PIANC Workshop 13 -14th September 2011

Maneuverability in Lock Access Channels by M VANTORRE Ghent University & J RICHTER Flanders Hydraulics Research,

Maneuverability in lock access channels

• Introduction • Hydrodynamics of lock access • Practice of lock approach • Research tools • Conclusions

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 2 Introduction

• Sea-going  inland vessels • Important to be aware of all phenomena that affect the behavior of a ship during lock approach

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 3

Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 4 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel / structures

© Google Maps

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 5

Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel: asymmetry © Google Maps © Google Maps

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel: asymmetry

© Google Maps © Google Maps

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 7

LONGITUDINAL FORCE

LATERAL FORCE

YAWING MOMENT

SINKAGE FORE SINKAGE AFT

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Source: Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 8 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures

© Marc Vantorre

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Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures

NO WALL CLOSED WALL

PERMEABLE “INVISIBLE” WALL WALL

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 10 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures

PERMEABLE WALL

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

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Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures

INVISIBLE WALL

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 12 + LOCK ENTRANCE

120

repulsion 60

0

-60 12000 TEU

Lateral Lateral force [ton] Centric approach attraction Dead slow -120 2 knots 20% UKC No density exchange -180 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Position [Lpp]

13 no wall permeable wall closed wall 'invisible' wall

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 13 + LOCK ENTRANCE

20000 12000 TEU Centric approach 15000 Dead slow 2 knots 10000 20% UKC No density exchange bow out 5000

0 Yawing moment [ton.m] moment Yawing -5000 bow in -10000 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Position [Lpp]

14 no wall permeable wall closed wall 'invisible' wall

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 14 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach o Tidal currents, river, … o Density currents • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects

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Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach

No wall: symmetric exchange current

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 16 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach

Closed wall: asymmetric exchange current

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Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach Permeable wall (oblique walls): less asymmetric exchange current

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 18 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach

Invisible wall: slightly asymmetric exchange current

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 19

Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 20 Hydrodynamics of lock access

• Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects)

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 21

Translation waves

• Lock chamber entry Translation waves

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 22 Hydrodynamics of lock access

• Lock chamber entry Return flow Increased resistance Flow on rudder(s) and propeller(s) affected Vertical motions

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 23

Hydrodynamics of lock access

• Lock chamber entry Return flow Increased resistance Flow on rudder(s) and propeller(s) affected Vertical motions

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 24 Hydrodynamics of lock access

• Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects)

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 25

Hydrodynamics of lock access

• Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects) High accelerations / decelerations Wave effect Depends on boundaries of waterway, water depth, … Non-stationary effect www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 26 Sudden lateral deceleration of a ship near a vertical wall

Source: Vantorre & Laforce (1998), MAN98, Val de Reuil.

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 27

Hydrodynamics of lock access

• Lock chamber exit

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 28 Hydrodynamics of lock access

• Lock chamber exit

time

water level

longitudinal position

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 29

Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects: o Wind o Contact forces (e.g. with fenders)

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 30 Practice of lock approach

• Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Lock

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 31

Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 32 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 34 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 36 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 38 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 40 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 42 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 43

Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 44 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach

• Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 46 Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

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Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 48 Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 49

Practice of lock approach

• Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 50 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Google Maps

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 51

Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Google Maps

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 52 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

MSC Daniela © Marc Vantorre 14000 TEU 366 m x 51 m

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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 54 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 56 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 58 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 59

Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 60 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 62 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 64 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

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Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 66 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 67

Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 68 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock

© Marc Vantorre SNMS :

Scheldt Navigator for Marginal Ships

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 69

Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation • Model tests • Full scale measurements

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 70 Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation © Flanders Hydraulics Research

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Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation • Realism • Reliability

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 72 Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

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Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation • Realism • Reliability

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 74 Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation • Realism • Reliability

Flanders Hydraulics Research © Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 75

Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation • Visuals • Bridge mock-up • Mathematical model: o Include all relevant effects o May require introduction of non-stationary effects (memory effects, return flow, translation waves, …)

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 76 Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation • Visuals • Bridge mock-up • Mathematical model • Human control: pilot(s), tug masters, wheelmen

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 77

Research tools

• Model tests • Captive • Self-propelled

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 78 Research tools

• Model tests • Captive • Self-propelled

© Flanders Hydraulics Research © Flanders Hydraulics Research

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Research tools

• Model tests • Captive • Self-propelled

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 80 Research tools

• Maneuvering simulation • Model tests • Full-scale measurements o Horizontal o Vertical

© Flanders Hydraulics Research

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Conclusions • Safe and efficient use of locks requires approach strategy depending on: Ship characteristics, Lock approach and lock chamber geometry Tug assistance Aids to navigation Environmental conditions • Maneuvering simulation offers useful tool for Optimising lock design Assessing accessibility of existing lock for new traffic Training

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 82 Conclusions • Maneuvering simulation offers useful tool, BUT: All phenomena affecting/dominating ship behavior of a ship entering a lock should be represented in a realistic and reliable way in the mathematical simulator model

www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 83

PIANC Workshop 13 -14th September 2011

Maneuverability in Lock Access Channels by M VANTORRE Ghent University & J RICHTER Flanders Hydraulics Research, Antwerp BELGIUM