PIANC Workshop 13 -14th September 2011
Maneuverability in Lock Access Channels by M VANTORRE Ghent University & J RICHTER Flanders Hydraulics Research, Antwerp BELGIUM
Maneuverability in lock access channels
• Introduction • Hydrodynamics of lock access • Practice of lock approach • Research tools • Conclusions
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 2 Introduction
• Sea-going inland vessels • Important to be aware of all phenomena that affect the behavior of a ship during lock approach
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 3
Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 4 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel / structures
© Google Maps
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 5
Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel: asymmetry © Google Maps © Google Maps
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel: asymmetry
© Google Maps © Google Maps
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 7
LONGITUDINAL FORCE
LATERAL FORCE
YAWING MOMENT
SINKAGE FORE SINKAGE AFT
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Source: Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 8 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 9
Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures
NO WALL CLOSED WALL
PERMEABLE “INVISIBLE” WALL WALL
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 10 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures
PERMEABLE WALL
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
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Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures
INVISIBLE WALL
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 12 + LOCK ENTRANCE
120
repulsion 60
0
-60 12000 TEU
Lateral Lateral force [ton] Centric approach attraction Dead slow -120 2 knots 20% UKC No density exchange -180 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Position [Lpp]
13 no wall permeable wall closed wall 'invisible' wall
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 13 + LOCK ENTRANCE
20000 12000 TEU Centric approach 15000 Dead slow 2 knots 10000 20% UKC No density exchange bow out 5000
0 Yawing moment [ton.m] moment Yawing -5000 bow in -10000 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Position [Lpp]
14 no wall permeable wall closed wall 'invisible' wall
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 14 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach o Tidal currents, river, … o Density currents • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects
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Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach
No wall: symmetric exchange current
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 16 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach
Closed wall: asymmetric exchange current
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Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach Permeable wall (oblique walls): less asymmetric exchange current
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 18 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach
Invisible wall: slightly asymmetric exchange current
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 19
Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 20 Hydrodynamics of lock access
• Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects)
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 21
Translation waves
• Lock chamber entry Translation waves
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 22 Hydrodynamics of lock access
• Lock chamber entry Return flow Increased resistance Flow on rudder(s) and propeller(s) affected Vertical motions
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 23
Hydrodynamics of lock access
• Lock chamber entry Return flow Increased resistance Flow on rudder(s) and propeller(s) affected Vertical motions
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 24 Hydrodynamics of lock access
• Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects)
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 25
Hydrodynamics of lock access
• Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects) High accelerations / decelerations Wave effect Depends on boundaries of waterway, water depth, … Non-stationary effect www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 26 Sudden lateral deceleration of a ship near a vertical wall
Source: Vantorre & Laforce (1998), MAN98, Val de Reuil.
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 27
Hydrodynamics of lock access
• Lock chamber exit
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 28 Hydrodynamics of lock access
• Lock chamber exit
time
water level
longitudinal position
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 29
Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects: o Wind o Contact forces (e.g. with fenders)
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 30 Practice of lock approach
• Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 31
Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 32 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 34 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 36 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 38 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 40 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 42 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 43
Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 44 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach
• Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 46 Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
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Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 48 Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
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Practice of lock approach
• Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 50 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Google Maps
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 51
Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Google Maps
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 52 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
MSC Daniela © Marc Vantorre 14000 TEU 366 m x 51 m
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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 54 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 56 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 58 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 59
Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 60 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 62 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 64 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 66 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 67
Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 68 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock
© Marc Vantorre SNMS :
Scheldt Navigator for Marginal Ships
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 69
Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation • Model tests • Full scale measurements
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 70 Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation © Flanders Hydraulics Research
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Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation • Realism • Reliability
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 72 Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
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Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation • Realism • Reliability
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
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• Maneuvering simulation • Realism • Reliability
Flanders Hydraulics Research © Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 75
Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation • Visuals • Bridge mock-up • Mathematical model: o Include all relevant effects o May require introduction of non-stationary effects (memory effects, return flow, translation waves, …)
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 76 Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation • Visuals • Bridge mock-up • Mathematical model • Human control: pilot(s), tug masters, wheelmen
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 77
Research tools
• Model tests • Captive • Self-propelled
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 78 Research tools
• Model tests • Captive • Self-propelled
© Flanders Hydraulics Research © Flanders Hydraulics Research
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Research tools
• Model tests • Captive • Self-propelled
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 80 Research tools
• Maneuvering simulation • Model tests • Full-scale measurements o Horizontal o Vertical
© Flanders Hydraulics Research
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 81
Conclusions • Safe and efficient use of locks requires approach strategy depending on: Ship characteristics, Lock approach and lock chamber geometry Tug assistance Aids to navigation Environmental conditions • Maneuvering simulation offers useful tool for Optimising lock design Assessing accessibility of existing lock for new traffic Training
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 82 Conclusions • Maneuvering simulation offers useful tool, BUT: All phenomena affecting/dominating ship behavior of a ship entering a lock should be represented in a realistic and reliable way in the mathematical simulator model
www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 83
PIANC Workshop 13 -14th September 2011
Maneuverability in Lock Access Channels by M VANTORRE Ghent University & J RICHTER Flanders Hydraulics Research, Antwerp BELGIUM