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Predicaments in the Horn of Africa Ulf Johansson Dahre (ed.) Predicaments in the Horn of Africa 10 Years of SIRC Conferences in Lund on the Horn of Africa DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC HISTORY, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY/SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SIENCE, LUND UNIVERSITY SOMALIA INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTRE (SIRC) LUND HORN OF AFRICA FORUM (LUHAF) Copyright © the Authors 2012 Graphic Design Ilgot Liljedahl Typesetting Ilgot Liljedahl Produktion Media-Tryck Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 2012 ISBN 91-7267-343-5 Publisher and Distribution Media-Tryck Lund University Box 117 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Fax 046-222 38 83 • E-post [email protected] • www.lu.se/media-tryck Table of Contents Acknowledgements 7 Introduction: 10 years of Horn of Africa Conferences in Lund 9 Ulf Johansson Dahre part i Peace, Security and Development 13 Somalia and the International Community: Facing Reality 15 David H. Shinn War and Poverty – a Deadly Spiral 23 Håkan Wiberg Peace Building in the Horn of Africa: Multi-Track Approach 27 Salah Al Bander Ethiopian Federalism. Autonomy versus Control In the Somali Region 37 Abdi Ismail Samatar The Sudan and Somalia Peace Process: The Role of Women 63 Ella O. Chimbiru Challenges to Peace and Democracy in the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, and Sudan 71 Sisay Asefa Human Security, Informal Rules and Empowerment Towards Developing/Enabling Institutions 99 Souraya H. Houssein Beyond Federalism: Which Concept of Decentralization Reflects Best the Needs of Somalia? 111 Markus Böckenförde part ii Failure, Reconstruction and Reconciliation 125 IGAD’s Perspectives of Rebuilding Somalia 127 Mahboub Maalim International Community Perspective on Somalia 131 Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah Engendering the Peace Process and the Peace Reconstruction. Case Study from Sudan 135 Amira Awad Osman Somali Reconciliation Conferences: What Went Wrong? 147 Mohamed H. Mukhtar Political Economy of State Failure: The Case of Somalia 155 Abdirashid A. Ismail The Role of Civil Society in Post-Conflict Peace-Building 167 Abdi Mohamed Gandi State Building, Independence And Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Djibouti 177 Abdo A Abdallah The Transition from Post-Conflict Assistance to Rehabilitation in Sudan – An IOM Contribution to State-Building and Reconstruction 189 Thomas Lothar Weiss Somalia: The Role of Democratic Governance versus Sectarian Politics 201 Jeremy Lester part iii Democracy, Human Rights and Civil Society 207 Civil Society Co-Operation in Building Peace and Democracy in the Horn of Africa – Path of a New Political Culture 209 Tarekegn Adebo Human rights, conflict resolution and reconciliation in the Horn of Africa 213 Martin Hill The Greater Horn of Africa Conflicts and the Civil Society 229 Anders Närman A Critical Reflection on the Horn of Africa’s Human Rights Predicament Case – A Gender-Based Perspective on the Somali Region in Ethiopia (Ogaden) 259 Fowsia Abdulkadir Let’s Think the Impossible! Alternative Scenarios Against Human Insecurity in Somalia 267 Valeria Saggiomo part iv The Social and Political Meanings of Religion, Identity and Gender 277 The Question of Identity. A Root Cause of Violence in Sudan 279 Mohamed Abusabib Intersecting Values: Human Rights, Identity Politics and Regional Security: Their Impact on Somalia and the Horn of Africa 285 Lynn Fredrikson Religion, Liberal Democracy and Citizenship: Some Critical Lessons for the Horn of Africa 297 Gaim Kibreab The Ethnic and Civic Basis of Citizenship in the Horn of Africa 313 Redie Bereketeab Promoting Rule of Law in an Era of ‘Re-Islamization” in Somalia 331 Abdul Wahid Sh. Qalinle Somalia’s Governance Glitch: Islam versus Democracy 347 Abdullahi Jama Hussein Nationalism, Decolonization and “New Humanism” 365 Somalia – a nation in waiting, a state in the making 365 Faowsia Warsame The Assessment and Mapping of Initiatives on Women Protection and Livelihood Support in South Darfur 385 Nagla Mohamed Bashir, Abass Y. Aletegani & Mohamed Ahamad Nour Caught between War and its Aftermath: The Experience of Internally Displaced Women in Sudan 397 Amira Awad Osman Sitaat as Part of Somali Women’s Everyday Religion: Peace-making and Religious Emotions 409 Marja Tiilikainen part v Economy, Natural Resources and the Environment 423 Hydro-Politics in the Horn of Africa: Conflicts and Required Co-operation in the Juba and Shabelle River Basins Need for Trans-boundary River Cooperation 425 Abdullahi Elmi Mohamed Environmental Management for Sustainable Development in the Horn of Africa 431 Bereket Yebio Environmental Degradation and Hunger in the Horn of Africa: The Need of a Survival Strategy 435 Mengistu Woube Environmental Degradation in the