DOCSLIB.ORG

Supplementary Information For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supplementary Information For Supplementary Information for Rapid Evolution of a Skin Lightening Allele in Southern African KhoeSan Meng Lin, Rebecca L. Siford, Alicia R. Martin, Shigeki Nakagome, Marlo Möller, Eileen G. Hoal, Carlos D. Bustamante, Christopher R. Gignoux, Brenna M. Henn Corresponding authors: Meng Lin Email: [email protected] Brenna Henn Email: [email protected] This PDF file includes: Supplementary text Figs. S1 to S8 Tables S1 to S3 References for SI reference citations www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1801948115 Supplementary Text SI Materials and Methods Phenotype measurement. Individuals’ corresponding baseline pigmentation was measured with a reflectance spectrophotometer (DermaSpectrometer DSMII ColorMeter, Cortex Technology, Hadsund, Denmark), as described in (1). Quantitative melanin units (log10 ratio of inverse reflectance read from the device) were recorded in five measurements on each of left and right upper inner arms. We took the trimmed means, after removing the highest and lowest values of the five measurements, and then averaged the two arms. Quality control of targeted sequence. Because there were not enough variants to run VQSR, we applied hard filters for quality control. We removed samples with <10x mean coverage, samples with a ≥8% contamination rate measured by verifyBamID, and highly discordant samples (concordance with genotyping array <95%). The SLC24A5 resequencing region had below average GC content (0.33) compared to other targeted regions. On average, individuals had 47x coverage in the capture region. Global ancestry estimation Out of all 430 samples, we estimated the ancestry proportions from 402 individuals that had genome-wide array data (see (1) for genotyping platform information), using a block relaxation method to update ancestral allele frequency and ancestry fraction in ADMIXTURE (2). First, we ran an analysis on 361 individuals genotyped on Illumina Omni2.5 and Illumina MEGA, in order to maximize the number of loci overlapping among platforms. We included French (N= 28), French Basque (N= 23), Maasai trio parents from Kenya (N= 36), Namibian Ju/’hoansi San (N=6), Druze from Near East (N= 42), and Yoruba from Nigeria (N= 22) genotyped on Illumina MEGA platform from Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) dataset (http://www.pagestudy.org); /Gui and //Ghana from central Botswana (N= 7), Nama from Namibia (N= 7), Ju/’hoansi from Namibia (N= 17), and Herero from Namibia (N= 8) genotyped on Illumina Omni2.5 from Schlebusch et al. (3). We removed recently admixed individuals as identified by Schlebusch et al. All datasets were oriented to Human Genome Build hg19 and dbSNP v144, and only biallelic loci with the same allele codes as phase 3 1000 Genome Project were kept. After merging the datasets, we further removed singletons, and variants with > 5% genotyping missingness, resulting in 316,820 SNPs. Due to relatedness in both KhoeSan groups, we separated related ≠Khomani and Nama individuals into 19 running groups, and then added the rest of individuals unrelated to anyone in the population repeatedly to each running group (named “common individuals” as shown in Figure 2). Every running group has maximally unrelated samples of 118 ~ 120, where ancestries of the “common individuals” were averaged out across 19 repeated runs. The threshold of unrelatedness here was defined as pairwise identity-by-descent (IBD) < 1500 cM, as this value set apart clusters of reported relationships when matched with ethnographic information (see Methods in (1)). We ran ADMIXTURE from k= 2-7, with 5 iterations per running group at each k. By matching different ancestry clusters on repeating individuals and reference panels across different running groups, we chose k= 6 as the most stable estimates. Estimates of different running groups were further merged, with repeating individuals and reference panels remaining constant. Then at k= 6, we assigned ancestries in the KhoeSan samples to four general categories: European, Bantu, San, and East African, by combining southern and northern San proportions into an integrated San ancestry, and ancestries predominantly represented in both Maasai and Druze into East African. We did the same category assigning for another 41 KhoeSan individuals estimated from (1). at k= 7, which were genotyped on different platforms, by combining southern and northern San proportions into integrated San ancestry, and ancestries predominantly represented in Hadza, Sandawe, and Mozabite into East African. We then integrated estimates from 361 samples described above and 41 samples from (1) based on the four categories using pong (4). Tested demographic and evolutionary models. Model 1: Neutral allele derived from the European migration (“European Source”) The beneficial allele arose in Europeans (Ne = 10,000) about 13 kya, and was under selection with a selection coefficient 0.08 (5), meanwhile this derived allele remained absent in KhoeSan (Ne = 20,000) and Bantu-speaking agropastoralists (Ne = 17,000). Nama underwent a bottleneck 20 generations ago, with an effective population size decreased to 10,000. 