Thailand Ko Chang & Eastern Seaboard (Chapter)
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Thailand Singapore
National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth THAILAND SINGAPORE National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth THAILAND National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth of Thailand July 2019 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes or to provide wider dissemination for public response, provided prior written permission is obtained from the PEMSEA Executive Director, acknowledgment of the source is made and no commercial usage or sale of the material occurs. PEMSEA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale, any commercial purpose or any purpose other than those given above without a written agreement between PEMSEA and the requesting party. Published by Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). Printed in Quezon City, Philippines PEMSEA and Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR, Thailand). 2019. National State of Oceans and Coasts 2018: Blue Economy Growth of Thailand. Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon City, Philippines. 270 p. ISBN 978-971-812-056-9 The activities described in this report were made possible with the generous support from our sponsoring organizations - the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of PEMSEA Country Partners and its other participating organizations. The designation employed and the presentation do not imply expression of opinion, whatsoever on the part of PEMSEA concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or its authority or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries. -
Study Material 2
Now we are at the second module of the Thailand E-Learning Program. This module explains about the popular destinations which include Bangkok, Kanchanaburi, Hua Hin, Pattaya, Rayong and Trat. This will help you provide with detailed information about distance and transportation, where to go, things to do, new updates and suggested itinerary ideas, so your customers will be fully prepared and most satisfied. Course Process Part 1 Part 4 Bangkok Pattaya Part 2 Part 5 Kanchanaburi Rayong Part 3 Part 6 Hua Hin Trat ( Koh Chang ) BANGKOK Bangkok (Krungthep) which means “The City of Angels”, is known as the most vibrant city in South East Asia. It is ranked as No. 1 City of the World according to MasterCard’s latest Global Destination cities Survey. Bangkok welcomes more visitors than any other city in the world and it doesn’t take long to realise why this is a city of extremes with action on every corner: Marvel at the gleaming temples, catch a tuktuk along the bustling Chinatown or take a longtail boat through floating markets. Food is another Bangkok highlight with local dishes served at humble street stalls to haute cuisine at romantic rooftop restaurants. Luxury malls compete with a sea of boutiques and markets where you can treat yourself without over spending. Extravagant five-star hotels and surprisingly cheap but good hotels welcome you with the same famed Thai hospitality. And visit to Bangkok would not be complete without a glimpse of its famous nightlife – from cabarets to exotic nightlife districts, Bangkok never ceases to amaze. -
Gulfofthailand
Ban Sa Khok Pip Wang Lam 348 BANGKOK Khoi Talu Pra 3076 304 chi Sa Kaew Minburi 304 319 n 3200 bur Watthana Ang Sila Non Mak Mun Ratchasan Phanom Nakhon Lat Krabang Sarakham i Huay Jot g Sai Yoi 33 on 317 C A M B O D I A k Aranya Prathet Chachoengsao Pa 304 Kha Pa Khao Chakan SAMUT Bang Sanam Chai Poipet Khet Ngam 3395 PRAKAN Ban Pho Khlong 314 Sai Diaw Non Sao-Eh Plaeng Yao Sisophon e Nam a Si Muang Boran M 315 Yot (Ancient City) 331 CHACHOENGSAO Khlong Hat 3 Phanat Nikhom Khao Takrup Chum Num (660m) Wang Mai Prok Fa Chonburi 3395 344 Nong Samet Ban Bung 317 Ao Krung Thep Bo Thong Khao Yai (Bay of Bangkok) (777m) Khao Daeng CHONBURI Thun Ko Si Khanan Chang Si Racha Lum Borai Nong Yai 3 Laem Chabang Map Yang CHANTHABURI Tamun Battambang 344 Khao Soi Dao Nua Ko (1566m) Phai Pung Ngon Khao Chamao Nong Chek Soi Wang (1024m) Takra Ban Pakard Pattaya g n Chang Khao Chamao/ Nong Pong Nam Psar Pruhm Ko Lan Samet Khao Wong Khao Khitchakut Ron 3191 RAYONG National Park 331 36 Rayo National Park Pailin Si Yaek Ao Ban Sare 317 Ban Klaeng Kong Din 3 Chang Khlong 3 3 Nong Khla Ko Kham Laem Mae Yai Rayong Sattahip Phim Makham U-Taphao 3 Ban Pa-Ah Airfield Ko Ban Phe Ko Man Nai Tha Mai Chanthaburi Chang Thun Samae Saket Ko Thalu Nong Ko Samaesan Ko Samet Nam Tok Phlio Ko Kudee Laem Sadet National Park Sii Ta Chalap 3157 Chak Yai Ko Chuang Khao Laem Ya/ Laem Singh Mu Ko Samet National Park Khlung Pong Dan Chumpon Laem Ko Proet 3159 Tha Chot 3271 TRAT 3156 3 Trat C A M B O D I A Bang Kradan Ban Noen Sung Laem Muang Laem Ngop 318 Ao Trat Tha Sen G U L F O F Ko Chang Laem Sok T H A I L A N D Mu Ko Chang National Marine Park Mai Rut Ko Wai Ko Kradat 0 50 km Ko Rayang Ko Mak 0 30 miles Khlong Yai Ko Mai Si Ko Kut Hat Lek Krong Koh Kong. -
Thailands Beaches and Islands
EYEWITNESS TRAVEL THAILAND’S BEACHES & ISLANDS BEACHES • WATER SPORTS RAINFORESTS • TEMPLES FESTIVALS • WILDLIFE SCUBA DIVING • NATIONAL PARKS MARKETS • RESTAURANTS • HOTELS THE GUIDES THAT SHOW YOU WHAT OTHERS ONLY TELL YOU EYEWITNESS TRAVEL THAILAND’S BEACHES AND ISLANDS EYEWITNESS TRAVEL THAILAND’S BEACHES AND ISLANDS MANAGING EDITOR Aruna Ghose SENIOR EDITORIAL MANAGER Savitha Kumar SENIOR DESIGN MANAGER Priyanka Thakur PROJECT DESIGNER Amisha Gupta EDITORS Smita Khanna Bajaj, Diya Kohli DESIGNER Shruti Bahl SENIOR CARTOGRAPHER Suresh Kumar Longtail tour boats at idyllic Hat CARTOGRAPHER Jasneet Arora Tham Phra Nang, Krabi DTP DESIGNERS Azeem Siddique, Rakesh Pal SENIOR PICTURE RESEARCH COORDINATOR Taiyaba Khatoon PICTURE RESEARCHER Sumita Khatwani CONTRIBUTORS Andrew Forbes, David Henley, Peter Holmshaw CONTENTS PHOTOGRAPHER David Henley HOW TO USE THIS ILLUSTRATORS Surat Kumar Mantoo, Arun Pottirayil GUIDE 6 Reproduced in Singapore by Colourscan Printed and bound by L. Rex Printing Company Limited, China First American Edition, 2010 INTRODUCING 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 THAILAND’S Published in the United States by Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., BEACHES AND 375 Hudson Street, New York 10014 ISLANDS Copyright © 2010, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London A Penguin Company DISCOVERING ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER INTERNATIONAL AND PAN-AMERICAN COPYRIGHT CONVENTIONS. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN THAILAND’S BEACHES A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, AND ISLANDS 10 ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING OR OTHERWISE WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. PUTTING THAILAND’S A CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION RECORD IS BEACHES AND ISLANDS AVAILABLE FROM THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. -
Budgetworldclassdrives
