Geology and Mineral Deposits of Thailand by I
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Geology and mineral deposits of Thailand by I/ D. R. Shawe Open-File Report 84- Prepared on behalf of the Government of Thailand and the Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of State. This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature, _]/ U.S. Geological Survey, Denver CO 80225 1984 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION.......................................................... 1 GEOLOGY OF THAILAND................................................... ? Stratigraphy of sedimentary rocks................................ 4 Precambrian................................................. 4 Cambrian.................................................... 6 Ordovician.................................................. 7 Silurian-Devonian........................................... I0 Carboniferous............................................... 16 Permian..................................................... 20 Triassic.................................................... 25 Jurassic.................................................... 29 Cretaceous.................................................. 32 Tertiary................................^................... 33 Quaternary.................................................. 35 Igneous rocks.................................................... 36 Precambrian. ................................................. 36 Silurian-Devonian. ........................................... 37 Carboniferous-Permian....................................... 37 Triassic-Jurassic........................................... 41 Cretaceous-Tertiary.......................................... A3 Quaternary.................................................. 48 Metamorphic rocks................................................ 48 Structure........................................................ 50 Precanbrian basement. ....................................... 50 Phanerozoic stratigraphic discontinuities and orogenic sediments.............................................. 51 Folds in Fhanerozoic strata................................. 52 Thrust faults............................................... 54 Strike-slip faults.......................................... 55 Other high-angle faults..................................... 58 Structural relations in the Lampang quadrangle.............. 58 Structural framework of the region surrounding Thailand..... 63. Geologic history of Thailand..................................... 63 MINERAL DEPOSITS...................................................... 68 Stratiform deposits.............................................. 69 Potash and salt............................................. 69 Phosphate................................................... 72 Oil shale................................................... 7? Lignite and coal. ........................................... 73 Marl. ....................................................... 74 Diatomite................................................... 75 Gypsun...................................................... ^ Barite.............................................^........ 76 Iron........................................................ 79 Manganese................................................... 80 Base setals................................................. $0 CONTENTS Continued Page MINERAL DEPOSITS Continued Stratiform deposits Continued Sandstone-type copper and uranium........................... 35 Replacement deposits............................................. 86 Pa Daeng zinc deposit....................................... 36 Fluorspar................................................... SS Iron........................................................ 91 Base metals................................................. 95 Tin......................................................... 95 Tungsten.................................................... 96 Phosphate................................................... 97 Stockvork and related deposits................................... " Tin......................................................... 98 Copper...................................................... 107 Molybdenum.................................................. HO Vein deposits.................................................... 110 Fluorspar.................................................... 110 Antimony.................................................... 124 Manganese................................................... 128 Tin.............. ............................................ 131 Tungs ten.................................................... 135 Base metals................................................. 140 Barite...................................................... 153 Iron........................................................ 143 Gold........................................................ 144 Other bedrock deposits........................................... 146 Chromite.................................................... 146 Asbestos.................................................... 146 Graphite.................................................... 147 Quartz and feldspar......................................... 148 Clay...............................c........................ 148 Uranium..................................................... 150 Residual deposits................................................ 152 Nickel...................................................... 152 Iron........................................................ 154 Manganese................................................... 155 Fluorspar................................................... 156 Bauxite..................................................... 159 Clay........................................................ 159 Placer deposits.................................................. 160 Tin and tungsten............................................ 160 Monazite and ilnenite sands and related deposits............ 163 Gold........................................................ 165 Gem minerals................................................ 166 Oil and gas deposits............................................. Geologic environments of mineral deposits........................ Mineral resource potential of Thailand........................... 171 REFERENCES............................................................ 174 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Map of Thailand and surrounding region showing the position of the Tibet-Yunnan-Thailand-Malaysia-Indonesia structural belt.......................................... 3 2. Map of Thailand showing the distribution of Precambrian rocks........................................ in pocket 3. Map of Thailand showing the distribution of igneous rocks and facies of sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous age..'... in Pocket 4. Map of Thailand showing distribution of igneous rocks...... in pocket 5. Map of Thailand showing fold axes in Phanerozoic rocks..... in pocket 6. Map of Thailand showing distribution of faults............. in Pocket 7. Map showing principal zones of strike-slip faults and Cenozoic basin in Thailand. ............................... " 8. Geologic map of the Lanipang quadrangle, northwestern Thailand................................................. 59 9. Major structural elements in the vicinity, of Thailand...... 62 10. Map showing locations of important mineral deposits and some miscellaneous minor mineral deposits in Thailand.... in pocket 11. Map of the Khorat Plateau, Thailand, and localities referred to in the text.................................. 12. Map showing locations of oil shale and lignite deposits in Thailand.............................................. in Pocket 13. Map showing locations of barite deposits in Thailand....... in pocket 14. Map showing locations of lead deposits in Thailand......... in pocket 15. Map showing locations of fluorspar deposits, major high-angle faults, and hot springs in Thailand........... in pocket 16. Map showing locations of iron deposits and Triassic granodiorite in Thailand................................. in pocket 17. Map showing locations of tin deposits, intrusive igneous rocks, and tin contents of intrusive igneous rocks in Thailand................................................. in pocket 18. Scatter diagram showing relation of SnOo to Si02 in Thailand granitoid rocks................................. 101 19. Scatter diagram showing relation of tin to tungsten in Thailand granitoid rocks................................. 102 20. Diagram of stockwork mineralized granite at Ipoo mine, Pilok district, and index map of the Pilok district...... 104 21. Map showing locations of copper deposits,-area of sandstone-type copper deposits, area of anomalous copper in groundwater, and Triassic granodiorite in Thailand.... in pocket 22. Simplified geologic map of the Loei-Chiang Karn region of northeastern Thailand, showing aeromagnetic contours, mineral prospects, and geochemical and mineral anomalies................................................ in pocket 23. Diagrammatic geologic map of the Huai San fluorspar deposit near Fang........................................ 114 24. Geologic map of the region around the Mae Tha fluorspar distrier., Lacphun province. .............................. H? 25. Geologic iap of ;he Salak Phra fluorspar discrict.......... 120 26. Map shewing lo^aticns of ancirr.crr.' izposil?