14 generations ago (6), KhoeSan received gene flow from a group of Bantu-speakers at 13% in the ≠Khomani San, 2% in Nama. 7 to 10 generations ago, one pulse of gene flow from Europeans into KhoeSan happened at a migration rate of 12% for ≠Khomani San, 17% for Nama. The introduced derived allele of interest drifted to the observed frequency of 32.5% in ≠Khomani San and 53.5% in Nama. Model 2: Selected allele derived from the European migration (“European Source”) The beneficial allele arose in Europeans (Ne = 10,000) about 13 kya, and was under selection with a selection coefficient 0.08 (5), meanwhile this derived allele remained absent in KhoeSan (Ne = 20,000) and Bantu-speaking agropastoralists (Ne = 17,000). Nama underwent a bottleneck 20 generations ago, with an effective population size decreased to 10,000. 14 generations ago (6), KhoeSan received gene flow from a group of Bantu-speakers at 13% in ≠Khomani San, 2% in Nama. 7 to 10 generations ago, we model a pulse of gene flow from Europeans into the KhoeSan at a rate m=12% for ≠Khomani San, 17% for Nama. The derived allele was under selection in KhoeSan, with a selection coefficient s, reaching the observed frequency of 32.5% in ≠Khomani San and 53.5% in Nama. Model 3: Neutral allele derived from eastern African pastoralists (“East African Source”) The beneficial allele arose in Europeans (Ne=10,000) about 13 kya, and was under selection with a selection coefficient 0.08 (5), while the derived allele was absent in KhoeSan (Ne = 20,000), Bantu- speaking agropastoralists (Ne =17,000), and eastern African pastoralists (Ne = 17,000). About 5 - 10 kya, gene flow from Europeans to eastern African pastoralists happened at 30% (relative to the size of eastern African pastoralists). The introduced allele was not subject to selection in eastern African pastoralists. 900 – 3,000 years ago (7), a group of eastern African pastoralists migrated southward and introduced gene flow into KhoeSan at 2% - 10% (Supplementary Text). Nama underwent a bottleneck 20 generations ago, with an effective population size decreased to 10,000. 14 generations ago (6), KhoeSan received gene flow from a group of Bantu-speakers at 13% in ≠Khomani San, 2% in Nama. 7 to 10 generations ago (6), one pulse of migration from Europeans into KhoeSan happened at rate of 12% for ≠Khomani San, 17% for Nama. The derived allele was neutral in KhoeSan, and drifted to the observed frequency of 32.5% in ≠Khomani San and 53.5% in Nama. Model 4: Selected allele derived from eastern African pastoralists (“East African Source”) The beneficial allele arose in Europeans (Ne =10,000) about 13 kya, and was under selection with a selection coefficient 0.08 (5), while the derived allele was absent in KhoeSan (Ne = 20,000), Bantu- speaking agropastoralists (Ne =17,000), and eastern African pastoralists (Ne = 17,000). About 5 - 10 kya, gene flow from Europeans to eastern African pastoralists at 30% (relative to the size of eastern African pastoralists). The introduced allele was not subject to selection in eastern African pastoralists. 900 – 3,000 years ago (7), a group of eastern African pastoralists migrated southward and introduced gene flow into KhoeSan at 2% - 10%. Nama underwent a bottleneck 20 generations ago, with an effective population size decreased to 10,000. 14 generations ago (6), KhoeSan received gene flow from a group of Bantu- speakers at 13% in ≠Khomani San, 2% in Nama. 7 generations ago (6), one pulse of migration from Europeans into KhoeSan happened at rate of 12% for ≠Khomani San, 17% for Nama. The derived allele was under selection in KhoeSan, and reached the observed frequency of 32.5% in ≠Khomani San and 53.5% in Nama. We obtained the demographic parameter values in each model from published data and estimates of global ancestries in this study (Supplementary Table 2, Supplementary Notes), either by adopting the point estimate, or drawing from a distribution when a wider uncertainty of the estimate exists. The prior of selection coefficient in Model 2 was drawn from a larger range of a uniform distribution U(0.01, 1), and that in Model 4 from U(0.01,0.2), in consideration of possibly stronger selection if the allele was introduced more recently. Coalescent simulations. We performed coalescent simulations in a two-step framework. First, we simulated forward-in-time allele trajectories under a Wright-Fisher model, where each trajectory recorded the frequency change of a focal allele in the population(s) over time. A selection coefficient of the allele was sampled from a prior distribution per trajectory, and the demographic parameters with a range of possible values were drawn each time (Table S2). In the neutral models, we set the selection coefficient to be 1e-6. Note that the input of our trajectory generator takes the selection advantage of the homozygote of the focal allele, which is twice as large as the selection coefficient of the allele drawn from the described distribution under the additive model.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nation- and Image Building by the Rehoboth Basters
