏֽĂତ඾Ăݣ྿ă̈́ Mohammed Yamin ௡۞ ރѐĞJong Ambonğă̈́ᛂٛܦѐĞJong MinahasağăщզܦBondğĂౙᜈ˫ѣѼৼݣᖠ ҘܦѐĞYong CelebesğĞHuis, 2018: 5ğĄ Ă఺ڡĂۤົ˯ѣα჌ᚑࢦ۞̶݈́۞઼ޙॲፂ TagliacozzoĞ2013: 1-2ğĂОκд፾ϲ 5 ፾ϲ۰ĂᛊтᛂΙᏚăͽפۋณϹᖐĈĞ˘ğ͹ૺᄃ͟ώЪү၆ԩఈᜋăҨ፟˧ົֱۤ ሕˢг˭ԩ͟۰Ăᛊтआᄿ֧ႬĞSutan Syahrirğă̈́ౘ੺̱ϥĞTanٺݣ྿Ă̝̈́ ٺ፾ϲυืҡᐌۤົࢭ׻۰ćĞˬğԓጔன΃̼Ă̝ٺMalakağĈĞ˟ğವՐ፾ϲ۰Ă̝ ᅫ͹ཌྷ઼ٺ۰ᛊтֲᆅĞAcehğ۞ᛂ̜ćͽ̈́Ğαğϔ୉͹ཌྷ̝ޢ۰Ăޘטޙދ͚޺ ۰Ą ,๐ੵĞWikipedia˧ڠعд 1917 ѐజതϔ߆ ޢ ᛊтд 1890 ѐ΍ன۞ Saminism MovementĂ౵ 6 2019: Saminism Movement; Kahin, 1952: 43-44ğĄ 5 ઼ޙОκ۞፾ϲ Թਇ̄צ༊гˠ۞ᓏࢰፖΐχᑅĂளᛉဥវ࿸ٺඕۤҋϤĂ၆ڼᇈّ۞߆ ଂЪүĂΪѣ͌ᇴ۞යࡻึٺຍఢᔖതϔ۰Ă΀௠݋ҋ֖גႾଠâਠˠ ԩ١തϔ͹ཌྷĂጴᖣ۞ಶߏ఺ֱˠ۞ሤଐăͽ̈́؇ᚥײᓙ೷੼ᓏ় ĞWikipedia, 2019: Indonesian National AwakeningğĄ οކऌĞWilhelmina of the Netherlandsğځຆރд 1901 ѐĂఈᜋ̃ͳ തϔгҊϔѣ໰ᜪ׎჊ٺٙᏜ۞Ķࣖந߆ඉķĞEthical PolicyğĂܑϯఈᜋ၆ ኳϠ߿۞ԼචĂ׍វ۞үࠎΒ߁᛿൅న߉ă̰ొۏࡅ۞ࣖநయЇĂ˵ಶߏ ٙᅮࢋ۞ԫఙĂᄲࡍڼொϔăͽ̈́Ҙ͞ିֈĂ҃ିֈ۞ϫ۞ߏૈዳതϔ௚ ለ߷ጯهޅˠ˧ćд 1900 ѐĂΪѣ 1,500 ЩОκ̈۞ڼಶߏ྾Җมତ௚˞ ѐĂ 1928 ˞ז੼྿ 13,000Ă̙јּͧĂҭߏޅ७Ă࠹ྵ̝˭Ăለ߷ˠ۞̈ :ጯĞWikipedia, 2019̚זه ಶѣ 75,000 ОκˠԆјҘ̈͞ጯିֈă6,500 ฟؕѣ̖ޅĂОκයࡻ۞̈ޢDutch Ethical Policy; Kahin, 1952: 30-31ğĄѩ ̂هఈᜋז፟ົળఈᄬ̈ጯă̈́̚ጯĂܑனᐹள۞லຽϠΞͽซ˘Վྭঔ ҋ̎ྫྷז߇ฏԱ̙זĂ඗̂кᇴයࡻаז૞ĞHuis, 2018: 1ğĄΪߏ՟ѣຐ ለ߷ˠĂЯࠎ࣎ˠܧଵੵء੼৺͛۞ޘОڌ੊࠹ᙯ۞̍үĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂצ ;Ă೩ֻϔ୉͹ཌྷᅳጱ۰۞໢ԖĞMcMahon, 1981: 27ܡצ΍ˠᐝг۞გ྽ Kahin, 1952: 33ğĄ чĂ൒҃ĂҲลයࡻܲٺШ้˯ڼགྷ࿅ 300 ѐ۞തϔ᝕ඛĂ΀௠д߆ Ă͍׎ߏ̳̈ચࣶăརጄෳ୉ăିࣶă̈́ᗁϠćд఺ᇹ۞ࡦېனٺ႕̙֭ ഀ˭Ăฮΐ྿ώ˿ᗁϠ੊ቚጯ७ Doctor Djawa School ۞ጯϠĂд 1908 ѐ௡ ௡ᖐ Noble EndeavorĞ7 Budi UtomoğĂᅳ ጱ ఺ ߏ Wahidinڼᖐௐ˘࣎ன΃۞߆ Sudirhusodoă̈́ Raden SoetomoĂϫᇾߏԼචОκҁѺؖ۞ۤົăགྷᑻă̈́ ຍࢫҲͬݝᄬ۞͚੨ّăଳג̼͛჊ࡅć఺ߏОκϔ୉ྻજ۞ອᚰĂ΁ࣇ ᄬ͞ءཏफ۞఼ϡĞlingua francağ੺ֽᄬĞbazaar MalayğүࠎޘОڌϡ :ϯ፾ϲ۞Оκົोֽ༊ү઼छᄬ֏Ă෪ᇈ඾઼छ۞ဥඕ8ĞHuis, 2018ކ֏Ă 2; Seekins, 1993: 34; McMahon, 1981: 29-3; Kahin, 1952: 390ğĄдТѐĂ঻ ᛌࠎ High Endeavorăٕߏ Prime PhilosophyĄ˫ 7 ຍֹϡ੺ֽᄬă̙ឰ༊гˠֹϡఈᄬྫྷҋ̎ϹኘĂᄮࠎтג၁˯Ăఈᜋˠд͟૱Җ߆ְ 8 ຏĞKahin, 1952: 39ğĄןăͽ̈́Оκˠ۞ҋܫރѩ˘ֽ̖Ξͽჯ޺ఈᜋˠ۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 6 ϡОκࠎЩ۞ۤဥ Indonesian Associationֹޘጯఈᜋ۞ОκጯϠјϲ˞ࢵ ĞPerhimpoenan IndonesiağĂଯજОκ఼ሹϤఈᜋ፾ϲć఺࣎ဥវ۞јࣶ͟ ಞાҫѣ˘य̝гĂᛊтݣ྿ĞHuis, 2018: 1ğĄڼдОκ߆ޢ ဥវ National Indiesڼ೷۞߆ڍд 1910 ѐâ࣎ͧ Noble Endeavor Հ ,PartyĞNationale Indische Partijğ΍னĂᅳጱ۰ߏለֲ஄ҕĞIndo-Europeaans Eurasians ğ۞ಡۤ͹በ Ernest Douwes Dekker ᄃ׌ЩᗁϠ Tjipto ٙѣˠޘОڌMangoenkoesoemoă̈́ Soewardi SoerjaningratĂ΁ࣇ෦ՐඕЪ ͽ఺྆ࠎछ۞ˠķĞThe Indies for those whoٺᛳޘОڌ੠Ր፾ϲă੼಄Ķ make their home hereğćDekker ྫྷᓁ༛ Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg ă҃ͷ௣ໂϫᇾߏ፾ϲĂᓁ༛ڼ๦ᓏĂࣖந߆ඉᑕྍΒӣࠎതϔг໤౯ҋ ݋ࣼͅ࠹ᙎĂОκϖᅈ̙Ξਕ፾ϲĂ൒ޢд 1913 ѐߤ༰ྍᛨćТѐĂDekker ᄃ׌ҜᗁϠ̓ˠ Tjipto Mangunkusumoă̈́ R. M. Suwardi Surjaningrat д༱ ڌଐᙸăࢋՐనϲވษĞBandungğ௡ј Native CommitteeĂχზШఈᜋͳ ۰Яࠎд 1913 ѐ 7 ͡ 3 ͟ᇤᆷ̈Ί̄IJ઄тԧߏఈᜋޢᛉົĂ௣տĂޘО ఈᜋᇉৡ፾ϲѺѐྥ჋ĂוˠijĞIf I Were for Once to Be a DutchmanğăᏝ ,ుఈᜋĞSeekins, 1993: 34-35; Wikipediaٸ߆ᛨͽᙹᖬཋజ༰ăᅳጱ۰జ 2019: Indonesian National Awakening; Ernest Douwes Dekker; Huis, 2018: 5; McMahon, 1981: 30; Kahin, 1952: 70-71ğĄSurjaningrat ఺ᇹᆷ඾Ĉ In my opinion, there is something out of place - something indecent — if we (I still being a Dutchman in my imagination) ask the natives to join the festivities which celebrate our independence. Firstly, we will hurt their sensitive feelings because we are here celebrating our