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Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository Peru's Revolving Door of Political Parties Sargeant, Jadon 2017 Find more at https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/ This document is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PERU’S REVOLVING DOOR OF POLITICAL PARTIES Jadon Sargeant Introduction party system. This unique challenge is a direct result of the presidency of Alberto Fujimori The year 2016 was an election year in Peru. from 1990 to 2000. Viewed as both hero and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, commonly abbreviated tyrant, he is a polarizing figure in Peru’s past to PPK, became president by a narrow margin, who left in his wake a broken and ineffective running for the center-right party Peruvians political system. Not much has changed since for Change. However, only 20 percent of his impeachment and later imprisonment, but Peruvians can identify the president’s party. In the election of 2016 may hold clues that the Peru, politics is a profoundly personal endeavor political tides are finally beginning to change. where parties merely serve as vehicles for candidates to reach office and have short life Peru’s Tumultuous Political History spans. Peruvians for Change was founded in October 2014, and it is likely that it will suffer Typically, when a country has sustained the same fate as other political parties and not economic growth and limited civil unrest, outlive their leader’s political career. The past the government is viewed favorably by its five presidents have all come from different citizens. Not so in Peru. Despite the past 25 political parties, and none of them has won years of economic success and relative peace, reelection. In many cases the party fades away Transparency International consistently ranks as soon as the president falls out of favor. Peru last in Latin America for perception of In this article, I analyze Peru’s political both how well the government represents system, shedding light on the compromising the peoples’ views and how corrupt it is effect it has on Peru’s democracy as well as (“Corruption Perceptions Index: Peru”). In possible paths toward establishing a stronger short, Peruvians believe that their government 13 is failing them and is hopelessly corrupt. How not fully understand. Alberto Fujimori was a did this public relations nightmare come to be? Japanese-Peruvian university professor who The current state of government mistrust that burst onto the political scene in 1990 running is pervasive in Peruvian society today has been on an anti-terrorism campaign. He won the shaped by the country’s tumultuous political presidency and immediately implemented his history (Levitsky). “Fujishock” plan, which consisted of a series In the early twentieth century, Peru was of free-market reforms to combat the nation’s an ex-Spanish colony trying to sustain a stable hyperinflation. He also prioritized the defeat of democracy while relying on exporting silver the Shining Path over the rights of Peruvian and guano to build its economy. The growth citizens and granted immense power to his was steady until the 1960s, when a democracy’s chief of secret police, Vladimiro Montesinos. worst fear occurred: General Jaun Velasco In 1992 Fujimori’s popularity skyrocketed staged a military coup and became dictator. after Guzmán was captured. Riding this wave General Velasco did not know how to run a of support in 1993, Fujimori disbanded the nation’s economy, and he instituted untested government and re-wrote the constitution land reform measures and nationalized most of (“Peru Historical…”). He asserted that he the large mining companies in Peru. These ill- was making the democracy of Peru stronger, advised actions led to an immediate economic claiming his action was “not a negation of real downturn that persisted throughout the series democracy, but on the contrary… a search of military takeovers and rigged elections that for an authentic transformation to assure a followed (“Peru Historical…”). legitimate and effective democracy” (as quoted In 1980 the Maoist terrorist organization in Smith, p. 236). His reforms seemed to be Sendero Luminoso, or the Shining Path, effective, as Peru’s economy became the fastest sabotaged the first election in 17 years by growing in the world during his presidency, burning all the ballots. To achieve its goals, with an annual GDP increase of 12 percent the leader of the Shining Path, Abimael (Brooke). He easily won reelection in 1995 Guzmán, authorized hyper-violent guerrilla despite accusations of bribery and controlling warfare tactics (Jasper and Seelke, p. 2). The the media. The Peruvian constitution at that Shining Path first took up residence in the time allowed presidents to have only two terms Andean regions of Peru, where its strict rules in office, yet Fujimori ran for a third in 2000, and harsh punishments brought much needed arguing that it would be only his second term stability to the farmers and herders