Notes

Introduction 1. For further reference, see, for example, MacKay 2002. 2. See also Engle 2010 for this discussion. 3. I owe thanks to Naomi Kipuri, herself an indigenous Maasai, for having told me of this experience. 4. In the sense as this process was first described and analyzed by Fredrik Barth (1969). 5. An in-depth and updated overview of the state of affairs is given by other sources, such as the annual IWGIA publication, The Indigenous World. 6. The phrase refers to a 1972 cross-country protest by the Indians. 7. Refers to the Act that extinguished Native land claims in almost all of Alaska in exchange for about one-ninth of the state’s land plus US$962.5 million in compensation. 8. Refers to the court case in which, in 1992, the Australian High Court for the first time recognized Native title. 9. Refers to the Berger Inquiry that followed the proposed building of a pipeline from the Beaufort Sea down the Mackenzie Valley in . 10. Settler countries are those that were colonized by European farmers who took over the land belonging to the aboriginal populations and where the settlers and their descendents became the majority of the population. 11. See for example Béteille 1998 and Kuper 2003. 12. I follow the distinction as clarified by Jenkins when he writes that “a group is a collectivity which is meaningful to its members, of which they are aware, while a category is a collectivity that is defined according to criteria formu- lated by the sociologist or anthropologist” (2008, 56).

One Setting the Stage 1. Eleven anthropologists participating in a “Symposium on Inter-Ethnic Conflict in South America” in Barbados in January 1971 analyzed the critical situation of the Indians and urged religious missions, social scientists, and states to take action as formulated in a statement that came to be known as the Declaration of Barbados (World Council of Churches 1971). 2. Later changing its name to the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. 244 / Notes

3. This was the title of a book published by John Bodley in 1982. 4. The Alaska Native Brotherhood was founded in 1912 by Tsimshian, and Tlingits worked for the abandonment of “uncivilized” customs that were an obstacle to achieving citizenship. After some years, the Alaska Native Sisterhood was also established and proliferated in southeastern Alaska (Arnold 1976). 5. In 2006, it changed its name to the Inuit Circumpolar Council. 6. Detailed accounts of this meeting are contained in Kleivan, I. 1992 and Dahl 2009. 7. For a detailed account of this process and George Manuel’s role, see Dahl 2009. 8. For more detailed information about the founding of the WCIP, see Sanders 1977 and Dahl 2009. 9. Personal information from participants. 10. I recall that the existence of this mutual skepticism was mentioned to me by Helge Kleivan back in 1975 after he had returned from the meeting. 11. Personal information from one of the participants in the meeting, Nilo Cayuqeo. See also Akwesasne Notes vol. 9, no. 5, 1977, and Dunbar-Ortiz 1985. 12. According to information given to Helge Kleivan (letter from Helge Kleivan dat. 28. February 1974). Helge Kleivan’s archive in the Danish National Archive. 13. See also Akwesasne Notes vol. 9, no. 5, December 1977. 14. See, for example Dunbar-Ortiz 2006, 69, and the editorial (“How It Is with Us”) in Akwesasne Notes p. 25, vol. 9, no. 5, 1977. 15. Various documents in Helge Kleivan’s archive (Danish National Archive) and Nilo Cariqueo personal communication. 16. These processes are thoroughly dealt with in Dahl 2009. 17. Source: IWGIA Newsletter 25/26, 1981. 18. IWGIA Newsletter 28/29, 1981. 19. “Draft Declarations of Principles for the Defence of the Indigenous Nations and Peoples of the Western Hemisphere.” 20. Coates is of the opinion that it was the change in the international standing on human rights that had changed and that “while it has been common- place to explain the rise of the indigenous rights movements in the context of aboriginal organizations and national politics, that emphasis is misplaced” (2004, 231) but he seems not to distinguish between aboriginal and indig- enous movements. 21. Reprinted in Akwesasne Notes vol. 6, no. 3, 1974. 22. Quotations from the video “Indian Summer in Geneva” by Ziegler and Birraux.

Two The as a Platform 1. Excerpt from statement to the Permanent Forum, 2007. 2. The five regions are: the African Group, the Asian Group, the Eastern European Group, the Latin American and Caribbean Group, and the Group Notes / 245

of Western Europe and Others (the Western countries). This division is still in operation today. 3. Cited in Tauli-Corpuz (1999, 8) from a book by Sarah Pritchard: Indigenous Peoples, United Nations and Human Rights (1998, 62–64), Zed book. 4. The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) claims on its homepage to be the first indigenous organization to have obtained consultative status but this did not happen until three years later. 5. Information about the dates for NGO accreditation is available in United Nations document E/2009/INF/4. 6. These events are also reported in Gray 1992. 7. See also Hodgson 2002a. 8. Originally named Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples. 9. Its official name was “Working group to elaborate a draft declaration in accordance with paragraph 5 of General Assembly resolution 49/214 of 23 December 1994”. With this name, governments did not need to take a stance on the concept of “indigenous peoples”. 10. From “Report on the 1985 Session of the U.N: Working Group on Indigenous Populations, July 29–August 2, and on the Indigenous Peoples” Pre-Working Group Meeting, July 22–July 26, 1985, by Indian Law Resource Center and reprinted in Akwesasne Notes vol. 17, no. 5, February 1985. 11. The persons were: Ron Andrade, Howard Berman, Clem Cartier, John Clinebell, Jeanette Hantke, Leroy Little Bear, Sharon O’Brien, Douglas Sanders, David Weissbrodt, Armstrong Wiggins, Curtis Berkey, Joseph Ryan, Steven Tullberg, and Robert T. Coulter. (Memorandum from Indian Law Resource Center, July 13, 1982). According to Coulter it was as early as 1976 that he, together with Six Nations, produced draft principles for a declaration (Coulter 2010). 12. Printed in Daes 2009. 13. Printed in Daes 2009. 14. For these early steps in the Declaration process, see the IWGIA Yearbooks and The Indigenous World. 15. United Nations document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1988/25. 16. The process by which the chair elaborated his own final draft is analyzed by Åhrén 2007 and Deer 2010. 17. Comments on the First Revised Text of the draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as adopted July, 28, 1989 by the Indigenous Peoples’ Preparatory Meeting. Caucus paper. 18. Among the first indigenous organizations to be prepared to consider changes to the text were ICC, the Sámi Council, Indian Law Resource Center, and the Aboriginal organizations from Australia (Prichard 2001; Åhrén 2007). 19. The group was led by the International Indian Treaty Council and some North American Indian organisations. 20. Those who took part in the Indigenous Global Steering Committee were Dalee Sambo and Mattias Åhrén (Arctic), Raja Devashish Roy, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz and Joan Carling (Asia), Hector Huertas, Azelene Kaingang, and José Carlos Morales (Latin America and the Caribbean), Andrea Carmen and Chief Ed John (North America), Les Malezer (chair) and Mililani Kay 246 / Notes