    Nation- and Image Building by the Rehoboth Basters Negative bias concerning the Rehoboth Basters in literature Jeroen G. Zandberg Nation- and Image Building by the Rehoboth Basters Negative bias concerning the Rehoboth Basters in literature 1. Introduction Page 3 2. How do I define a negative biased statement? …………………..5 3. The various statements ……………………………………… 6 3.1 Huibregtse ……………………………………… ……. 6 3.2 DeWaldt ……………………………………………. 9 3.3 Barnard ……………………………………………. 12 3.4 Weiss ……………………………………………. 16 4. The consequences of the statements ………………………… 26 4.1 Membership application to the UNPO ……………27 4.2 United Nations ………………………………………29 4.3 Namibia ……………………………………………..31 4.4 Baster political identity ………………………………..34 5. Conclusion and recommendation ……………………………...…38 Bibliography …………………………………………………….41 Rehoboth journey ……………………………………………...43 Picture on front cover: The Kapteins Council in 1876. From left to right: Paul Diergaardt, Jacobus Mouton, Hermanus van Wijk, Christoffel van Wijk. On the table lies the Rehoboth constitution (the Paternal Laws) Jeroen Gerk Zandberg 2005 ISBN – 10: 9080876836 ISBN – 13: 9789080876835 2 1. Introduction The existence of a positive (self) image of a people is very important in the successful struggle for self-determination. An image can be constructed through various methods. This paper deals with the way in which an incorrect image of the Rehoboth Basters was constructed via the literature. Subjects that are considered interesting or popular, usually have a great number of different publications and authors. A large quantity of publications almost inevitably means that there is more information available on that specific topic. A large number of publications usually also indicates a great amount of authors who bring in many different views and interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia's Colonization Process
    The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia’s Colonization Process By: Jonathan Baker Honors Capstone Through Professor Taylor Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa Baker, 2 Table of Contents I. Authors Note II. Introduction III. Pre-Colonization IV. Colonization by Germany V. Colonization by South Africa VI. The Struggle for Independence VII. The Decolonization Process VIII. Political Changes- A Reaction to Colonization IX. Immediate Economic Changes Brought on by Independence X. Long Term Political Effects (of Colonization) XI. Long Term Cultural Effects XII. Long Term Economic Effects XIII. Prospects for the Future XIV. Conclusion XV. Bibliography XVI. Appendices Baker, 3 I. Author’s Note I learned such a great deal from this entire honors capstone project, that all the knowledge I have acquired can hardly be covered by what I wrote in these 50 pages. I learned so much more that I was not able to share both about Namibia and myself. I can now claim that I am knowledgeable about nearly all areas of Namibian history and life. I certainly am no expert, but after all of this research I can certainly consider myself reliable. I have never had such an extensive knowledge before of one academic area as a result of a school project. I also learned a lot about myself through this project. I learned how I can motivate myself to work, and I learned how I perform when I have to organize such a long and complicated paper, just to name a couple of things. The strange inability to be able to include everything I learned from doing this project is the reason for some of the more random appendices at the end, as I have a passion for both numbers and trivia.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction One Setting the Stage
    Notes Introduction 1. For further reference, see, for example, MacKay 2002. 2. See also Engle 2010 for this discussion. 3. I owe thanks to Naomi Kipuri, herself an indigenous Maasai, for having told me of this experience. 4. In the sense as this process was first described and analyzed by Fredrik Barth (1969). 5. An in-depth and updated overview of the state of affairs is given by other sources, such as the annual IWGIA publication, The Indigenous World. 6. The phrase refers to a 1972 cross-country protest by the Indians. 7. Refers to the Act that extinguished Native land claims in almost all of Alaska in exchange for about one-ninth of the state’s land plus US$962.5 million in compensation. 8. Refers to the court case in which, in 1992, the Australian High Court for the first time recognized Native title. 9. Refers to the Berger Inquiry that followed the proposed building of a pipeline from the Beaufort Sea down the Mackenzie Valley in Canada. 10. Settler countries are those that were colonized by European farmers who took over the land belonging to the aboriginal populations and where the settlers and their descendents became the majority of the population. 11. See for example Béteille 1998 and Kuper 2003. 12. I follow the distinction as clarified by Jenkins when he writes that “a group is a collectivity which is meaningful to its members, of which they are aware, while a category is a collectivity that is defined according to criteria formu- lated by the sociologist or anthropologist” (2008, 56).