who had under the new constitution. Accounts of gross lived without any law enforcement since the human rights violations by the secret police military revolutions of the 1960s. The Shining began to surface, causing Fujimori to barely win Path then began to spread into the capital of reelection under suspect circumstances. Shortly Lima, where it sabotaged infrastructure and thereafter, incontrovertible evidence emerged indiscriminately killed non-supporters. The that Fujimori engaged in embezzlement, bribes, government gave increasingly unilateral power and other corrupt practices. He fled to Japan in to its police to combat the Shining Path, January 2000 and tried to resign, but Congress including the ability to detain and question impeached him instead. Fujimori stayed in anyone without cause. Government efforts Japan for five years until 2005, when he traveled were mostly unsuccessful, however, leaving to Chile in an effort to restart his political career. the country in a constant state of fear and He was arrested in Chile and extradited to Peru. turmoil at the start of the 1990 election (“Peru He was eventually convicted of human rights Historical…”). violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison Democracies that have widespread public (“Peru Historical…”). unrest and national security concerns are From 2000 to the present, Peru has uniquely vulnerable to dictatorship (Jasper and maintained a weak democracy and stayed the Seelke, p. 2). Increasing fear of terrorism and course of Fujimori’s macroeconomic policy, economic distress caused Peruvians to turn to continuing the economic growth that began an untested leader whose aspirations they did with his presidency (Santos and Werner, p. 14 19). Fujimori is a deeply controversial figure her party, including news that Congressman in Peruvians’ minds and the source of most of Joaquín Ramírez was under investigation by the distrust of the government. The presidents the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration following Fujimori have not been popular, and for connections to drug trafficking. PPK had the ones before him were military dictators. repeatedly cautioned the electorate that the He is widely believed to have steered the corruption and abuses of power associated Peruvian economy onto the right track and to with Keiko’s father’s authoritarian reign would have ended the reign of terror of the Shining return should she be elected. Additionally, Path, although his contribution to both a reluctant last-minute endorsement by accomplishments and the means he used are Verónika Mendoza, the third-place finisher hotly debated (Horler). He is also remembered in the first round of elections and champion for his authoritarian regime and corrupt of the leftist Broad Front party, may have put administration. The only politician who can be PPK over the top by helping her voters choose plausibly credited with saving the country is between the conservative candidates. Mendoza currently in prison. Peruvians’ cynicism with told her supporters that PPK was the lesser of regard to their government can be attributed two evils, saying, “Only by voting for Kuczynski to the controversial rise and fall of Fujimori. can we close the path towards Fujimorismo” Mistrust of politicians has been a barrier (as quoted in Wang). to the formation of modern political parties Keiko has reluctantly accepted these in Peru. Political parties have tended to have results, saying that she was defeated by short life spans, with the two most common “promoters of hate” (as quoted in “Peru ideologies Fujimorismo and its opposite anti- Elections…”). She promises to continue to Fujimorismo. The former ideology is in favor of work on her political agenda through the Fujimori’s economic and political tactics, while legislative branch, where her party controls the latter is fiercely opposed. Although political 73 of the 130 seats in Congress. PPK’s party, parties themselves form and disband quickly, Peruvians for Change, holds 18 seats (Post). these two worldviews are always the focal point It was founded as recently as October 2014. of any debate (Levitsky and Cameron, p. 22). The few seats that the party holds in Congress indicate that PPK’s victory in the presidential Peru’s 2016 Presidential Election election was more due to the strength of the The presidential election of 2016 took anti-Fujimorismo ideology than the strength place in two phases. First, a vote was held in of his own party. April to select two finalists from a plethora of Popular Force, the Fujimorismo party, is candidates running with the support of the the closest thing that Peru has to a modern diverse political parties in Peru. None other political party. It has existed since the downfall than Keiko Fujimori, the daughter of the now- of Alberto Fujimori. Its newfound majority imprisoned Alberto Fujimori, ran for president in Congress allows it to make political and won the first election in April with roughly moves despite its loss in the presidential race 40 percent of the vote.