PIANC Workshop 13 -14th September 2011 Maneuverability in Lock Access Channels by M VANTORRE Ghent University & J RICHTER Flanders Hydraulics Research, Antwerp BELGIUM Maneuverability in lock access channels • Introduction • Hydrodynamics of lock access • Practice of lock approach • Research tools • Conclusions www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 2 Introduction • Sea-going inland vessels • Important to be aware of all phenomena that affect the behavior of a ship during lock approach www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 3 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 4 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel / structures © Google Maps www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 5 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel: asymmetry © Google Maps © Google Maps www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach channel: asymmetry © Google Maps © Google Maps www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 7 LONGITUDINAL FORCE LATERAL FORCE YAWING MOMENT SINKAGE FORE SINKAGE AFT -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 Source: Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 8 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 9 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures NO WALL CLOSED WALL PERMEABLE “INVISIBLE” WALL WALL www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 10 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures PERMEABLE WALL © Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 11 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations Geometry of approach structures INVISIBLE WALL © Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 12 + LOCK ENTRANCE 120 repulsion 60 0 -60 12000 TEU Lateral Lateral force [ton] Centric approach attraction Dead slow -120 2 knots 20% UKC No density exchange -180 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Position [Lpp] 13 no wall permeable wall closed wall 'invisible' wall www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 13 + LOCK ENTRANCE 20000 12000 TEU Centric approach 15000 Dead slow 2 knots 10000 20% UKC No density exchange bow out 5000 0 Yawing moment [ton.m] moment Yawing -5000 bow in -10000 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 Position [Lpp] 14 no wall permeable wall closed wall 'invisible' wall www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 14 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach o Tidal currents, river, … o Density currents • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 15 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach No wall: symmetric exchange current www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 16 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach Closed wall: asymmetric exchange current www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 17 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach Permeable wall (oblique walls): less asymmetric exchange current www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 18 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Currents during lock approach Invisible wall: slightly asymmetric exchange current www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 19 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 20 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects) www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 21 Translation waves • Lock chamber entry Translation waves © Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 22 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Lock chamber entry Return flow Increased resistance Flow on rudder(s) and propeller(s) affected Vertical motions www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 23 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Lock chamber entry Return flow Increased resistance Flow on rudder(s) and propeller(s) affected Vertical motions www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 24 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects) www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 25 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Lock chamber entry Translation waves Return flow Cushion effects Retardation forces (memory effects) High accelerations / decelerations Wave effect Depends on boundaries of waterway, water depth, … Non-stationary effect www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 26 Sudden lateral deceleration of a ship near a vertical wall Source: Vantorre & Laforce (1998), MAN98, Val de Reuil. www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 27 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Lock chamber exit www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 28 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Lock chamber exit time water level longitudinal position © Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 29 Hydrodynamics of lock access • Effect of lock approach configurations • Currents during lock approach • Lock chamber entry • Lock chamber exit • Other effects: o Wind o Contact forces (e.g. with fenders) www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 30 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 31 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 32 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 33 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 34 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 35 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 36 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 37 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 38 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 39 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 40 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 41 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 42 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 43 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 44 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 45 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 46 Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock © Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 47 Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock © Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 48 Practice of lock approach • Terneuzen West Lock © Flanders Hydraulics Research www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 49 Practice of lock approach • Panama: present locks • Terneuzen: West Lock • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 50 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Google Maps www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 51 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Google Maps www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 52 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock MSC Daniela © Marc Vantorre 14000 TEU 366 m x 51 m www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 53 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 54 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 55 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 56 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 57 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 58 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 59 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 60 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 61 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 62 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 63 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 64 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 65 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 66 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 67 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 68 Practice of lock approach • Antwerp: Berendrecht Lock © Marc Vantorre SNMS : Scheldt Navigator for Marginal Ships www.pianc.org New-Orleans 2011 69 Research tools