own independence in their native country which we colonize. At the moment we are very happy because a hundred years ago we liberated ourselves from foreign domination; and all of this is occurring in front of the eyes of those who are still under our domination. Does it not occur to us that these poor slaves are also longing for such a moment as this, when they like us will be able to celebrate their independence? Or do we perhaps feel that because of our soul-destroying policy we regard all human souls as dead? If that is so, then we are deluding ourselves, 7 ઼ޙОκ۞፾ϲ because no matter how primitive a community is, it is against any type of oppression. If I were a Dutchman, I would not organize an independence celebration in a country where the independence of the people has been stolen. ĂаିवથˠĞ͍׎ߏᜐߖຽğд Haji Umarۋࢬ၆ͬݝරથ۞ೋّᚮ ѐјϲ Islamic Trading Association 1909 ٺ˭Said Cokroaminoto ۞ᅳጱ ٺ ĞSarekat Dagang IslamğĂྍ௡ᖐซ҃д R. Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto ޘОڌ྽ྵૻ۞ Islamic UnionĞSarekat IslamğĂଯજקڼѐᖼࠎ߆ 1912 Ă఺ߏௐ˘࣎ᇃ٢ҁѺؖΐˢ۞௡ᖐĂд 1914 ѐཱིჍјࣶѣ 36 ༱ڼҋ۞ ѐд͟ຒјϲ Followers of Muhammad 1912 ٺˠć໢׶ࠁаିव ඍᘷ࠷੼г۞ࣧҝϔѼݑָܲˠܝĞ Muhammadiyah ğĂপҾߏᛂ кˠԸˢ፾ϲྻજĂᛊтݣ྿ćд 1926 ѐĂޝĞMinangkabauğᏨ᜙ણΐĂ Ꮚ໢׶טч۞ Revival of the Religious ScholarsĞNahdlatul Ulamağ΍னĂܲ ࠁ9ĞSeekins, 1993: 35-36; Huis, 2018: 3; Kahin, 1952: 65ğĄ д 1914 ѐĂఈᜋВய͹ཌྷ۰ Hendricus SneevlietĞ̼Щ alias Maring ੺ 10ğ௡ј۞ Indies Social-Democratic AssociationĞISDVğĂАд 1920 ѐᖼڒ ࠎ Communist Association of the IndiesĞPerserikatan Komunisi di