Trask (Pacific), Mikael Todyshev (Russia and Eastern Europe), and Saodata Aboubacrine and Hassan Idbalkassm Africa). 21. Author’s notes from these meetings. 22. For a thorough report and analysis of the Declaration process, see Åhrén 2007. 23. For a detailed account of these processes, see Dahl 2009. 24. It seems as if the discussion will never disappear. At the Permanent Forum meeting in 2011, the issue was raised again by the then former member of the Permanent Forum, Willie (Wilton) Littlechild, who would have “peoples” inserted instead of “issues” as an act of reconciliation. 25. For more detailed information about the process and the establishment of the Permanent Forum, see Dahl 2009 García-Alix 1999a, 1999b, and 2003. 26. For factual information about the Permanent Forum, see www.un.org/esa/ socdev/unpfii. 27. In support of local indigenous organizations, the issue was raised by the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) and the International Land Coalition (ILC). 28. Excerpt from the transcription of the oral presentation of the statement of the Honourable Iqbal Ahmed, First Secretary, Bangladesh Mission to United Nations. 29. http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media. 30. Tennant (1994) thus talks about the “ILO Period from 1945–1958” due to the dominance of the ILO during these years. 31. The Fund was founded by IWGIA, Anti-Slavery International, Gesellschaft für Bedrohte Völker, KWIA (Belgium), and NCIV (The Netherlands). Gesellschaft withdrew in 2007 but the Spanish NGO, Almáciga is now included. For the role of this Fund, see Dahl 2009 and Cohen 1993. 32. www.ohchr.org. 33. The name was originally “Special Rapporteur on the Situation of the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People.” 34. The members were John Bernhard Henriksen (Norway), Jannie Lasimbang (Malaysia), José Carlos Morales (Costa Rica), José Molintas (the Philippines), and Caterine Odimba Kome (Congo). The current (December 2011) mem- bers are Vital Bambanze (Burundi), Anastasia Chukhman (Russia), Jannie Lasimbang (Malaysia), Wilton Littlechild (Canada), and José Carlos Morales (Costa Rica). 35. The intricacies of these meetings have also been dealt with in Gray 1992. 36. As Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Commissioner, Michael Dodson was one of the people behind the “Bringing Them Home Report” from 1997, which brought the issue into the public eye. He was a member of the Permanent Forum from 2005 to 2010. 37. See also Hodgson 2002a.

Three Three Cases 1. Valuable information about , its history, population, and political development is available in, for example, The Chittagong Hill Tracts Commission 1991 and 1997, and Wolfgang Mey 1984. Notes / 247

2. I was accompanied by my wife and Sudipta Chakma. The trip was organized by Mrinal Kanti Tripura, Sanjeeb Drong, and Sudipta Chakma, and without their support and assistance the trip would not have been possible. 3. New York in April 2010. 4. Statement given at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in New York, May 2005. 5. I had the opportunity to participate in the ICC General Assemblies in Nome (Alaska) in 1995, Nuuk 1998, Barrow (Alaska) 2006, and Nuuk 2010. 6. For more information, see: www.inuit.org 7. In 1951, when the Mkomazi Game Reserve was established by the colonial authorities, the Parakuiyo were allowed to remain inside the reserve. When other pastoralists migrated into Mkomazi, the area became over grassed and, in 1988, all pastoralists were evicted. The pastoralists lost a subsequent court case initiated by them (Wickama et al. 2005) 8. The historical information is based upon Mwarabu, n.d.; and Århem 1985. 9. The eviction is known as the Ihefu case (Porokwa 2009; Walsh 2007) 10. Rie Odgaard personal communication.

Four Representation—The Indigenous Caucus 1. Akwesasne Notes vol. 17, no. 5, fall 1985, page 14. The steering committee consisted of the Indian Law Resource Center, Inuit Circumpolar Conference, National Indian Youth Council, International Indian Treaty Council, Four Directions Council and the National Aboriginal and Islander Legal Services. 2. Muehlebach (2003) has a key analysis of the Indigenous Caucus and its deal- ings with self-determination. 3. The presence at UN meetings on indigenous issues of the in 1994, of political activists from Iran in the WGIP, and of Black Americans from the United States at a meeting in the Permanent Forum are such cases. These people did not, however, show up at caucus meetings. 4. Gulnara Abbasova in New York, April 2010. 5. It could be noted that, in 2011, the “talking stick” was handed over to the then elected indigenous member from North America, Ed John. 6. Interpretation services are provided by organizations such as the Human Rights Fund for Indigenous Peoples, IWGIA, Docip, and the World Council of Churches in alliance with some indigenous organizations. 7. See also Kvaale 1993, 43. 8. This has been observed by indigenous as well as nonindigenous participants. Thus, in a report from one of the meetings of the Declaration Working Groups, Sarah Pritchard reports: “In relation to the States’ discussion papers, there was insufficient time adequately to analyze the proposals to caucus and to respond to proposed textual changes. A particular difficulty arose as the Anglophone instigators of the process had failed to make adequate provision for translation” (2001, 447). 9. See also Tennant 1994, 50. 10. For this distinction, see Smith 2006, 218–22. 11. My notes from the meeting. 248 / Notes

12. Personal communication. 13. Notes from these meetings. 14. IWGIA Yearbook 1988, 167–78.

Five Different But United 1. Miguel Alfonso Martínez: Study on treaties, agreements and other con- structive arrangements between States and indigenous populations. United Nations Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20, June 22, 1999. 2. See Jenkins (2008) for a discussion of the differences between categories and groups. 3. Tania Li (2000) uses “moments of opportunity” in connection with the con- cept “positioning.” 4. Hall and Fenelon (2009, 30) mention that the traditional Lakota had such a position. 5. From a statement to the WGIP in 1995. 6. A good account of the early indigenous experiences with the United Nations is given in Niezen 2000. 7. www.cpaphils.org. 8. Intervention given on May 19, 2011, to the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. 9. Excerpt from presentation to the Permanent Forum 2002. 10. A phrase proposed by Jonathan Friedmann 1992. 11. Taiaiake Alfred (2009) has written about this process as concerns the Indians of North America. 12. See also Stavenhagen 1990. 13. MapUrbe Communication Team. 14. http://www.indigenoussummit.com/servlet/content/declaration.html. 15. From an intervention by Rosalie Little Thunder at the nineteenth session of the WGIP, July 2001. 16. Excerpt from Armstrong 2006. 17. The key role of indigenous women is also reported from India’s Himalaya region where the women had a key position in the famous Chipko (“hug the tree”) movement of the 1970s (Berreman 1979; 1985). 18. Dorothy Hodgson (2011, 111) mentions that among Maasai in Tanzania a similar deference to the elders takes place between those who share educa- tional and class background. 19. January 2009. 20. This not only happens in the United Nations but also in other international indigenous meetings such as statements by Marie Greene and Reggie Joule in the ICC General Assembly 2010. 21. With reference to , Michael F. Brown, has written a very critical article about the use of concepts when diffused from their historical hearths (Brown 2007).