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE SEMINAR the Rehoboth Rebellion
    The Gubblns Library, AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE SEMINAR The Rehoboth Rebellion by P. Pearson At dawn on the 5th of April 1925, a force of 621 men comprising citizen force troops and police surrounded the town of Rehoboth in South West Africa. Their object was to secure the arrest of three men who had failed to respond to summonses issued under the stock branding proclamation. Seven days previously a large group of supporters had prevented three local policemen from entering the building where the men were staying. In response to this act of defiance, the Administrator had mobilized the citizen force in nine districts and declared (2) martial law in Rehoboth. At 7am a messenger entered the town carrying an ultimatum from Col. de Jager, commander of the troops. It called for an unconditional surrender by 8am. The rebels asked for more time in order to evacuate the women and children, but at 8.15am three aeroplanes fitted with machine guns flew low over the town and the soldiers charged. Faced with this vastly superior force, the rebels offered little resistance, and no shots were fired. The soldiers and policemen were spurred on by de Jager to attack their opponents with sticks arid rifle butts. Women and children who surrounded the rebel headquarters in an attempt to (4) protect their menfolk inside were also quickly dealt with in this way. Six hundred and thirty two people were arrested on charges of illegal assembly and 304 firearms were confiscated. All of the weapons were subsequently declared 'unservicablef and destroyed. Organised resistance had begun some twenty months earlier on the 17th of August 1923.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Historical Classification of Khoekhoe Groups
    Socio-historical classification of Khoekhoe groups Tom Güldemann & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (Humboldt University Berlin, University of Kiel) Speaking (of) Khoisan: A symposium reviewing southern African prehistory EVA MPI Leipzig, 14–16 Mai 2015 1 Kolb 1719 Overview • Introduction • Khoekhoe groups • in pre- and early colonial period • in later colonial periods • today • Problems and challenges 2 Introduction • The Khoekhoe played an important role in the network of language contact in southern Africa a) because of their traditionally mobile economies → larger migratory territories b) contact with all language groups in the area . Tuu languages as the earliest linguistic layer . Bantu languages (Herero, Tswana, Xhosa) . colonial languages: Dutch → influencing Afrikaans 3 Introduction • The Khoekhoe played an important role in the network of language contact in southern Africa a) traditionally mobile → larger migratory territories b) contact with all language groups in the area c) fled from the encroaching colonial system carrying with them their Khoekhoe language + Dutch and some cultural features → considerable advantages and prestige vis-à-vis the groups they encounter during their migrations 4 Introduction • The Khoekhoe language played a dual role: o the substratum of groups shifting to other languages (e.g. Dutch/Afrikaans) o the target of language shift by groups speaking other languages • complexity unlikely to be disentangled completely • especially problematic due to the lack of historical linguistic data → wanted: a more fine-grained
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnic Conflict and International Law : Group Claims and Conflict Resolution Within the International Legal System
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2006 Ethnic conflict and international law : group claims and conflict resolution within the international legal system Kempin Reuter, Tina Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-163530 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Kempin Reuter, Tina. Ethnic conflict and international law : group claims and conflict resolution within the international legal system. 2006, University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts. Ethnic Conflict and International Law Group Claims and Conflict Resolution within the International Legal System Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultt der Universitt Zürich vorgelegt von Tina empin von Mnnedorf und Uetikon ZH Angenommen im Wintersemester 2006/2007 auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. urt R. Spillmann und Herrn Prof. Dr. Daniel Thürer. Studentendruckerei Zürich. 2006 Table of Contents Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................iii Abbreviations..................................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................vi Introduction ...............................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Ethnic Stratification and the Equilibrium of Inequality: Ethnic
