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Matthew of Edessa View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lirias Matthew of Edessa Matt‘ēos Urhayets‘i "#$% &' ()*$+ Unknown; before ,,-- ./#0% &' ()*$+ Unknown "#$% &' "%#$+ Unknown; possibly by ,,12 ./#0% &' "%#$+ Unknown; probably Edessa ()&3*#4+5 6e only information about the life of Matthew of Edessa is contained in his one surviving work, the Chronicle (Zhamanakagrut‘iwn). He was a priest, and probably a lifelong resident of the city of Edessa (modern Urfa in Turkey). Writing in the ,,1-s, he describes himself as an old man and an elder of a monastery. He was a passionate adher- ent of the non-Chalcedonian Armenian church, but did not have the scholarly training of a vardapet scholar. He resolved, nevertheless, to write the Chronicle despite this de7ciency, since he felt it necessary to leave a record of the su8ering that the Armenian nation bore at the hands of ‘the Turks, and of their Roman brothers’. Matthew intended to continue his history to the Armenian year 92- (,,1,-1:), but the 7nal entry that can be attributed to him is the one for the Armenian year 9;; (,,:2-:<), which was probably written in late ,,1;. It is likely that he died shortly therea=er. His Chronicle was continued down to the Armenian year >,, (,,>:->1) by an otherwise unknown priest named Gregory, resident in the nearby town of Kesun. ?@AB CDEFGHC DI ABIDF?@JADB Primary Matt‘ēos Urhayets‘i, Zhamanakagrut‘iwn, ed. M. Mēlik‘-Adamean and N. Tēr- Mik‘ayēlean, Vagharshapat, ,2<2, pp. ,,:-,K, :;;-2: Matt‘ēos Urhayets‘i, Patmut‘iwn Matt‘ēosi Urhayets‘woy , Jerusalem, ,2><, pp. ,11-19, 1K--K; Secondary T.L. Andrews, ‘6e new age of prophecy. 6e Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa and its place in Armenian historiography’, in E. Kooper (ed.), "e medieval chronicle VI, Amsterdam, :--<, ,-9-:1 L#$$+%M &' %N%OO# KK9 A.E. Dostourian, ‘6e Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa (Matteos Urhayetsi)’, in R.G. Hovannisian (ed.), Armenian Tigranakert and Diyarbakir/ Edessa, Costa Mesa CA, :-->, ,99->K R.W. 6omson, ‘Aristakes of Lastivert and Armenian reactions to invasion’, in R.G. Hovannisian (ed.), Armenian Karin/Erzurum, Costa Mesa CA, :--1, ;1-22, pp. 21-2; R.W. 6omson, ‘6e concept of “history” in medieval Armenian historians’, in A. Eastmond (ed.), Eastern approaches to Byzantium. Papers from the thirty-third spring symposium of Byzantine studies, Aldershot UK, :--,, 2<-<<, pp. <>-<; A. Bozoyan, Byuzandiayi arevelyan k‘aghak‘anut‘yuně ew Kilikyan Hayastaně ZhB dari $%-&%-akan t‘vakannerin, Yerevan, ,<<2, pp. :;-:< V.A. Arutjunova-Fidanjan, ‘L’image de l’empire byzantin dans l’historiographie arménienne médiévale (Xe-XIe s.)’, in B. Martin-Hisard et al. (eds), L’Arménie et Byzance. Histoire et culture, Paris, ,<<>, ;-,;, pp. <, ,> S.P. Hayrapetean, A history of Armenian literature. From ancient times to the nineteenth century, Delmar NY, ,<<9, pp. :1,-11 G.K. Moumdjian, ‘6e chronicles of Sebeos, Levond Vardapet, Stepannos Taronetsi Asoghik, and Matthew of Edessa’, Bazmavēp ,9: (,<<K) 1;2- <K, pp. 1<,-<: J. Etmekjian, History of Armenian literature. Fi'h to thirteenth centuries, New York, ,<29, pp. 1K;-9: N. Pogharean, Hay groghner ((-)( tar), Jerusalem, ,<;,, pp. :,2-,< S. Runciman, A history of the Crusades. Vol. ,: "e First Crusade and the foundations of the kingdom of Jerusalem, London, ,<9K, pp. 11K-19 H. Acharean, ‘Matt‘ēos Urhayets‘i’, Handēs Amsōreay >; (,<9:) 19--9K C. de Cirbied, Notice de deux manuscrits arméniens contenant l’histoire de Matthieu Eretz, Paris, ,<,: P&*QO &R G+*)O$)#R-?SO/)L F%/#$)&RO Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa "#$% ,,::-1; D*)3)R#/ T#R3S#3% Armenian "%O0*)4$)&R 6e Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa is the 7rst work of Armenian ‘diaspora’ history, in that it was written a lifetime a=er the fall of the Armenian kingdom in the mid-,,th century, by an Armenian living in the Syrian city of Edessa. It is arranged annalistically, and it uses a form of language that is not strictly classical, features that are rem- iniscent of Byzantine chronicles. It covers the years K-,-9;; of the KK> L#$$+%M &' %N%OO# Armenian era, that is, <9:/1-,,:2/<. 6e Chronicle currently exists in two ,<th-century editions and at least 19 manuscripts. 6e 7rst edition, published in ,2><, is based on two manuscripts held by the Armenian patriarchate of Jerusalem; the second, published in ,2<2, is based on six manuscripts now held by the Matenadaran in Yerevan. 6e text is roughly 2-,--- words long, including the continuation of Grigor. Matthew, the priest who was its author, is otherwise unknown. 6e only biographical information that survives is in two authorial inter- ludes, placed respectively a=er the entry for 9-- (,-9,/9:) and a=er a set of entries for 99- (,,-,/:), which have been used by editors as the basis for dividing the Chronicle into three separate books. 6e 7rst book, covering the years K-,-9-- (<9:/91-,-9,/9:), focuses on events in Byzantium and Armenia as their ,-th-century strength against Mus- lim invaders begins to weaken in the mid-,,th century, and Armenia loses its independence to the Byzantine Empire. Its central feature is a pair of prophecies attributed to the clerical scholar Yovhannēs Kozern, which set out the historical framework for the remainder of the Chronicle. 