Six Indigenous Strategies and Performances 1. Akwesasne Notes vol. 9, no. 5, 1977. 2. As I noted it down in a Permanent Forum expert seminar, New York, January 13, 2010. Notes / 249

3. Joint intervention by a number of indigenous organizations. 4. See also Hall and Fenelon 2009, 121. 5. These includes Muehlebach, Kuper, Niezen, Morgan, and Sjørslev. 6. See also Castree 2004, 155; Gupta and Ferguson 1997, 19. 7. Inspired by Lindstrom 1982. 8. Ref. Hetherington 1997. 9. With examples from Inuit societies, Searles (2006) and Wachowhich (2006) give illustrative examples how certain facts are “chosen” and given new significance. 10. The strikers were Andrea Carmen, Yaquie Nation, United States, Adelard Blackman, Buffalo River Dené Nation, Canada, Saul Vicente, Zapotec, Mexico, Alexis Tiouka, Kaliña, French Guyana, Charmaine White Face, Ogala Tetuwan, United States, Dannie Seminole, United States. Aucan Huilcaman, Mapuche, was also seen as a striker, at least in the early phase. 11. Excerpt from the statement as printed in Nielsen 2010. 12. One of the strikers, Andrea Carmen (Carmen 2009), has a much more posi- tive evaluation of the effect of the strike. I have not heard, however, this to be shared by many other indigenous participants. 13. Own notes, Gray and Dahl 1998, and UNPO Monitor October 21, 1996. 14. At a caucus meeting during the COP 15 meeting in Copenhagen in 2009, one of the indigenous representatives warned the caucus against a suggested walkout unless these issues were absolutely clear.

Seven “We know Who We are” 1. Kay B. Warren (1998) has made an in-depth constructivist analysis of the construction of Pan-Mayan identities. 2. In the journals Anthropology Today and Current Anthropology. 3. Suhas Chakma, Jumma Peoples Network, to the WGIP in 1997. 4. United Nations Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4. 5. United Nations document E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/14, pg. 14. 6. Azerbaijan and Turkey protested strongly at the Armenians being allowed to speak. 7. In 2005, Ronald Niezen wrote: “During the last few years a surprising amount of interest has been built around the idea of including the Palestinians as indigenous peoples” (2005a, 545) and he refers to Internet sites. Who the people behind this “amount of interest” are is not clear, but it is at least not indigenous peoples. 8. Presentation by the Baster community, July 25, 1995, and docu- ment E/CN/Sub.2/1994/30. 9. Statement to the WGIP by the Afrikaner Volksfront and the Rehoboth Baster community and press release from the Interim Council of the Boer People, July 25, 1995. Personal communication with Kenneth Deer, cochair of the Indigenous Caucus. 10. Sources about the Basters include Britz 1999, Lang and Limpricht 1999; Kuper 2003; Peeters 1993. 11. Quote from the brochure “” published by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Foreign Relations Division. 250 / Notes

12. According to a statement from the representative of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People at the twelfth session of the WGIP, July 1994, the Crimean Tatar population decreased from 2.5 million in 1783 to 130,000 in 1921. 13. Information from Gulnara Abbasova, April 2010. Gulnara Abbasova has been an active participant in several UN meetings on indigenous issues represent- ing a Crimean Tatar NGO. 14. Cited in Wilmer (1993, 182). 15. UN report E/CN.4/Sub.2/476, July 30, 1981. 16. Miguel Alfonso Martínez: “Study on treaties, agreements and other construc- tive arrangements between States and indigenous populations.” UN Doc. E/ CN.4/Sub.2/1999/20, June 22, 1999. 17. See also Virtanen 2010. 18. To mention two sociological contributions, I would recommend Niezen (2003) and Kymlicka (1997). 19. Excerpt from a speech by Kenneth Deer in the Draft Declaration Working Group in 1997. Quoted from the Eastern Door, November 14, 1997. 20. Statement by Samar Brahma Choudhury on behalf of the Indigenous Tribal People of India to the WGIP in 1987. IWGIA archive. 21. Also referred to in Niezen 2000: 136–39. 22. Denied their right of self-determination and in protest against human rights violations by Papua New Guinea and environmental destruction, the people of Bougainville had declared their independence from Papua New Guinea on April 17, 1990. 23. The Draft Declaration Working Group, Morning session, October 30, 1997, as referred to by UNPO Monitor. 24. Excerpt from statement by the Mikmaq Grand Council to the WGIP in 1987. IWGIA archive. 25. Cited in Gray 1996, 251. 26. Sandra Lovelace, an Indian woman from Canada brought—with success— such a case to the UN Human Rights Committee. 27. Such processes have been described by, among others, Alfred and Corntassel (2005). Rune Fjellheim, now director general of the Norwegian Sámi parlia- ment, once told me how the Sámi parliament had spent an enormous amount of time responding to questions, suggestions, questionnaires, and so on, detracting from its efforts to promote its own defined priorities. 28. The book indiVisible—African-Native American Lives in the Americas pub- lished by the National Museum of the American Indian and edited by Gabrielle Tayac gives ample insight into this. 29. This paragraph is based upon Mark Hirsch 2009. 30. In the following, I rely heavily on Pullar 2001 and 2010. 31. Rhiannon Morgan in a similar vein writes that indigenous peoples have been able to draw the “UN’s own normative framework [amounts] to a strategy of legal mobilization”(Morgan 2007, 284–85).

Eight Going Home 1. www.inuit.org; www.inuitcircumpolar.com. 2. For a detailed description of this case, see MacKay 2002. Notes / 251

3. For an account of the background to and conditions of those in voluntary isolation, see Castillo 2004. 4. See also Dahl 2004.

