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The Struggles Against the Liquidators, the Otzovists and Trotsky

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persistent utilisation of each and every legal possibility in order to gather the forces of the proletariat, to help it to group and consolidate itself, to help it to train itself for the struggle and stretch its limbs; and also steadily 6. THE STRUGGLES AGAINST THE LIQUIDATORS, to restore the illegal Party units, to learn how to adapt THE OTZOVISTS AND TROTSKY them to new conditions, to restore the illegal purely Party organisations, and, first and foremost, the purely pro• letarian organisations, which alone are capable of direct• During the years of Stolypin reaction, the Russian ing all the work in the legal organisations, to imbue this reactionaries greatly extended their suppression of the work with the revolutionary Social-Democratic spirit".1 revolutionary movement. At the same time they intro• In order to make an orderly retreat and once- more accu• duced changes in the countryside which facilitated the mulate revolutionary strength so as to be prepared for the development of a kulak economy. The revolutionary new rise in the tide of revolution, the Party had to fight movement was on the decline. Lenin pointed out that as on the one hand the liquidators who made a fetish of the objective tasks of the Russian revolution had not been bourgeois legality and wanted to abolish the Party, and fulfilled and the deep-rooted causes which had given rise on the other the Otzovists who refused to make use of to the Revolution of 1905 remained, the masses would be legal opportunities. impelled to renew their revolutionary struggles and therefore a new rise of the revolutionary tide was inevi• table. He laid it down that the fundamental aims of the LIQUIDATORS MAKE A FETISH OP Bolsheviks were still the overthrow of tsardom, the com• BOURGEOIS LEGALITY pletion of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the transition to socialist revolution. Frightened by counter-revolutionary violence, the Mensheviks refused to believe that a new rise in the tide Lenin also pointed out that under intensified reaction• of the revolution was possible. Many of them became ary rule, it was impossible for a general political strike liquidators, advancing the slogan of organizing an "open or an armed uprising to be staged immediately, and in• working-class party" or of "a struggle for an open party". stead, roundabout methods had to be employed against They attempted to liquidate the organization of the Rus• tsardom. Defensive tactics •—• an improved combination of sian Social-Democratic Labour Party and in its place to underground work and legal work —should be adopted substitute an amorphous association which, they con• to build up strength and prepare the way for replacing tended, must at all costs work within the limits of defensive by offensive tactics once the revolutionary tide rose. He said that the Party must "concentrate all our efforts on a systematic, undeviating, comprehensive and 1 "Notes of a Publicist", Collected Works, Moscow, Vol. 16, p. 259. 72 73 legality, even if that legality had to be attained at the ; ; . in a period of bourgeois revolution, the oppor• cost of open renunciation .of the programme, tactics and tunist wing of the workers' party, at times of crisis, traditions of the Party. Pointing out that liquidationism disintegration and collapse, is bound to be either out- was ideologically connected with opportunism, but was and-out liquidationist or liquidator-ridden. In a period something more than opportunism, Lenin said: of bourgeois revolution the proletarian party is bound The opportunists are leading the Party on to a wrong, to have a following of petty-bourgeois fellow-travellers bourgeois path, the path of a liberal-labour policy, but . who are least capable of digesting proletarian they do not renounce the Party itself, they do not theory and tactics, least capable of holding their own liquidate it. Liquidationism is that brand of opportun• in time of collapse, most likely to carry opportunism 1 ism which goes to the length of renouncing the Party.1 to its extreme. To carry out their capitulationist line, the liquidators Lenin drew a clear line of demarcation between the conducted splitting actions against the Party. They re• Bolsheviks and the liquidators on the question of the nounced the Party, left its ranks and fought it in the limits of legal activity. He said: columns of the legal press, in the legal workers1 organi• . we want to strengthen the Social-Democratic zations, in the trade unions, co-operative societies and at Party, utilising all legal possibilities and all opportu• mass gatherings. In his article "Controversial Issues", nities of open action; the liquidators want to squeeze Lenin said that the liquidators' "slogan of an open work• the Party into the framework of a legal and open ing-class party is, in its class origin, a slogan of the (under Stolypin) existence. We are fighting for the counter-revolutionary liberals. It contains nothing save revolutionary overthrow of the