    Ethnic Stratification and the Equilibrium of Inequality: Ethnic Conflict in Post-colonial States Manuel Vogt 13,937 words 1 Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Lars-Erik Cederman, Carles Boix, Paul Huth, Nils-Christian Bor- mann, Dan Siegel, Matthijs Bogaards, Tom Pavone, Mark Beissinger, Simon Hug, as well as three anonymous reviewers of the journal for their valuable comments and suggestions. I would also like to express my gratitude to the participants of the Race, Ethnicity, and Identity workshop at Princeton University and the University of Maryland colloquium where I presented this work. The data used in this article can be accessed on the journal’s replication website. 2 Manuel Vogt ETH Zürich [email protected] 3 Ethnic Stratification and the Equilibrium of Inequality: Ethnic Conflict in Post-colonial States Manuel Vogt Why are ethnic movements more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in oth- ers? Focusing on the long-term legacies of European overseas colonialism, this article investi- gates the effect of distinct ethnic cleavage types on the consequences of ethnic group mobiliza- tion. It argues that the colonial settler states and other stratified multiethnic states are charac- terized by an equilibrium of inequality, in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, ethnic mobiliza- tion in the decolonized states and other segmented multiethnic societies is more likely to trigger violent conflict. The paper tests these arguments in a global quantitative study from 1946 to 2009, using new data on the linguistic and religious segmentation of ethnic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Council in Its Resolution 1982/34 of 7 May 1982
    UNITED NATIONS E Economic and Social Distr. GENERAL Council E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/17 9 August 2001 Original: ENGLISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Fifty-third session Agenda item 5 (b) PREVENTION OF DISCRIMINATION Prevention of discrimination and protection of indigenous peoples Report of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations on its nineteenth session Chairperson-Rapporteur: Ms. Erica-Irene Daes GE.01-14979 (E) E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/17 page 2 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 - 3 4 I. ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK OF THE SESSION ..... 4 - 16 5 A. Attendance ...................................................................... 4 - 5 5 B. Documentation ............................................................... 6 5 C. Opening of the session .................................................... 7 5 D. Election of officers ......................................................... 8 - 10 5 E. Adoption of the agenda ................................................... 11 - 15 6 F. Adoption of the report .................................................... 16 6 II. REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS PERTAINING TO THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THEIR RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THEIR RIGHT TO PARTICIPATE IN DEVELOPMENT AFFECTING THEM.............................................................. 17 - 78 7 III. REVIEW
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Apperception and Linguistic Contact between German and Afrikaans Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sr6157f Author Bergerson, Jeremy Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Apperception and Linguistic Contact between German and Afrikaans By Jeremy Bergerson A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in German in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Irmengard Rauch, Co-Chair Professor Thomas Shannon, Co-Chair Professor John Lindow Assistant Professor Jeroen Dewulf Spring 2011 1 Abstract Apperception and Linguistic Contact between German and Afrikaans by Jeremy Bergerson Doctor of Philosophy in German University of California, Berkeley Proffs. Irmengard Rauch & Thomas Shannon, Co-Chairs Speakers of German and Afrikaans have been interacting with one another in Southern Africa for over three hundred and fifty years. In this study, the linguistic results of this intra- Germanic contact are addressed and divided into two sections: 1) the influence of German (both Low and High German) on Cape Dutch/Afrikaans in the years 1652–1810; and 2) the influence of Afrikaans on Namibian German in the years 1840–present. The focus here has been on the lexicon, since lexemes are the first items to be borrowed in contact situations, though other grammatical borrowings come under scrutiny as well. The guiding principle of this line of inquiry is how the cognitive phenonemon of Herbartian apperception, or, Peircean abduction, has driven the bulk of the borrowings between the languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity in Namibia