Nine Concluding Perspectives 1. For comparison, Tyner and Kuhlke have described how this process works for the Philippine diaspora. 2. The situation is reminiscent of Hutu living in refugee camps in Tanzania as described by Mallki (1992) in the sense that neither the Hutus in the camps nor indigenous peoples in the United Nations are part of a local community. Bibliography

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Abbasova, Gulnara, 155, 247, 250 indigenous, 10, 93, 164, 165, Abele and Rodon, 143, 144 213–15, 230, 244 aboriginal, 13, 14, 19, 22, 26, 190, Alaska Federation of Natives, 22, 153 195, 243, 244 Alfred, Taiaiake, 145, 152, 248 Aboriginals (Australia), 23, 29, 145, alliances, 147, 225 categories of, 135, 136, 142–59 accreditation, see under ECOSOC creation of, 6, 14, 28, 50, 129–30, activists, 3, 25, 28, 43, 84, 88, 139, 142, 156, 158, 161, 235, 236 141, 152, 176, 234 indigenous, 11, 127, 136, 142–59 Adivasi, 85–8 alternative space, 6, 7, 33, 114, 130, advocate, 3, 28, 62, 98, 120, 176, 139, 149, 162, 177, 238, 239, 215, 238 241 Africa, Alutiit, 213–15 governments, 8, 45, 48–9, 183, 194 AMAN, 68, 156, 161 indigenous peoples in the UN, 30, Amazigh, 188 39, 40, 46, 50, 52, 61, 72, 76, Amazon, 13, 112, 131, 220, 226 141, 147, 188, 203, 226, 235, American Indian Law Alliance, 180 297 Anaya, James, 62, 182, 241 African Americans, 125, 211–13 ancestors, 130, 164, 195 African Commission on Human and Anchorage Declaration, 150 Peoples Rights, 98, 226, 231 Anderson, Benedict, 143 African-Native American, 125, anthropologists, 3, 14, 21, 135, 178, 211–13, 250 188–9, 191, 192–3, 217 agenda, Anti-Slavery International, 235, 246 speaking to the, 68–9, 111–12, 184, ANZUS, 143 196–7 Aotearoa (see also New Zealand), 10, agreements, 39, 49, 53, 93, 123, 223 13, 39, 182 constructive, 10, 23, 30, 40, 144, Apache, 34, 36 231, 248, 250 Appadurai, 236 under international law, 10 Arameans, 197 Åhrén, Matias, 46, 48, 74, 76, 114, Arctic, 14, 22, 23, 89–94, 103, 179 118, 123, 169, 231, 245 indigenous participants in the UN, AIPP, 86, 146, 156, 169 24, 52, 89–94, 148, 179 Alaska, 10, 23, 89, 91, 156, 169, 243 Arctic Council, 93 270 / Index

Armenians, 197, 249 Bougainville, 10, 108, 209, 250 Asia, Bourdieu, Pierre, 36, 217 governments, 8, 55, 74, 112, 183, 224 Bowen, John R., 3, 191 indigenous participants in the UN, Brysk, Alison, 139, 235 30, 39, 40, 46, 52, 72–3, 140–1, Burger, Julian, 21, 29, 116 147, 154, 185, 235, 237 Assembly of First Nations (Canada), Cameroon, 8 153 Canada, 8, 10, 13, 151 Assimilation, 9, 20, 23, 27, 152, 174, government, 49, 53, 93, 107, 191, 175, 190, 191, 241 207, 230 ATSIC (Aboriginal and Torres Strait indigenous participants in the UN, Islanders Commission), 47 15, 107, 131, 138, 144, 166, 207 audience, 70, 170–1, 196, 197, 219, Carling, Joan, 146, 169, 245 220 Carmen, Andrea, 108, 110, 245, 249 Australia, 8, 13, 49, 55, 194, 230 Castree, Noel, 237 authenticity, 34, 148, 151, 152, 169, Castro, Estabancio, 107, 215–16 170, 171–8, 195 categories, 5, 14, 130, 187, 189, 190, 206 authority, 68, 131, 161, 163, 164 analytical, 134–5, 142, 222, 225, 243 delegation of, 118–19, 131–35, 161 of peoples, 5, 8, 14, 52, 87, 142, autonomy, 10, 45, 209 171, 175, 177, 212 indigenous, 21, 138, 204–15 social, 8, 196 regional, 10, 82, 84, 201, 209 cell phones, 95, 100, 101 avoidance, 100, 114, 115, 122, 160 Celtic women, 196 Awas Tingni, 3, 223 ceremonies, 38–9, 111, 151, 178–9, 184 Aztecs, 115, 121 Chakma, Suhas, 120, 249 Chakmas, 82–5, 138 Baer, Lars Anders, 57 Champagne, Duane, 151 baggage, 217, 223 Chaves, Luiz, 123 cultural, 34, 238 Cherokees, 30, 191, 211–13, 217 political, 41, 111 chiefs, 116–17 Bahai, 197 China, 37, 53, 60, 193 Bangladesh, 19, 57–8, 73–4, 80–9, 103, Chittagong Hill Tracts, 57–8, 73–4, 132, 133, 148, 156, 170, 193 80–9, 103, 132, 148, 170, 193, Constitution, 85, 86–7 236, 246 Barsh, Russell, 26, 59, 73 CISA, 23, 27, 28, 38 Barth, Fredrik, 199, 243 citizens, 2, 5, 21, 212, 214, 221, 244 Batwa, 227 civil disobedience, 161 Becoming indigenous, 3, 4, 20, 189, Clastre, Pierre, 116 216, 219–20 Clifford, James, 15, 148, 175 Béteille, André, 3, 190, 243 climate change, 110, 111, 149–50, 223 blood criteria, 188, 211–15 cloth, traditional, 149, 169, 171–2, boarding schools, 144, 177, 212 173, 178, 184 Boers, 198, 199–200, 247, 249 Cobo, José Martínez, 26, 194 Bolivia, 13, 26, 71, 115, 203, 231 Cobo report, 26–7, 187, 194–6, 202 Index / 271 code-shifting, 173 local, 100–1, 137, 143–4 COICA (Amazon), 23, 153, 156 regional, 53, 124 Colchester, Marcus, 207 control, the issue of being in, 6, 9, colonialism, 4, 12, 14, 107, 152, 156, 12, 146, 147, 150, 175, 192, 166, 177, 191, 205, 247 207, 208, 210–15, 217, 236, history, 9, 13, 14, 70, 189, 213–15 238–40 internal, 14, 148 co-optation, 36, 229, 231, 240 Commission on Human Rights, Corntassel, 196, 207, 231, UN (see also Human Rights 240, 250 Council), 6, 26, 28, 35, 40, 41, CPA, 141, 145, 146, 161, 224 44–5, 51, 63, 121, 180 (see also Grand Council of agenda items, 21, 41, 144 the Crees), 12, 23, 42, 181, communication, means of, 22, 88, 99, 182, 209 103, 158, 162, 217, 241 Crimean Tatars, 109, 155, 200–2, community, 249, 250 attachment to, 14, 134, 149, 151, cultural, 153, 157–8, 164, 214 capital, 67–9, 80, 111, 114, 134, bounded, 6, 7, 13, 33, 50, 143, 149, 135–42, 162 153, 175, 223, 234, 237, 241 continuity, 147–8, 149, 151, 152, egalitarian, 162, 167 164, 165, 166, 179, 195 imagined, 6, 52, 143, 145, 223 development, 149, 205 inclusive, 147, 148, 177–8 relativism, 12, 190, 207 international, 2, 11, 13, 24–6, 98, resistance, 137, 147, 175 103, 136, 151, 162, 170, revitalization, 162, 235 226, 230 strategies, 120, 164 local, 6, 24, 103, 136–8, 141, 143, traditions, 71, 73, 108–9, 111, 114, 149, 153, 157, 160, 165, 214, 147, 151, 160 216, 234 transformation, 160, 165 traditional, 150, 151–2, 225, 226 Cunningham, Myrna, 54, 57 compensation, 10, 82, 98, 214, 243 custodians of nature, 12, 150, 157, computers, 65–6 166, 174, 176, 221 confl icts, customs, 12, 73, 130, 147, 172, 176, indigenous, 54, 84–5, 93, 97, 98, 233, 234, 237, 238, 240 114, 119 resolution, 98, 114, 171 Daes, Erica-Irene, 37, 38, 43, 45, 69, with states, 23–4, 107, 145, 153, 71, 194, 198 222, 231 Dahl, Hjalmar, 90–4, 138, 143, 146 consensus, Dalits, 109, 125, 197 notion of, 42, 120–2, 123, 187 Das, Veena and Deborah Poole, constructive agreements, 10, 40 7, 239 constructivist approach, 9, 190–2, 249 Dayak, 160–1 consultations, decision-making, 6, 53, 56, 73, 77, with governments, 48, 64, 76–80, 107, 120–1, 127, 136, 138, 129, 137, 170 143–4, 162, 163 272 / Index