Budget WorldClass Drives PATTAYA AND THE EASTERN GULF OF THAILAND √–·°â« BANG NAM PRIED Õ.æπ¡ “√§“¡ 319 348 PHANOM SARAKHAM SA KAEO Õ.«—≤π“π§√ BANGKOK Õ.∫“ßπÈ”‡ª√’Ȭ« 304 Õ.∫“ß§≈â“ BANG KHLA WATTHANA NAKHON 3245 33 3121 9 CHACHOENGSAO 304 Õ. π“¡™—¬‡¢µ Õ.‡¢“©°√√®å ARANYAPRATHET International Border Oliver Hargreave ©–‡™‘߇∑√“ 304 KHA0 CHAKAN Õ.Õ√—≠ª√–‡∑» 7 SANAMCHAI KHET Crossing & Border Market 3268 BANG BO Õ.∫â“π‚æ∏‘Ï 34 BAN PHO BANG PHLI Õ.∫“ß∫àÕ PLAENG YAO N Õ.∫“ßæ≈’ Õ.·ª≈߬“« 3395 Õ.æ“π∑Õß ∑à“µ–‡°’¬∫ 3 PHAN THONG 3434 Õ.§≈ÕßÀ“¥ 3259 THA TAKIAP Õ.∫“ߪ–°ß BANG PHANAT NIKHOM 3067 KHLONG HAT PAKONG 3259 0 20km ™≈∫ÿ√’ Õ.æπ— π‘§¡ WANG SOMBUN CHONBURI 349 331 Nong Khok Õ.«—ß ¡∫Ÿ√≥å 344 3245 BANG SAEN 3340 Õ.∫àÕ∑Õß G U L F BAN BUNG ∫.∑ÿàߢπ“π ∫“ß· π Õ.∫â“π∫÷ß 3401 BO THONG Thung Khanan Õ.»√’√“™“ O F SI RACHA Õ.ÀπÕß„À≠à Õ. Õ¬¥“« NONG YAI SOI DAO 3406 C A M B O D I A 3 T H A I L A N D 3138 3245 Tel: (0) 3895 4352 Local border crossing 7 Soi Dao Falls 344 317 Õ.∫“ß≈–¡ÿß 2 Bo Win Õ.ª≈«°·¥ß Khao Chamao Falls BAN LAMUNG PLUAK DAENG Khlong Pong Nam Ron Rafting Ko Lan Krathing 1 Khao Wong PONG NAM RON Local border crossing 3191 WANG CHAN 3377 Õ.‚ªÉßπÈ”√âÕπ Pattaya City 3 36 3471 «—ß®—π∑√å Õ.∫â“π©“ß Õ.∫â“π§à“¬ Õ.·°≈ß Khiritan Dam 3143 KLAENG BAN CHANG BAN KHAI 4 3 3138 3220 Tel: (0) 3871 0717-8 3143 MAKHAM Ko Khram √–¬Õß Õ.¡–¢“¡ Ban Noen RAYONG ®—π∑∫ÿ√’ Tak Daet SATTAHIP 3 Ban Phe Laem Õ.∑à“„À¡à Õ. -
Report of Thailand on Cartographic Activities During the Period of 2007-2009*
UNITED NATIONS E/CONF.100/CRP.15 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL Eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, 26-29 October 2009 Item 7(a) of the provisional agenda Country Reports Report of Thailand on Cartographic Activities * During the Period of 2007-2009 * Prepared by Thailand Report of Thailand on Cartographic Activities During the Period of 2007-2009 This country report of Thailand presents in brief the cartographic activities during the reporting period 2007-2009 performed by government organizations namely Royal Thai Survey Department , Hydrographic Department and Meteorological Department. The Royal Thai Survey Department (RTSD) The Royal Thai Survey Department is the national mapping organization under the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters , Ministry of Defense. Its responsibilities are to survey and to produce topographic maps of Thailand in support of national security , spatial data infrastructure and other country development projects. The work done during 2007-2009 is summarized as follows. 1. Topographic maps in Thailand Topographic maps in Thailand were initiated in the reign of King Rama the 5th. In 1868, topographic maps covering border area on the west of Thailand were carried out for the purpose of boundary demarcation between Thailand and Burma. Collaboration with western countries, maps covering Bangkok and Thonburi were produced. During 1875, with farsighted thought in country development, King Rama the 5th established Topographic Department serving road construction in Bangkok and set up telecommunication network from Bangkok to Pratabong city. Besides, during this period of time, maps covering Thai gulf were produced serving marine navigation use. In 1881, Mr. Mcarthy from the United Kingdom was appointed as director of Royal Thai Survey Department (RTSD), previously known as Topographic Department, and started conducting Triangulation survey in Thailand. -
Reference Information