    Namibia Ethnicity in Namibia Group selection Ethnicity is relevant in Namibian politics but it is a complicated and unstable issue with constant re-groupings and changing identi- ties (see e.g. 3626; 3627; 3628; 3629; see 3630 for a list of the different 3626 [Flint, 2003] ethnic and linguistic groups, and their relationship and overlap- 3627 [Fosse, 1997] 3628 ping). Although the constitution and the government of Namibia are [Taylor, 2009] 3629 [Kjaeret & Stokke, 2003] strongly committed to a unified nation (“One Namibia, one nation”), 3630 [Lewis, 2009] there are differences regarding political representation and access to power which are to be explained by ethnic cleavages (3631). Most of 3631 [Daniels, 2003] the political parties in Namibia are formed around ethnic issues (see e.g. 3632; 3633). 3632 [Schillinger, 2005] 3633 [Emminghaus, 2002] Power relations 1990-2014 The SWAPO is dominating the political arena. It finds its support mainly among the Ovambos, yet as well to lesser extent among people of most other groups in the country, and includes members of other ethnic groups in the government: especially Hereros and Damaras and Namas following Schillinger’s and Suzman’s state- ments, as for example the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Min- ister hail from the Damara and Nama communities, respectively (3634, 12f; 3635, 16). When coming to power after independence, the 3634 [Schillinger, 2005] SWAPO was facing the problem of building a unified nation out of 3635 [Suzman, 2002] an ethnically divided society inherited from the former colonizers (see 3636, 7-10). To avoid tribalization or ethnicization which could 3636 [Suzman, 2002] threaten the integrity of the new state, the national government tried to include traditional leaders from different ethnic groups in the political decision-making (ibid., 10).
    [Show full text]
  • UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE During Its 116Th Session Relating to the Consideration of Second Periodic Report of Namibia
    SPECIAL ALTERNATIVE REPORT AS SUDMITTED TO: UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE During its 116th Session Relating to the Consideration of Second Periodic Report of Namibia January 25 2016 NamRights Inc, Liberty Center, 116 John Meinert Street, Windhoek-West, P O Box 23592, Namibia, Tel: +264 61 236 183, Fax2Email: +264 88 640 669, Fax: +264 61 234 286, Email1: [email protected]; Email2: [email protected], Web: www.nshr.org.na I. ABOUT NAMRIGHTS INC NamRights Inc (“NamRights”) is a private, independent, non- partisan and non-profit making human rights monitoring and advocacy organization. Founded on December 1 1989 by concerned citizens, the Organization envisages a world free of human rights violations. Its mission is to stop human rights violations in Namibia and the rest of the world. NamRights bases its legal existence on the provisions of Article 21(1) (e) of the Namibian Constitution as well as Article 71 of the UN Charter, read with Economic and Social Council Resolutions 1296 (XLIV) and E/1996/31. The Organization is lawfully registered in terms of Section 21(a) of the Companies Act 1973 (Act 61 of 1973), as amended, as an association incorporated not for gain. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights of African Union (in 1993) and UN Economic and Social Council (in 1997) recognize NamRights as a bona fide human rights organization truly concerned with matters in their respective competence. The organization can be reached via this address: NamRights Inc Liberty Center 116 John Meinert Street Windhoek-West P. O. Box 23592 Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 236 183/+264 61 253 447/+264 61 238 711 Fax: +264 88 640 669/+264 61 234 286 Mobile: +264 811 406 888 E-mail1: [email protected] E-mail2: [email protected] Web: www.nshr.org.na 2 II.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reader in Namibian Politics
    State, Society and Democracy A Reader in Namibian Politics Edited by Christiaan Keulder Macmillan Education Namibia Publication of this book was made possible by the generous support of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. The views expressed by the authors are not necessarily the views of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung P.O.Box 1145, Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 225568 Fax: +264 61 225678 www.kas.de/namibia © Konrad Adenauer Stiftung & individual authors, 2010 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Language editing by Sandie Fitchat Cover image by Melody Futter First published 2000 Reprinted 2010 Macmillan Education Namibia (Pty) Ltd P O Box 22830 Windhoek Namibia ISBN 978 99916 0265 3 Printed by John Meinert Printing, Windhoek, Namibia State, Society and Democracy Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ...................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................ix Introduction Christiaan Keulder ..............................................................................................1
    [Show full text]