Declaration on the Rights of disaggregation of data, 206 Indigenous Peoples, UN, discourse analysis, 185 adoption by states, 16, 40, 47–8, 50, discrimination, 8, 11–12, 13, 126, 152, 54, 61, 123, 194, 223, 229–30, 162, 174, 189, 191, 200, 204 231, 237, 238 collective, 8, 82, 86, 98, 205, 211, aspirational document, 230 213 drafting, 30, 39–42, 45, 71–6, 113, statutory, 8 117–18, 144, 145, 156, 170, displacement, 148, 241 173, 225–6, 231, 237, 238 distrust, 53, 118–19 history, 43, 72–6, 93, 117–18 of governments, 59, 76, 118–19, 140 implementation (see also under divide and rule policy, 84, 124, 139, implementation), 144, 145, 154 193, 211, 212 government support, 46, 48, 51, Dodson, Michael, 37, 71, 246 223, 229–30 donor agencies, 78, 79, 82, 84, 94, indigenous support, 48–50, 123–4, 138, 154, 155, 156, 162, 185, 183, 225 220, 227, 235 as a legal document, 73–4 draft Declaration, 74, 91, 112, 120, as minimum standard, 45 180 as a political document, 73–4 process, 41–6, 91, 111, 123, 124–5, process, 43–6, 53, 59, 72, 77, 111, 180, 194, 226, 231, 244, 245 127, 135, 145, 154, 183, 205, Draft Declaration Working Group 237, 240, 245, 246 (WGDD), 35, 41, 77, 112, decolonization, 9, 20–2, 84 116–17, 121, 123, 130, 157, Deer, Kenneth, 25, 26, 39, 40, 110, 180–1, 182, 183, 201 116–17, 151, 182, 183, 249 dress, delegates, code, 172 types of indigenous, 132–3, 136–8, traditional, 8, 15, 17, 38, 64, 94, 95, 144, 149, 156, 173 96, 99, 157, 169, 171–3, 179 Democratic Republic of Congo, 227 Drong, Sanjeeb, 85–6, 156 demonstration, 49, 57, 70, 74 dualism, 152, 157, 191, 225, 234 Denmark, government, 91–3, 94, 145, 223 East Timorese, 108, 209 descent, 188, 191, 202, 212–14 ECOSOC, 35, 85 development, accreditation, 41, 58, 60, 67, 134, control of, 28, 57, 146–7, 150, 177 235, 245 paradigm, 28, 147, 150, 154 consultative status, 37–8, 41, 89, projects, 43, 61, 87, 91, 98, 100, 140, 245 154, 221, 227–8 Ecospirituality Foundation, 197 sustainable, 12, 98, 157, 171, 174, 225 Ecuador, 22, 111, 220, 228 Dewan, Ramendu, 82 educating governments, 45, 77 Dewan, Rupayan, 83–5 education, indigenous with high, 68, dialogue, 46, 56, 79, 91–2, 137, 145, 72, 99, 139, 143, 147, 149, 151, 209, 220–1, 231 156, 161–3, 203–5, 226, 235 diplomacy, 143–5, 220 Eikjok, Jorunn, 28 Index / 273 elders, 44, 68, 72, 95–7, 99–102, 131, experts, 137, 138, 149, 151, 152, 159, appointed, 42, 51, 54, 62, 138, 144, 161, 174, 179, 183 149, 155, 185 as a concept, 164–7 elected, 52, 138, 149 social role of, 163–4 government, 51, 53, 123, 184 symbolic role of, 166, 190 indigenous, 42, 53, 62, 136, 138–9, Elmolo, 158 153, 156 e-mails, 50, 66, 84, 88, 124 independent, 36, 42, 54, 153, embarrassment, policy of, 74, 170, 184, 185 176, 225 empowerment, 175, 219–22 fax, 22, 84, 88, 241 environmental issues, 34, 89, 93, 156, Featherstone, David, 6, 33, 119, 127, 220 176, 250 Feldman, Alice, 104, 240 environmental movements, 22, 24, Fellowship Program, Indigenous UN, 112, 156, 185–6 60, 90, 97, 215 Erni, Christian, 200 fi rst comers, 140, 164, 190, 195 Escobar, Arturo, 234 First Nations, 7, 153, 230 essentialism, 3, 11, 15, 34, 151, 171, Fourth World, 139 173–8, 188–9, 234, 236 framing, 145, 171, 192 strategic, 3, 176 free, prior and informed consent, 47, ethnic, 72, 221 boundaries, 9, 14, 108, 144, 148, freedom fi ghters, 81, 82, 140 192, 199, 202, 204, 216 freewheelers, the, 142, 159, 222, 229 groups, 7, 8, 9, 14, 19, 25, 28, 135, Frichner, Tonya Gonella, 111 136, 148, 193, 199, 202, 213 Friedman, Jonathan, 3, 6, 196, 248 identity, 143, 194, 217 funding, 22, 25, 58–62, 78–9, 93, 94, ethnicity, 9, 21, 27, 28, 61, 143, 146, 113, 116–17, 119, 126, 136, 148, 199, 204, 206 141, 155, 162, 226–7, 235–6 ethnocide, 9, 11, 21, 23 Euro-American, García-Alix, Lola, 41, 51, 55, 77, 246 governments, 20, 118–19, 158 Garo, 85–6 indigenous organizations, 14, 24, Gatekeepers, 58–60, 76–80 39–45, 72, 73, 113, 114, 119, Geertz, Clifford, 166 146, 149, 167 genocide, 9, 11, 21, 23, 191 eviction, from lands and territories, glasnost, 93, 141, 224 2, 82–4, 95, 96, 98, 101, 148, globalization, 20, 53, 137, 147, 154, 191, 148, 236, 247 160, 217, 226, 241 exotic, 15, 150 gossip, 78 playing the exotic card, 67, 171–8 government, Expert Mechanism on the Rights of delegations, 55, 63, 65, 106–8, 132, Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), 142, 145, 157 35, 42, 62, 64, 71, 95, 117, Grand Council of the Crees, 22, 38, 123, 162, 178–9, 181, 184–5, 46, 116, 210, 231 196, 242 Grandmothers of Mother Earth, 197 274 / Index grassroots, the, 119, 142, 157–8, 174, violations, 21, 39, 71, 72, 75, 83, 222, 228–9 88–9, 95, 112, 136, 146, 155, Gray, Andrew, 61, 77, 112, 120–3, 157–8, 170, 189, 227 182, 183, 190, 195, 245, 246, Human Rights Committee, UN, 249 62, 250 Greenland, 89–94, 103, 131, 133, 146, Human Rights Council, UN (see 164, 166, 189 also Commission on Human Home Rule, 25, 90, 91, 93, 94, 144 Rights), 35, 42, 48, 62, 123, Self Rule, 10, 90, 91, 94, 138, 145, 134, 144, 196 147, 223 Human Rights Fund for Indigenous Griqua, 199–200 Peoples, 59–60, 247 GRULAC, 143 hunger strike, 74, 180–1 guardians of nature and tradition, 12, hunter-gatherers, 4, 12, 19, 76 160, 174 Guatemala, 13, 115 ICC, 23, 25, 38, 46, 47, 63, 89–94, government, 48, 49, 55, 121 103, 116, 133, 143–5, 223, 235, 238, 245 Hadzabe, 220–1 identity, 124, 161 Hale, Richard, 3, 239 class-based, 27–8 Harassment, 22, 96, 156 construction of, 6, 34, 76, 112, 159, Haudenosaunee, Mohawk (see also 175, 177, 189, 211, 215–21, 249 Iroquois), 4, 26, 28, 151, 173, creation of, 34, 38, 126, 127, 130, 210 213–18 