267 ANNUAL REPORT 2014 KASIKORNBANK REFERENCE INFORMATION KASIKORNBANK PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED conducts commercial banking business, securities business, and other related business under the Financial Institution Business Act, Securities and Exchange Act and other related regulations. Head Office : 1 Soi Rat Burana 27/1, Rat Burana Road, Rat Burana Sub-District, Rat Burana District, Bangkok 10140, Thailand Company Registration Number : 0107536000315 (formerly PLC 105) Telephone : +662-2220000 Fax : +662-4701144-5 K-Contact Center (Personal) : +662-8888888 Press 1 Thai, Press 2 Mandarin, Press 3 English, Press 4 Japanese, Press 5 Myanmar K-BIZ Contact Center (Business) : +662-8888822 Press 1 Thai, Press 2 Mandarin, Press 3 English, Press 4 Japanese, Press 5 Myanmar SWIFT : KASITHBK E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.kasikornbank.com Names, Offices, Telephone and Fax Numbers of Referenced Entities Registrar - Ordinary Shares : Thailand Securities Depository Company Limited 62 The Stock Exchange of Thailand Building, Ratchadaphisek Road, Klong Toei District, Bangkok 10110, Thailand Tel. +662-2292800 Fax +662-3591259 TSD Call Center: +662-2292888 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.tsd.co.th - KASIKORNBANK PCL Subordinated Debentures : KASIKORNBANK PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED No. 1/2010, due for redemption in 2020 1 Soi Rat Burana 27/1, Rat Burana Road, - KASIKORNBANK PCL Subordinated Debentures Rat Burana Sub-District, Rat Burana District, Bangkok 10140, Thailand No. 1/2012, due for redemption in 2022 Tel. +662-2220000 Fax +662-4701144-5 - Subordinated Instruments intended to qualify as Tier 2 Capital of KASIKORNBANK PCL No. 1/2014 due 2025 - KASIKORNBANK PCL 8 1/4% Subordinated : The Bank of New York Mellon, One Wall Street New York, N.Y. -
Nakhon Si Thammarat Phatthalung Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan CONTENTS
Nakhon Si Thammarat Phatthalung Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan CONTENTS NAKHON SI THAMMARAT 11 Boundary 11 How to get there 12 Attractions 12 Events and Festivals 44 Restaurants and Accomodation 45 Important Telephone Numbers 45 PHATTHALUNG 46 Boundary 47 How to get there 47 Attractions 48 Events and Festivals 66 Restaurants and Accomodation 67 Important Telephone Numbers 67 NAKHON SI THAMMARAT NAKHON SI THAMMARAT NAKHON SI THAMMARAT NAKHON SI THAMMARAT Nakhon Si Thammarat Ban Laem Prathap Chinese-style buildings at Hat Khwaeng Phao Wat Pradu and Wat Chaeng Wildlife Conservation and Extension Station Coral Pagoda Hat Thong Ching (Khao Phlai Dam) 4044 Tham Khao Krot Wat Wang Tawan Tok 4142 Chedi Yak Hat Kho Khao Khanom City Pillar Shrine Sanam Na Mueang Public Park Phra Wihan Sung and Si Thammasokarat Park Hat Khanom - Muko Old City Wall Thale Tai National Park 4014 Ho Phra Isuan and the Giant 401 Swing and Ho Phra Narai Ho Phra Phuttha Sihing 3009 Ban Nang Talung Nakhon Si Thammarat Hat Thung Sai National Museum Suchart Subsin Wat Phra Mahathat Baan Tan Khun Namtok Si Khit National Park Sichon Hat Sichon Woramahawihan Hat Hin Ngam Hat Kho Khao Wat Suan Luang Nakhon Si Thammarat 401 Bangkok City Museum Khao Kha Archaeological Site Khao Nan National Park Khao Liam Viewpoint Rafting along Khlong Klai Khao Lek Viewpoint Khao Chang Lon Viewpoint 4188 Krung Ching Hot Spring 4186 3008 401 Namtok Krung Ching Hat Sai Kaeo Museum Nakhon Si Thammarat Nopphitam Hat Sai Kaeo 4016 Tha Sala Hat Dan Phasi Tum Pang Archaeological Site Ban Nai Thung Ban Maying Pottery-making Group Kathun 401 Reservoir 4224 Wat Mo Khlan Archaeological Site Namtok Ai Khiao Phipun Wat Khao Khun Phanom Namtok Phrom Lok Nakhon Si Thammarat Science Centre Phrom Lok Community-based Tourism Centre Pak Phanang Coast and Yot Khao Sun Viewpoint 4104 4194 Phrom Khiri Ban Mamuang Plai Khaen Laem Talumphuk 4015 Pha Yok Nakhon Weaving 4016 Group Tham Phannara Chawang BanKhiri Wong Ban Pak Nakhon 4228 4015 Pak Phanang Retro Market Khao Luang 4070 NAKHON SI THAMMARAT Muko Kra National Park 55 Km. -
Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue
INTEGRAL STUDY OF THE SILK ROADS: ROADS OF DIALOGUE 21-22 JANUARY 1991 BANGKOK, THAILAND Document No. 1 6 Maritime Trade during the 14th and the 17th Century: Evidence from the Underwater Archaeological Sites In the Gulf of Siam Mr. Sayan Prichanchit 1 Maritime Trade during the 14th and the 17th Century: Evidence from the Underwater Archaeological Sites in the Gulf of Siam Sayan Prichanchit Introduction The catchword in today's transportation field is convenience. Journeys to distant continents which might be thousands of miles away can be made within hours in aircrafts that have been developed to achieve supersonic speed. However, the high cost of airfreight discourages merchants from using it to transport heavy and bulky cargo which is more economically moved by sea-faring vessels - a mode of transport which has been utilized by merchants for thousands of years. Ships can sail at much higher speeds and can carry tens of thousands of tons in this modern era, but they also continue to provide housing and office space for all of those who sail them in much the same way that they have in the past. All of the activities of man's daily life are still squeezed on board. There is evidence to suggest that sea traders from afar were present on the river plains in central Thailand and along the coast of the Gulf of Siam down to the Malay Peninsula since the 4th or 5th century. During the 7th to the 11th centuries when human settlement had become more prominent, with the Dvaravati Kingdom controlling much of central Thailand and the Srivijaya Kingdom's territory covering the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago, evidence of maritime trade routes include ceramics from China, glass and stone beads from India and Persia, and cult icons, all of which had been carried to the region by these maritime traders and introduced to the indigenous people. -
Thailand's Islands & Beaches E0 100 Miles
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Thailand’s Islands & Beaches Bangkok #_ p66 Ko Chang & the Eastern Seaboard p118 Hua Hin & the Upper Gulf p160 Ko Samui & the Lower Gulf p193 Phuket & the Andaman Coast p263 Damian Harper, Tim Bewer, Austin Bush, David Eimer, Andy Symington PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to Thailand’s BANGKOK . 66 HUA HIN & Islands & Beaches . 4 THE UPPER Thailand’s Islands & GULF . 160 Beaches Top 18 . 8 KO CHANG & THE EASTERN Phetchaburi . 162 Need to Know . 18 SEABOARD . 118 Kaeng Krachan First Time Thailand’s National Park . 166 Si Racha . 119 Islands & Beaches . 20 Cha-am . 168 Ko Si Chang . 123 What’s New . 22 Hua Hin . 170 Bang Saen . 124 If You Like . 23 Pranburi Pattaya . 125 Month by Month . 25 & Around . 178 Rayong & Ban Phe . 131 Itineraries . 28 Khao Sam Roi Yot Ko Samet . 131 National Park . 180 Responsible Travel . 36 Chanthaburi . 137 Prachuap Choose Your Beach . 39 Trat . 141 Khiri Khan . 181 Diving & Snorkelling . 47 Ko Chang . 144 Ban Krut & Bang Saphan Yai . 186 Eat & Drink Ko Kut . 155 Like a Local . 52 Chumphon . 188 Ko Mak . 157 Travel with Children . 60 Regions at a Glance . 63 PANATFOTO / SHUTTERSTOCK © SHUTTERSTOCK / PANATFOTO CATHERINE SUTHERLAND / LONELY PLANET © PLANET LONELY / SUTHERLAND CATHERINE KO PHI-PHI DON P333 ANEKOHO / SHUTTERSTOCK © SHUTTERSTOCK / ANEKOHO KAYAKING IN KO KUT P155 SNORKELLING IN KO CHANG P146 Contents UNDERSTAND KO SAMUI & THE Ko Phra Thong Thailand’s Islands & LOWER GULF . 193 & Ko Ra . 277 Beaches Today . 374 Khao Lak & Around . .. 278 Gulf Islands . 196 History . 376 Ko Samui . 196 Similan Islands People & Society . -