Stolypin autocracy, reformism".2 He said: utilising for this struggle every case of open action, Liquidationism means not only the liquidation (i.e., widening the proletarian basis of the movement for this the dissolution, the destruction) of the old party of the purpose. The liquidators are fighting for the open working class, it also means the destruction of the class existence of the labour movement . under Stolypin.2 independence of the proletariat, the corruption of its class-consciousness by bourgeois ideas.3 To preserve the purity and unity of the political party of the proletariat, the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Lenin pointed out that under the conditions prevalent Party adopted a resolution at its Prague Conference in in Russia at the time, it was inevitable for the opportun• January 1912, expelling the Mensheviks and liquidators. ists to become liquidators. He wrote: 1 "Controversial Issues", Collected Works, Moscow, Vol. 19, 1"The. Liquidation of Liquidationism", Collected Works, Mos• p. 151. cow, Vol. 15, p. 455. 2 Ibid., p.' 161. 2 "Some Sources of the Present Ideological Discord", Collected Works, Moscow, Vol. 16, pp. 91-92. 3 Ibid., pp. .155-56. 75 74 "LIQUIDATIONISM ON THE LEFT" AND TROTSKY, workers".1 Every activity of the Social-Democratic frac• WHO VEERED WITH THE WIND tion in the Duma "must serve this fundamental aim".2 By refusing to utilize legal opportunities for revolution• While fighting the liquidators, Lenin also opposed the ary activities, the Otzovists were separating the Party "Left" windbags, the Otzovists represented by Bogdanov from the working class, were secluding themselves in and others, who were petty-bourgeois fellow-travellers underground organization and denying the Party the op• in the Bolshevik Party. portunity to use legal cover. In fact, the Otzovists re• The Third Duma, held in November 1907, was an out- nounced Party leadership of the broad non-Party masses and-out reactionary Duma of the Black Hundreds and and hampered the gathering of strength for a new the Constitutional-Democrats. The Otzovists demanded advance of the revolution. Lenin called the Otzovist the recall of the Social-Democratic deputies from the •trend "liquidationism on the left" and maintained that Duma. They refused to work in the trade unions and it was just as necessary to struggle against this as against other legally existing organizations and insisted on ille• the liquidationism on the right. Finally, in June 1909, gality at any price, maintaining that there were no legal the Otzovists were expelled from the Bolshevik Party. avenues for Party work. Later, when discussing the struggle against the Otzov• Lenin indicated that the objective conditions for boy• ists, Lenin wrote: cotting the Duma did not exist as the revolutionary tide Of all the defeated opposition and revolutionary was at a low ebb. He contended that the Social-Demo• parties, the Bolsheviks effected the most orderly re• cratic Party should participate in the Third Duma and treat, with the least loss to their "army," with its core use the rostrum it afforded to struggle against the tsarist best preserved, with the least (in respect to profundity government and the Constitutional-Democrats and con• and irremediability) splits, with the least demoraliza• duct propaganda for socialism. To use the rostrum of tion, and in the best condition to resume the work on parliament for preparing revolution was a necessary the broadest scale and in the most correct and ener• tactic in the specific historical circumstances. While getic manner. The Bolsheviks achieved this only be• attending the Duma, the Social-Democratic Party was cause they ruthlessly exposed and expelled the revolu• "not to do deals or haggle with the powers that be, not tionary phrasemongers, who refused to understand to engage in the hopeless patching-up of the regime of that one had to retreat, that one had to know how to the feudalist-bourgeois dictatorship of counter-revolu• retreat, and that one had absolutely to learn how to tion, but to develop in every way the class consciousness, the socialist clarity of thought, the revolutionary deter• ^"Conference of the Extended Editorial Board of Proletary", Collected Works, Moscow, Vol. 15, pp. 439-40. mination and all-round organisation of the mass of the 2 Ibid., p. 440. 76- 77 work legally in the most reactionary parliaments, in he proclaimed the absurdly "Left" theory of "permanent the most reactionary trade unions, co-operative socie• revolution". A short while earlier he had collaborated with the "Economists", and now he had joined with the ties, insurance societies and similar organizations.1 liquidators. He declared himself to be above factions for At that time Trotsky adopted a completely liquida- the simple reason that he used to "borrow" his ideas tionist stand. He declared: from one group one day and from another the next day.1 The pre-revolutionary Social-Democratic Party in In fact, he was "a representative of the 'worst remnants our country was a workers' party only in ideas and of factionalism' ".2 aims.
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