Henriksen, John, 4, 47, 50, 123, 246 distinct cultural, 203–4 Hetherington, Kevin, 7, 33, 239, 240 global, 6, 52, 75, 159, 175, 236 historical continuity, 148, 152, 164–6, localized, 13, 215–16, 217 190, 194, 195 reclaiming, 213, 214–15 Hmong, 132 IFAD, 55, 56, 79, 156, 185, 227 Hodgson, Dorthy L., 4, 8, 15, 25, 188, Igorot, 12, 54 221, 228, 229, 237 IITC, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29–30, 38, 46, Huilcaman, Aucan, 210, 249 108, 110, 143, 180–1, 183, human rights, 235, 245 approach, 144, 151 ILO, 20, 58–9, 83, 105, 181–2 discourse, 177, 178, 179, 223 Convention 107 and 169, 29, 59, instruments, 20, 34, 74, 86, 97, 105, 107, 124, 181–2, 195, 103, 170, 193, 222, 225, 230 196, 202, 222, 227 mechanisms (see also Expert indigenous participation, 29, 58–9, Mechanism on the Rights of 89, 105, 181–2 Indigenous Peoples), 2, 3, 5, implementation, 57, 75, 90–4, 102–3, 60, 74, 126, 144, 155, 194, 185, 218, 221, 222–32, 242 206, 207, 223, 225, 240 India, 29, 51, 70, 149, 193, 197, 207 standards, 37, 42, 48, 72, 73, 230–1 Indian Law Resource Center, 28, 38, universal, 11, 12, 133, 190, 207, 213 116, 223, 245, 247 Index / 275 indigeneity, see indigenousness author’s participation, 1, 109, indigenous, 110–11, 112, 130–1, 178–9 aims, 39, 40, 98, 129, 140, 175, 181, chairmanships, 115–26, 158 208, 237 election, 117–18, 119 constituencies, 50, 98, 125, 134, co-chairs, 117–18, 130, 158 135, 138, 139, 143, 153, 155, confl icts, 118–19, 122, 123, 124, 185, 217, 226 138, 180, 182–3 corporations, 93, 133, 138, 214 consensus, 105, 109, 115, 119–26, discourse, 26, 40, 62, 75, 89, 147, 131, 138, 142, 170, 182, 187, 151, 171, 175–9, 221, 222, 205, 219, 234 223, 229, 231 divisive factors, 115, 126, 179 expectations to the UN, 10, 14, 30, dominance, 122–3 84, 102, 129, 147, 154, 155, 157 equality, 110–15 fl exibility, 120, 146, 155, 172, 173, exclusiveness, 209, 234 190 Global Steering Committee, 47, 48, identity (see also indigenousness), 124, 127, 245 11, 34, 36, 38, 67, 75, 78, 112, history, 105–6 127, 149, 152, 159, 166, 203, inclusiveness, 108, 109 214, 217, 221 leadership, 110–11, 112, 115–26, knowledge, 73, 91–2, 102, 139, 143, 139 164, 166, 198, 216, 221, 226 open access, 106–12, 127, nations, 91, 135, 143, 150, 173, 187, 233 206, 244 organizing, 117–18 parliamentarians, 106–8, 142 participants, 109, 110, 125, 127, performance, 34, 79, 86, 139, 130, 159 169–78, 179–81, 210 participation, 106–10, 112, 118–19, presentations (see also statements 125, 162 under indigenous), 3, 34, 80, preparatory meetings, 78, 105, 110, 97–8, 109, 125, 170, 173, 176, 116, 117, 120, 131 177–81, 203, 213, 220, 221, proceedings, 97, 109–12, 162, 187 234, 246 regional, 47, 106, 118, 122–3, 125, statements, 55, 71, 75–6, 129, 126–7, 154, 155, 185, 213 131, 133, 136, 150–1, 155, rules and procedures, 105, 115, 170, 216 126, 127 strategies, 105, 107, 124, 125, statements, 110–11, 120, 124–5, 126, 129, 130, 140, 143, 145, 135, 158, 187–8 152, 153, 169–86, 220, structure, 106 221, 242 traditions, 105, 111, 127, 135, 179 Indigenous Caucus, 77, 78, 91–2, unity, 109, 110–15, 117, 119, 120, 105–27, 130–1, 134, 158, 162, 124, 125, 174, 179, 180 170, 180, 181, 205, 217, 233, volatility, 112, 126 234, 238, 247 voting, 109, 120–2 advisory groups, 13, 47, 118 Indigenous Irish People, 197 276 / Index indigenous movements, 2–6, 15–17, confi guration, 129 36, 73, 126–9, 133, 159, 190, funding, 22, 25, 58–60, 74, 78–9, 191–2, 217, 241 98, 155, 236 in Africa, 75, 192 international, 25, 29, 37, 38, 41, global, 9, 15, 19, 129, 149 139, 140, 222 international, 3, 7, 23, 36, 59, 146, national, 68, 86, 103, 140, 147, 156, 151, 156, 161, 192, 235, 241 224, 228 national, 25, 144, 156 umbrella, 153, 216, 224, 236 regional, 21, 22–3, 149, 156, 235 indigenous peoples, revivalist, 26, 235 capacity, 28, 58, 65–6, 74–6, indigenousness, 75, 124, 127, 185, 79–80, 103, 141, 145, 156, 187–242 161, 188, 224–5, 235 as a category, 14, 189–93 as a category, 5, 8, 14, 52, 171, claiming, 8, 11, 15, 53, 153, 189, 190 187–204, 208, 210, 211 challenging the UN hierarchy, concept, 8, 14, 17, 22, 29, 30, 112, 62–5 127, 178, 187–93, 198 in constitutions, 85–7, 98, 194, 203, construction, 71, 111, 115, 137, 176, 226, 228, 230 178, 188–92, 194, 195–8, and courts, 3, 10, 73, 96, 223, 231, 204–7, 215–18 243, 247 and control, 8–9, 210–15 defi nition (see also under controversy, 3, 188–90, 191–3, 195, indigenousness), 7–9, 17, 53, 200, 202 87, 183, 187–94, 196, 198 criteria, 187–204, 210–15 equal status in the UN, 181–3 defi nition, 160, 187, 189, 190, 191, as government members, 106–8 193–4, 195, 210–15 identifi cation (see also under evolving concept, 5, 8, 17, 188–93, indigenousness), 7–8, 17, 87, 194, 198–202, 216–21 108–9, 193, 195, 197, 198, identifi cation, 127, 189, 190, 195, 202, 206, 214, 215 198, 201–2 international recognition, 2, 26, 73, indicators or indicia, 7, 112, 162, 193, 205, 206, 207, 212 190–3, 193–204, 205 legal recognition, 26, 27, 86–7, 98, mutual recognition, 195, 200, 202 151, 206 negotiating, 5, 105, 115, 187–93, as objects, 6, 54 196–8, 215, 216–18 presenting themselves, 67–71, self-identifi cation, 108–9, 187–93, 171–8 195–8, 199–200, 206, 210–15 as rights holders, 54–8, 177 working defi nition, 194, 196 as stakeholders, 54–8, 98, 103, 183 indigenous organizations, 63, 65, as subjects, 54, 158, 207, 210 102–3, 118–19, 129–31, 137, taking agency, 28, 29, 51, 184–5, 155, 156, 160, 161 215, 217, 221, 237–8, 240–2 community-based, 94, 98, 100–1, as victims, 9, 23, 75, 137, 147, 178, 140, 157–8, 141, 234 183–5, 212, 240 Index / 277