Seaside Paradise Top 50 Beaches & Islands in Thailand
Seaside Paradise Top 50 beaches & islands in Thailand. The Indochinese peninsula is a magical land ranking second to none. Two oceans run parallel to the coastline spanning an impressive distance of more than 2,600 kilometres. More than 900 islands and islets dot the waters off the expansive coasts and enjoy the embrace of the gorgeous turquoise blue ocean. Taking the time to explore even just a tiny fraction of the seas and beaches in Thailand will provide you with a personal, magical and unforgettable experience. Taking in the picturesque landscape and a blissful journey along the Indochinese peninsula is one travel experience sure to provide you with fond memories that will remain dear to your heart for years to come. “Seaside Paradises” is a compilation of colourful accounts from various seaside destinations in Thailand. Let this guide lead you and your family on an unforgettable journey accompanied by the sea breezes at your back and the sun on your shoulder. The gorgeous tropical colours of the beaches, fun activities for couples, and simple indulgences that Mother Nature alone can provide for are sure to create the perfect atmosphere for a remarkable tropical holiday. Contents Bangkok NATURAL Beaches Page ROMANTIC Beaches Page 1 Ko Kham, Chon Buri Province 8 15 Ko Kut, Trat Province 54 36 Pattaya 2 Ko Samae San, Chon Buri Province 10 16 Ko Mak, Trat Province 58 37 Hua Hin 46 3 Hat Sam Roi Yot, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province 12 17 Hat Khung Wiman, Chanthaburi Province 60 47 20 45 4 Mu Ko Ang Thong, Surat Thani Province 14 18 Ko Man -
Geology and Mineral Deposits of Thailand by I
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geology and mineral deposits of Thailand by I/ D. R. Shawe Open-File Report 84- Prepared on behalf of the Government of Thailand and the Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State. This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature, _]/ U.S. Geological Survey, Denver CO 80225 1984 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION.......................................................... 1 GEOLOGY OF THAILAND................................................... ? Stratigraphy of sedimentary rocks................................ 4 Precambrian................................................. 4 Cambrian.................................................... 6 Ordovician.................................................. 7 Silurian-Devonian........................................... I0 Carboniferous............................................... 16 Permian..................................................... 20 Triassic.................................................... 25 Jurassic.................................................... 29 Cretaceous.................................................. 32 Tertiary................................^................... 33 Quaternary.................................................. 35 Igneous rocks.................................................... 36 Precambrian. ................................................. 36 Silurian-Devonian. ..........................................