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Minority Inclusion Learning Review

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Minority Inclusion Learning Review Acknowledgements The authors are deeply grateful to the staff in the following minority led NGOs based in Somalia/Somaliland who gave up their time and expertise freely to support this research: Daami Youth Development Org (DYDO) Livelihood Relief and Development Organisation (LRDO) Marginalized Community Advocacy Network, (MCAN) Midnimo Relief and Development Organisation (MRDO) Puntland Minority Women’s Development Organisation (PMWDO) We are also grateful to the staff of the SDC office in Nairobi, in particular Thomas Oertle and Severine Weber who provided solid information, resources and support throughout. Many other actors, Somali and international, too many to name, provided information, gave up their time to explain factors and otherwise supported this process. Samiya Lerew, herself a minority, living partly in the diaspora and partly in Somalia supported MRG (entirely on a voluntary basis) in its efforts to surface and tackle minority discrimination and exclusion over most of a decade. She was tireless in her willingness to explain the intricacies of clan based political systems and local systems of allocation and disadvantage. Tragically she died of Covid 19 in Mogadishu in February 2021. She will be sadly missed. Graphic design: Mihaela Cojocaru (MRG) The views expressed in this study are exclusively those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC. Acronyms BoANRD Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resource Development BoLPD Bureau of Livestock and Pastoralist Development DSA Detailed Site Assessment DYDO Daami Youth Development Organisation FGS Federal Government of Somalia FMS Federal Member State ICCPR International Convention on Civil and Political Rights IDP Internally Displaced Person JMCNA Joint Multi-Cluster Needs Assessment KI Key Informant LNOB Leave No One Behind LRDO Livelihood Relief and Development Organisation MCAN Marginalized Community Advocacy Network MRDO Midnimo Relief and Development Organisation OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights OPOV One Person One Vote PMWDO Puntland Minority Women’s Development Organisation RFBF Reach the Furthest Behind First SDG Sustainable Development Goals SPMS Somalia Protection Monitoring System UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WFP World Food Programme 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Minorities, marginalised groups and disadvantages in Swiss implementation programming areas: definitional issues ...................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Review Purpose, Scope and Use ......................................................................................... 16 1.4 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Limitations ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.6 Legal and Policy frameworks for mainstreaming Minority Inclusion within Swiss MFA ........ 20 Data and Findings Somalia/Somaliland ............................................................................................ 22 2.1 Government Legal and Policy frameworks ........................................................................... 22 2.2 Implementing partner legal and policy frameworks for mainstreaming Minority Inclusion.... 24 2.3 Level of mainstreaming minority inclusion in the criterion used for beneficiary recruitment and site selection within the SWISS funded interventions.................................................... 25 2.4 Data Disaggregation and Reporting Requirements .............................................................. 25 2.5 Patterns of inclusion/exclusion of Minority groups ................................................................ 26 2.6 Challenges limiting minority inclusion and important factors ................................................ 42 Data and Findings North Eastern Kenya .......................................................................................... 45 3.1 Context .................................................................................................................................. 45 3.2 Government Legal and Policy Frameworks for Mainstreaming Minority Inclusion ............... 47 3.3 Level of Mainstreaming Minority Inclusion in the Criterion used for Beneficiary Recruitment and Site Selection within the SWISS Funded Interventions ................................................. 50 3.4 Data Disaggregation and Reporting Requirements within the SWISS Funded Interventions .............................................................................................................................................. 55 3.5 The Extent of Minority Beneficiary Contribution within SWISS Funded Interventions .......... 56 3.6 Existence of Beneficiary Feedback Mechanisms within the SWISS Funded Interventions.. 57 3.7 Reported Incidents of AID Diversion within the Study Locations .......................................... 59 3.8 Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Minority Groups ............................................................. 61 3.9 Challenges that Limit Minority Inclusion within SWISS-Funded Interventions ..................... 64 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................... 66 1. A. Verified Minority led CSOs/NGOs in Somalia/Somaliland that have cooperated on this study ..................................................................................................................................... 66 1. B. Other useful sources of advice and support on minority issues in Somalia/Somaliland .. 67 2. A. Suggested specific CSO/NGO project activities to promote minority inclusion Somalia 68 3. Suggested advocacy recourse options ................................................................................. 70 4. Specific recommendations for Third Party Monitoring .......................................................... 71 5. Specific recommendations for Accountability to Affected Populations ................................. 72 6. Recommendations on Minority Inclusion for the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) .......... 73 7. Utilising conflict of interest provisions ................................................................................... 75 8. Example of Proposal document where inclusion is understood solely as gender ................ 76 9. Suggested disaggregation / minority inclusion mainstreaming in selected indicator examples .............................................................................................................................................. 77 10. Ethiopia results and findings ................................................................................................. 79 11. Programmes Reviewed and Documents Consulted ............................................................. 94 12. List of Key Informant Interviews (or key meeting attendees) ................................................ 97 13. Fieldwork questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 98 14. TOR ..................................................................................................................................... 111 3 TABLE OF FIGURES, TABLES AND TEXT BOXES FIGURE 1. 1 SOMALIA: SELECTED SURVEY RESULTS ON INCLUSION OF MINORITIES ............ 6 FIGURE 1. 2 KENYA: SELECTED SURVEY RESULTS ON INCLUSION OF MINORITY GROUPS ... 7 FIGURE 2. 1 MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME .......................................................................................... 27 FIGURE 2. 2 FOOD SECURITY CATEGORIES .................................................................................. 27 FIGURE 2. 3 RECRUITMENT CRITERIA FOR INTERVENTIONS ..................................................... 29 FIGURE 2. 4 ACCESS TO SOCIAL SAFETY NETS (SELECTED ANSWERS ONLY) ....................... 30 FIGURE 2. 5 EDUCATION LEVELS ..................................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 2. 6 DO YOU FEEL SAFE WALKING AROUND YOUR LOCALITY/NEIGHBORHOOD? .... 32 FIGURE 2. 7 SOURCES OF PROBLEMS FOR RESIDENTS ............................................................. 33 FIGURE 2. 8 AWARENESS OF ANY/ALL FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ............................................. 34 FIGURE 2. 9 AVAILABLE FEEDBACK MECHANISM(S) ..................................................................... 34 FIGURE 2. 10 RESPONSE TO FEEDBACK ........................................................................................ 35 FIGURE 2. 11 ACCESS TO MEDIA DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION PLATFORMS .................... 36 FIGURE 2. 12 MAIN SOURCE OF INFORMATION ............................................................................. 36 FIGURE 2. 13 REASONS FOR EXCLUSION FROM INTERVENTIONS
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