Indigenous Space, the, 106, 111, 114, IPACC, 156, 236 118, 127, 143, 164, 169, 177, Iroquois (see also Haudenosaunee, 185, 211, 233–42 Mohawk), 26, 28, 210 autonomous, 50, 204–15 IWGIA, 1, 46, 58, 86, 109, 235, 243, construction, 38, 111, 118, 188, 211, 246, 247 234–42 customs, 130, 147, 233, 234, 237, Jackson, Moana, 182–3, 210 238, 240 Jenkins, Richard, 192, 196, 243 deterritorialized, 236–7 Jummas, 82–5, 132, 236 in-between, 239–41 inclusiveness, 33, 187, 198, 233 KAMP, 224 independent, 6, 50, 139, 217, 233, Kashmir, 197 236, 240 Kenrick, Justin and Jerome nonbounded, 233, 237 Lewis, 3, 4 transformative potential, 241–2 Kenya, 8, 64, 225, 226 volatility, 234, 237 Khasi, 85 zone of convergence, 7, 120, 127, Kingsbury, Benedict, 190–1 129, 233–4 Kuna, 10, 215–16, 217, 230 Indigenous Women’s Diaspora Kuper, Adam, 3, 109, 171, Caucus, 213 191, 199 Indonesia, 5, 22, 149, 160–1, 209, Kurds, 108, 125 225, 242 integrity of states, 49, 210 Laclau, Ernesto, 137 Inter-American Court of Human Lakota, 28, 132, 150, 182–3, 245 Rights, 223 land claims, 10, 23, 93, 144, 191, International Day of the World’s 215, 243 Indigenous Peoples, 61 language, International Decade on the Rights confl icts, 113–15 of Indigenous Peoples, 41, 61, essentialist, 11, 171, 173–5, 177 209, 231 loss of, 147, 152, 158 international legal system, 4, 15, 91–2, use, 67–71, 113–15, 121–2, 147, 145, 194 150, 153, 157, 164, 175, 179, internationals, the, 119, 143–6, 149, 213–15, 238 156, 222, 223 Lasimbang, Jannie, 162, 246 Internet, 22, 76, 112, 158, 163, 224, Latin America, 140, 161, 203 234, 241 governments, 107–8, 242 interpretation, 67, 68–9, 77, 113, 114, indigenous peoples, 107–8, 117, 116, 120, 247 118–19, 121, 141, 147, 149, interventions, 39, 57, 73, 129, 157 157, 180, 209–10, 237 Inuit/Inuk, 23, 29, 89–94, 102–3, lawyers, 11, 12, 39, 49, 122, 133 144–5, 166, 177, 188–9, 194–5 legal, invention of traditions, 148, 152 issues, 97, 147, 224 invocations, 38, 111, 151, 164, 173, knowledge, 72–3, 91, 142, 144, 179, 184 157, 222–3 278 / Index legitimacy, 76, 99–101, 130, 134, messengers, 136, 155, 156 139–40, 145, 148, 155, 157, Mexico, 13, 149 158, 163, 164 government, 48–50, 55, 121, 123–4 of indigenous peoples, 54, 130, indigenous, 180, 217 202, 235 Mikmaq Grand Council, 203, 250 of representatives, 76, 95, 99–101, Minde, Henry, 24, 43, 216 130, 134, 135–9, 159, 163, minorities, 6, 13, 21–2, 26, 27, 176, 197, 219, 227 125–6, 205 Li, Tania, 10, 205, 248 among indigenous peoples, 47, 102, Littlechild, Willie, 111, 169, 179, 182, 115, 121, 122, 124, 226, 229 246 mixed marriages, 204, 211–15 livelihoods, 11, 12, 97, 98, 159, 225 modernists, the, 119, 142, 146–50, strategies, 221 156, 157, 222, 223–5 lobbying, 34, 48, 49, 76–80, 129, 170, Mohawk (see also Haudenosaunee, 224, 227, 229 Iroquois), 25, 39, 110, 116, Lynge, Aqqaluk, 90, 94 152, 173, 208 Moluccans, 172 Maasai, 4, 8, 56, 64, 94–102, 148–9, Morales José Carlos, 24, 196, 245, 246 164, 169, 172, 195, 204, 219, Morgan, Rhiannon, 171, 250 220–1, 226, 236, 243, 248 Moses. Ted, 116 Mabo case, 10 Mother Earth, 110, 150, 166, 173, Magga, Ole Henrik, 54 174, 176, 196, 197 Malaysia, 149, 225 MPIDO, 46, 149, 156 Malezer, Les, 48, 245 Muehlebach, Andrea, 6, 29, 38, 69, Mamani, Carlos, 54 109–10, 118, 160, 176, 208, mandates, 209, 216, 247 categories of, 130, 131–42 multilateral agencies, 10, 53, 55–6, indigenous, 127, 130–1, 131–42, 63, 65, 78–80, 126, 154, 185 143, 147, 155, 156, 173, 222, multinational companies, 20, 22, 23, 241 79, 171, 192, 209 Maori, 4, 23, 26, 44, 121, 124, 145, Mwarabu, Adam, 71, 94–102, 96, 99, 147, 162, 175, 182–3, 240 138, 139, 154, 159, 163–4, Mapuche, 149, 210, 249 169, 192 marginalization, among indigenous peoples, 125–6, NAILSS, 116 142, 162, 166, 197–8 negotiations, by states, 8, 9, 14, 22, 125, 162, 191, on behalf of communities, 136, 201, 202–4, 217, 233, 239, 241 137, 138 Martínez, Miguel Alfonso, 68, 131, between indigenous peoples, 34, 43, 203, 248 45, 71, 92, 105, 120–2, 130, Massey, Doreen, 33 139, 187–93, 198, 215, 234, Maya, 115, 157 237, 238 media, 21, 63, 65, 86, 94, 156, 158, with governments, 16, 46, 48, 170, 172, 201 76–80, 91–4, 120–2, 136, 137, Index / 279