Hindiağă ᚶ҃д 1924 ѐϒёԼЩ Indonesian Communist PartyĞPKIğĂдВய઼ᅫ۞ ă̈́ฏ˭ćОВд 1926ă1927 ѐ᏾ົ̍ٺႣ౅߱͘ĂОВ߿᜙פᇣཕ˭ଳ ĂдͬݝăͽܡҤˠϔ۞͚޺Ă̙ᜪВய઼ᅫপચĞћࠁğౘ੺̱ϥ۞ᚍ ᓁВงॏ˞ 13,000 ВᛨЊ̄Ă׎̚ 4,500عඍᘷᛒซ੓ཌྷĂതϔ߆ܝᛂ̈́ Ҙ৸ೀֲ̰11ĞWestern Newזుٸזٸ঻ă823 ˠ߹ٲҿЖˢႯă1,308 ˠ ෛаିवĂ͟࢕д 1943 ѐјϲ Consultative Council of Indonesianنعఈᜋതϔ߆ 9 MuslimsĞMasyumiğĂৼˢ໢׶ࠁ۞ Muhammadiyahă̈́ܲчࠁ۞ Nahdlatul UlamaĂ఺ ߏ੺೻࡚̓ᛨĞCouncil of Indonesian Muslim Associations, Masyumi Partyğ۞݈֗ ĞSeekins, 1993: 41ğĄ ௐ˘Ҝ΃ܑĂ΁ॲፂдОκ۞གྷរĂ۞઼̚זд 1918 ѐజᜭు΍ဩĂߏВய઼ᅫࠁڒ੺ 10 ,ă൴णཏிૄᖂĞKahin็ކᛉ઼̚Вயᛨΐˢ઼઼̚ϔᛨĂӀϡ׎ᗫ೸۞௡ᖐซҖޙ 1952: 72, 74ğĄ ԼЩࠎҘ͐οֲĞWest PapuağăҘϿ֧щĞWest Irian JayağĄޢ 11 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2020/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 16 8 ;Guineağ۞̜֤࡚ٛĞTanah MerahğĞSeekins, 1993: 36; McMahon, 1981: 31 ৈΐᚑधĄڼĂఈᜋ۞௚ޢKahin, 1952: 71, 74-89ğĄѩ ߏᛂΙᏚĂ΁ߏд 1920 ѐ΃၈ᜨᐝ֎ĂጯϠॡۏˠڼௐ˘࣎Б઼ّ۞߆ Ăд༱ษԫఙጯੰـ΃ಶᄃ Indies Partyă̈́ Islamic Union ۞ᅳጱ۰Ϲ ѐјϲ Perhimpoenan 1925 ٺĂޢĞTechnische Hoogeschool te Bandoengğலຽ ѐјϲ 1928 ٺ˫Pelajar-Pelajar IndonesiaĞPPIIğፋЪٙѣጯϠ௡ᖐĂ Indonesian Nationalist Union12ĞPNIğĂૻአཏி௡ᖐă̙Ъү͹ཌྷĂ௣ໂϫ ᇲߏѼݑָܲˠआᄿ֧Ⴌă̈́ٛ྿Ă׌ˠ۞ጯҜߏఈᜋݏᇾߏ፾ϲć΁۞ Шߏۤົϔ͹ĂҖְநّăઐр႙ซሀёĂ̙ಈᝌᛂΙᏚ้ڼጯă߆̂۞ ࢲॾĂ΁ࣇд 1931 ѐ౹ϲ Indonesian National Educationڼ঎ႝ۞߆ ҖજĂ௣տڼ߆ܧˠ̖ă҃ڼĞPNI-BaruĂ˫Ⴭ New PNIğĂϫᇾߏૈዳ߆ ࢚࣯͛ႬĞBoven Digoelğă̈́ᇝ౩ΐཏफگు͐οֲ۞ٸޢ׌ˠజॏĂА ঱྿फĞBandağĞSeekins, 1993: 37; Wikipedia, 2019: Indonesian National۞ Party; Huis, 2018: 11; McMahon, 1981: 32-33ğĄ ႙ѨعᓏĂതϔ߆ײѐ΃ϐഇĂࢬ၆Оκˠు႙੼ႚ۞፾ϲ 1920 ˞ז ଺ୢĶࣖந߆ඉķĂᛂΙᏚඈᅳఞЯࠎ௡ᖐజ৪૜ᛋ၅Ⴃ౅д 1929 ѐజॏĂ
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