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Indirect Influence of English on Kiswahili: the Case of Multiword Duplicates Between Kiswahili and English

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Indirect Influence of English on Kiswahili: the Case of Multiword Duplicates Between Kiswahili and English Indirect Influence of English on Kiswahili: The Case of Multiword Duplicates between Kiswahili and English Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Chemnitz von Herrn Dunlop Ochieng, geboren am 15.11. 1973 in Rorya, Tanzania Chemnitz, den 4 Februar 2015 Ochieng ii Acknowledgements I owe a debt of gratitude to many kind individuals and supportive institutions for their support during the course of my study. First, I sincerely thank the German Academic Exchange Service and Tanzania Ministry of Education and Vocational Training for their joint scholarship that financed my German language course at the Eurasia Language Institute in Berlin and my PhD project at Technischen Universit ät Chemnitz. Secondly, I thank the Open University of Tanzania, my employer, for granting me a study leave to pursue my PhD in Germany, and for partly funding my study. My appreciation equally goes to the University of Helsinki in Finland for granting me a permission to access and use their online Kiswahili corpus, the Helsinki Corpus of Swahili for my research. Ac- cess to the corpus enabled me to compare and contrast the general tendencies and fre- quencies of my research tokens in my recent corpus, the Chemnitz Corpus of Swahili and their old corpus, the Helsinki Corpus of Swahili. I am equally grateful to Prof. Daniel Nkemleke, for his guidance on how to analyze my research data, and how to present them meaningfully and logically. He also helped me in proofreading my final drafts of thesis to ensure that it meets the standard of a PhD thesis in linguistics. In the same vein, I thank some staff members of Department of English and American Studies of Technischen Universität Chemnitz for sharing with me ideas and expertise on my project. I thank Dr. Thorsten Brato for enlightening me with skills to analyze data with R programming language statistical program that I applied extensively in analyzing my data. I likewise thank Ms. Cornelia Neubert for orienting me on using AntConc and Excel for analyzing and presenting data. I am also indebted to Mr. Jeff Phillips for being a resourceful colleague during the course of my study. He would unconditionally lend me his books and correct my language errors and mistakes whenever I appealed to him for help. Further, I thank Dr. Susanne Mohr for helping me to write a summary of my study in German. I equally thank Ms. Annegret Messner for her constant supply of stationeries I needed for my work and for guiding me on formatting and styling my work in Microsoft Word 2010. I thank Prof. Samuel Atechi for his academic, social, and spiritual support during my stay with him in the same office at Chemnitz. He always lived with me as a "brother” to lean on whenever I was in any difficulty. I pray to God that he bless him with long life for the wonderful support he offered me all the time. Indirect Influence of English on Kiswahili iii I thank my former lecturers of the University of Dar es Salaam for giving me an opportunity to present my preliminary findings to them. Concerning this, special thanks go to Dr. Gastor Mapunda (Head of Department). He proposed the idea that I present my work to his staff, and he provided me with equipment and venue to conduct the exercise. I equally thank Mr. Nobert Mtavangu for coordinating the event, and of course, all people who attended the presentation. Inputs from the presentation helped me to improve on my initial ideas, arguments, and approaches to my research problem. I also owe gratitude to colleagues and friends of Technischen Universität Chemnitz who volunteered to read the final version of my thesis. Their feedbacks helped me greatly in refining my ideas, presenting my findings, correcting grammatical mistakes, and styling the final draft. These were Ms. Hanifa Massawe, Prof. Babatunde Olusula Opeibi, Ms. Cornelia Neubert, Andrew Tollet and Dr. Thorsten Brato – may God bless you for the magnificent help that you offered me when I highly needed it. I cannot forget Mr. Nassor Sulleiman and Ms. Neema Magambo of Wete and Lindi Centers of the Open University of Tanzania. They all supported me in collecting the data in their respective regions. I correspondingly thank Mr. Dickson Sisso and Ms. Beatrice Marwa for linking me with respondents in Kigoma Region. It could not be easy to meet some respondents in the region without their help. I am after all quite grateful to every person who helped me with data during my field studies, be it by filling in a questionnaire, taking a translation test or participating in an interview. It is with the help of these people that I was able to access and use the relevant data for this work. On a final note, I thank my immediate and extended family members for providing me with moral and psychological peace of mind that I badly needed to be able to accomplish this challenging task. I thank my dependable wife and partner Ms. Joyce Edward and my dear children Emmiliana Ochieng, Eliakim Samblah and Kayumo Ochieng. They courageously and cheerfully shared the burden of my absence for four years during the course of this study. I really thank my mother, Dorina Ochieng for her constant good wishes and prayers that I excel in whatever I do. I would always feel reinvigorated whenever I talked with her on the phone. Ochieng iv Table of contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ii Table of contents ............................................................................................................ iv List of tables ................................................................................................................. viii List of figures .................................................................................................................. x List of abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xi 1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ........................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1. The duplication of multiword expressions (MWEs) among languages ........... 3 1.1.2. Evidence from other researchers ...................................................................... 8 1.1.3. Evidence from morpho-syntactic identicalness between DMWEs .................. 9 1.1.4. Evidence from the degree of translationality between the DMWEs ............... 9 1.2. Definition of key terms ............................................................................................. 10 1.2.1. Congruent and incongruent equivalents ........................................................ 10 1.2.2. Direct loan influence (lexical borrowing/loanword) ..................................... 11 1.2.3. Donor language .............................................................................................. 11 1.2.4. Duplicate multiword expressions (DMWEs) ................................................. 12 1.2.5. English duplicate MWEs ............................................................................... 12 1.2.6. Focus MWEs (Nexus MWEs) ....................................................................... 13 1.2.7. Form (version) ............................................................................................... 13 1.2.8. Indirect loan influence ................................................................................... 13 1.2.9. Intermediary language ................................................................................... 13 1.2.10. Kiswahili duplicate MWEs (DMWEs) ........................................................ 14 1.2.11. Loan expressions.......................................................................................... 14 1.2.12. Model (antecedent) ...................................................................................... 14 1.2.13. Multiword expressions ................................................................................. 14 1.2.14. Phrase (expression/multiword expression) .................................................. 15 1.2.15. Recipient language ....................................................................................... 15 1.2.16. Replica ......................................................................................................... 15 1.2.17. Research expressions ................................................................................... 15 1.2.18. The alleged loan expressions ....................................................................... 16 1.2.19. The new and the old corpus ......................................................................... 16 1.2.20. Transliteration .............................................................................................. 16 1.3. Statement of the problem .......................................................................................... 16 1.4. Objectives of the study ............................................................................................. 18 1.5. Research questions .................................................................................................... 18 1.6. Significance of the study .......................................................................................... 18 Indirect Influence of English
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