Greater Horn of Africa: Some Impacts and Future Implications 447 Kidane Mengisteab part vi Annexes 457 Recommendations 459 Contributors 477 Acknowledgements Somalia International Rehabilitation Centre (SIRC) expresses its profound thanks to the institutions and organisations that have continually sponsored the Horn of Africa conferences for the past 10 years namely: the City of Lund, Lund University, the Folke Bernadotte Academy, Forum Syd/Sida, ABF Lund, Folkuniversitetet in Lund, the Lund United Nations Association. We also thank Olof Palmes International Center, Aalborg University, COSPE – in Cooperazione Per Lo Sviluppo dei Paesi Emergenti Nairobi, IIDA – Women Development Organisation in Nairobi, and UNDP in Nairobi, and the Stockholm Policy Group. We thank too all scholars, civics, practitioners, diplomats, government representa- tives, politicians, who have made valuable contributions to the conference by pre- senting valuable papers and statements, participating in valuable panel debates, mod- erating conference workshops. We have to stress our thanks to Prof. Arne Ardeberg, Prof. Ole Elgström, Prof. Benny Carlsson, Dr. Ulf Dahre from Lund University who have contributed so much to the success of the Horn of Africa conferences. We express special gratitude to the Horn of Africa ambassadors and Charge d’Affairs, the European Commission, the United Nations, the Intergovernmental Authority of Development (IGAD), the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for their great contributions to the conferences. Special gratitude to Swedish Ministry Foreign Affairs and European Commission, namely Ambassador Marika Fahlen and Mr. Jeremy Lester for their annual participa- tion in the Horn of Africa conferences and for their great input to the conferences. We also profoundly thank our co-partners of the Horn of Africa conference or- ganisations in Lund, namely the Sudanese Association, the Eritrea Association, the Ethiopian Association, and the Djibouti Association, which have played vital role in the great successes of the conferences. We would like to thank the Mayors of the City of Lund, for giving warm welcom- ing speeches and warm receptions to all Horn of Africa conference guests since 2002. Special thanks to Count Pietersen, former Ambassador to the UN, who has al- ways very proficiently and efficiently chaired the Horn of Africa conferences together with his co-chairs, namely Engineer Mrs Bethlehem Araya, Engineer Ishael Siroiney, and Khadija Osoble. We would like to thank Dr. Ulf Johansson Dahre, and Nicklas Svensson for edit- ing the proceedings of the conferences and Gillian Nilsson for proof-reading the proceedings of the conferences. We would like to thank the Department of Sociology/Section of Social Anthropology, the Department of Political Science, and the Department of Economic History of Lund University for the printing of the proceedings of the conferences. Finally, we thank everybody who has participated in the conferences and con- tributed to the cause of peace, security, democracy, rule of law, protection of human rights, and development in the Horn of Africa region. Abdillahi Jama, Horn of Africa Conference Coordinator Somalia International Rehabilitation Centre (SIRC) Lund, Sweden www.sirclund.se E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Introduction: 10 years of Horn of Africa Conferences in Lund Ulf Johansson Dahre This report contains articles presented during 10 years of the Lund Horn of Africa Conferences. The articles are the result of a group of researchers, all specialised in the Horn of Africa that has been working for a long time and coming up with important perspectives on historical, political, economic, social and cultural issues. The Horn of Africa Conferences in Lund present something new and important in the ambi- tion to understand current issues in one of the most afflicted regions of the world. The Horn of Africa is often described and defined as an area of conflicts, violence and social collapse. Nevertheless, there is a kind of creative and visionary consistency in the papers selected for this anniversary report. The articles presented to us are about not only strife and wars, but also visions of how another future for this war- torn region could look like. In the midst of social collapse, the contributors point at the fact that peoples of this region are trying to conceive of the world, and build a new region. The Horn of Africa conference in Lund was initiated by SIRC in 2002. The gen- eral objectives of the annual conferences are: • To identity and develop policy solutions to initiate and strengthen democratic governance, peace and security; • To encourage and facilitate dialogue between stakeholders; and • To enable networking among stakeholders. To approach the predicaments of the Horn of Africa requires a variety of theories, empirical data and methods. It is
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