6e second book, covering the years 9-:-99- (,-91/9K- ,,-,/:), is largely a litany of the physical and spiritual destruction of Armenia, both at the hands of the invading Seljuk Turks and through the attempts by successive Byzantine emperors to end the autonomy of the (non-Chalcedonian) Armenian Church. It ends with the arrival and initial successes of the crusaders, whose appearance had been predicted by Kozern in Book ,. 6ese 7rst two books were probably written over the course of the ,,:-s. 6e third book, covering events that would have occurred dur- ing Matthew’s own adulthood, was probably written around ,,1;. He resumes the narration in the year 9-- (,,-,/:). He had intended from the outset to record ,2- years of history, down to the year 92- (,,1,/1:), but his last entry is for 9;; (,,:2/:<). 6is book is a detailed source of information about the deeds of the crusader lords of Edessa and Antioch, and the Turkish and Arab emirs who lived alongside and fought against them. It also reUects the shi=ing, ambivalent, and apparently contradictory attitudes that Matthew and his fellow Arme- nians displayed toward both the crusaders and the Muslims during the time when the text was composed. Matthew’s Chronicle has survived with a continuation by an oth- erwise unknown priest named Grigor, who lived in the nearby town of Kesun, and who recorded events for the years 929->,, (,,1>/1;- ,,>:/>1). Grigor’s attitudes, shaped by the collapse of the crusader L#$$+%M &' %N%OO# KK; county of Edessa and the rise of the Armenian principality of Cilicia, portray the Armenians as a people under threat, and under occa- sional coordinated siege, from the Byzantines and the Turks who sur- rounded them. C)3R)')0#R0% As a work of history from an Eastern Christian viewpoint, the Chron- icle of Matthew of Edessa has o=en been used as an ‘impartial’ account of relations not only between Christians and Muslims before and dur- ing the crusades, but also between the Catholic crusaders and the Orthodox Byzantines. Matthew is, in fact, far from impartial in his account; he is a passionate partisan of the Armenian Church, and his attitudes toward Byzantines, Muslims, and crusaders are all directly inUuenced by the extent to which each of these groups sought peace- ful coexistence or cooperation with the Armenian nobility and clergy. Unlike many works of Armenian history that preceded it, the Chroni- cle is not the work of a clerical scholar, and Matthew does not engage in a great deal of philosophical or theological discussion concern- ing Christians and Muslims. 6e theological texts that are preserved within the Chronicle – most notably the confession of faith attributed to the deposed young king Gagik II Bagratuni, delivered before the court of Constantine X Doucas in Constantinople – concern disputes between the Byzantine and Armenian churches. Taken as a whole, however, the Chronicle gives a nuanced, albeit not impartial, picture of the relations between Turkish conquerors and their Armenian subjects. ?#RSO0*)4$O MS Venice, Mekhitarist Monastery – 22;, pp. K2-,2: (,9<--,>--) MS Vienna, Mekhitarist Monastery – 9;K, pp. :,2-11- (,>-,) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – ,;1,, fols ;;r-:;:v (,>,;) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 992;, fols :91r-K-Kv (,>,;) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – ,;>; (,>:1) MS Paris, BNF – Arménien ,<,, pp. 91-,:; (,>K:-K;) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 19,<, fols ,<:r-1-9v (,>K;) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – ,;>2, fols ,;>r-:<,r (before ,>>,) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 1-;,, fols ,K>v-:11v (,>9,->,) MS London, BL – OR9:>-, pp. ,2<-:<> (,>>-) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – ,;><, fols :,9v-19,v (,>>K) MS Venice, Mekhitarist Monastery – <-,, pp. ,-:2< (,>><) KK2 L#$$+%M &' %N%OO# MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – ,2<> (,>2<; base text of ,2<2 Vaghar- shapat edition) MS Bzommar, Armenian Monastery – KK<, pp. ,,;-:22 (,><<) MS Rome, Ponti7co Collegio Armeno – :9, pp. 9:-,K> (,;th century) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 19:-, fols ;,r-1>>r (,;th century) MS Venice, Mekhitarist Monastery – <,1, pp. ;9-1,: (,;th century) MS Venice, Mekhitarist Monastery – <,;, pp. 1:-:<, (,;th century) MS Jerusalem, Monastery of St James – ,,-;, pp. ,11-9>2 (,;th century) MS Jerusalem, Monastery of St James – ,-9,, pp. ,,;-KK- (,;th century) MS Oxford, Bodleian Library – Arm e.1: (,;----9?) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 2:1: (,;-<; folio range unknown) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 2,9< (,;,>-,<; folio range unknown) MS Paris, BNF – Arménien :--, pp. ><-:;- (,;:2) MS Bzommar, Armenian Monastery – >KK (,;;9-,2-9; copied from MS Bzommar KK<) MS Jerusalem, Monastery of St James – 1>9, (,2th century) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – :299 (,2th century; folio range unknown) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 112- (,2th century; folio range unknown) MS Vienna, Mekhitarist Monastery – :K1 (,2th-,<th century) MS Venice, Mekhitarist Monastery – <2> (,21--19) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – 22<K (,2K2; folio range unknown) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – >>-9 (,2K<) MS Yerevan, Matenadaran – :>KK, pp.
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