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Annual Report for the Ecosystem Management Program Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii August 2003

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Annual Report for the Ecosystem Management Program Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii August 2003 Annual Report for the Ecosystem Management Program Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii August 2003 Prepared in cooperation by Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii personnel: Lena Schnell Natural Resource Specialist-Biologist Steven A. Evans Natural Resources Specialist – Botanist Kathy Kawakami Natural Resources Specialist – Horticulturist Aubrey Kelly Natural Resource Assistant Jeff Trainer Natural Resources Assistant Contact Information U.S. Army Garrison, Hawaii Pohakuloa Training Area P.O. Box 4607 Hilo, HI 96720 Attn: Environmental Office Table of Contents MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 1 Aerial Census and Hunting Data.........................................................................................1 Ungulate Control.................................................................................................................1 Rare Plant Monitoring.........................................................................................................3 Rare Plant Propagation .......................................................................................................5 Russian Thistle Control.......................................................................................................7 Bird Population Monitoring................................................................................................8 Alien Ant Control ...............................................................................................................8 Miscellaneous Support Efforts............................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1. FERAL UNGULATE CONTROL ........................................................................... 9 1.1 PCSU Contract Requirements.......................................................................................9 1.2 Ungulate Monitoring...................................................................................................11 1.3a Semi-annual Aerial Ungulate Census ..........................................................11 1.3b Monitor Animal Movement .........................................................................13 1.4 Hunting Programs .......................................................................................................14 1.4a Public Mammal Hunting..............................................................................14 1.4b Public Bird Hunting .....................................................................................19 1.5 Fence Construction, Inspection, and Repair ...............................................................21 1.5a Kipuka Kalawamauna Fence Unit ...............................................................21 1.5b Kipuka Alala-1 Fence Unit ..........................................................................21 1.5c Kipuka Alala-2 Fence Unit ..........................................................................22 1.5d Silene hawaiiensis Fence Unit .....................................................................22 1.5e Puu Kapele and Puu Ahi ..............................................................................22 1.6 Animal Removal From Fence Units ...........................................................................22 1.6a Kipuka Kalawamauna Fence Unit ...............................................................22 1.6b Kipuka Alala Fence Units............................................................................23 CHAPTER 2: RARE PLANT MONITORING ............................................................................. 24 2.1 PCSU Contract Requirements.....................................................................................24 2.2 Introduction.................................................................................................................25 2.3 Rare Plant Monitoring and Management....................................................................25 2.3a Hedyotis coriacea ........................................................................................28 2.3b Neraudia ovata ............................................................................................33 2.3c Solanum incompletum ..................................................................................36 2.3d Schiedea hawaiiensis ...................................................................................38 2.3e Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. arenarium ........................................................38 2.3f Tetramolopium sp. 1.....................................................................................40 2.3g Asplenium fragile var. insulare....................................................................40 2.3h Silene lanceolata..........................................................................................40 2.3i Zanthoxylum hawaiiense...............................................................................47 2.3i Portulaca sclerocarpa ..................................................................................53 i 2.3k Haplostachys haplostachya .........................................................................53 2.3l Silene hawaiiensis.........................................................................................53 2.3m Spermolepis hawaiiensis.............................................................................58 2.3n Stenogyne angustifolia.................................................................................58 CHAPTER 3. WEED CONTROL................................................................................................. 60 3.1 PCSU Contract Requirements.....................................................................................60 3.2 Introduction.................................................................................................................60 3.3 Weed Control..............................................................................................................60 3.3a Russian thistle (Salsola kali)........................................................................61 3.3b Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum)........................................................64 CHAPTER 4. ANIMAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT ............................................. 66 4.1 PCSU Contract Requirements.....................................................................................66 4.2 Introduction to Animal Monitoring and Management................................................67 4.3 Bird population monitoring.........................................................................................68 4.3a Bird Population Monitoring .........................................................................68 4.2b Rare Bird Monitoring...................................................................................73 4.3c Elepaio Monitoring ......................................................................................73 4.4 Introduced Predator Control .......................................................................................76 4.4a Predator Control for Birds............................................................................76 4.4b Rodent Control for Plants ............................................................................77 4.5 Alien Ant Control .......................................................................................................78 CHAPTER 5: RARE PLANT PROPAGATION........................................................................... 81 5.1 PCSU Contract Requirements.....................................................................................81 5.2 Introduction to Rare Plant Propagation.......................................................................82 5.3 Propagating Priority Species 1....................................................................................83 5.3a Hedyotis coriacea ........................................................................................83 5.3b Neraudia ovata ............................................................................................84 5.3c Solanum incompletum ..................................................................................84 5.3d Schiedea hawaiiensis ...................................................................................85 5.3e Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. arenarium ..................................................86 5.3f Tetramolopium sp. 1.....................................................................................86 5.4 Propagating Priority Species 2....................................................................................86 5.4a Asplenium fragile var. insulare....................................................................87 5.4b Silene lanceolata..........................................................................................87 5.4c Zanthoxylum hawaiiense..............................................................................87 5.5 Propagating Other Species..........................................................................................88 5.6 Maintaining Seeds in Storage .....................................................................................88 5.7 Managing the Rare Plant Propagation Facility ...........................................................88 5.8 Developing and Implementing an Outplanting Plan...................................................89
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