143–5, 182, 188, 198, 207, Panama, 10, 43, 51 217, 222–3, 226, 233 Parakuiyo, 94–102, 103, 139, 154, neocolonialism, 12, 20–2, 137, 215, 226 163–4, 247 networks, global, 4, 15, 20, 33, 103, parallel events, see side-events 111, 114, 129, 144, 146, 157, paraphernalia, 15, 150, 172 158, 215, 234, 237 Parkipuny, Moringe, 30 newcomers, 19, 36, 40, 42, 58, 64, 72, parliaments, 74–6, 110, 135, 170, 177, 198, indigenous, 90, 93, 106, 107, 132, 233, 237, 241 138, 144, 147, 222, 250 New Zealand (see also Aotearoa), 49, members of national, 8, 11, 90, 93, 143, 194, 225, 230 107, 220 NGO Conference (1977), 27, 43, passports, 26, 61, 83, 95, 136, 173, 44, 173 206 NIB (Canada), 22, 24, 37 pastoralists, 11, 71, 75, 94–102, 148, Niezen, Ronald, 20, 146, 152–3, 171, 158, 163, 220, 221 199, 248, 249 PCJSS, 82–5, 88, 156 no-change position, 45, 47, 50, 74, 92, peace accord (Bangladesh), 82–4, 87, 119, 125, 183 148 Nordic countries, 55, 93, 143, 225 Permanent Forum on Indigenous North America, Issues (PFII), 35, 51–8, 110–11, indigenous participants to the UN, 118, 146, 152, 156, 170 26, 27, 28, 29, 39, 44, 49–50, accreditation, 34, 55 73, 114, 117, 124–5, 151, 164, agenda items, 56, 60, 72, 174 223, 235, 245 elections, 85, 185, 188 Norway, 28, 107, 222 establishment, 51–8, 61, 93, 106, Nunavut, 10, 25, 144, 166 153, 185 history, 50–4, 117–18, 142 observers, to the UN, mandate, 34, 51–8, 62, 155 governments, 36, 62–5, 63, 65 members, 28, 52–8, 65, 90–1, 111, others, 36, 37, 48, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 123, 141, 144, 160, 169, 176, 185 62–5, 63, 65, 109, 112, 242 resolutions, 57, 185 OIPA, 236 rules and procedures, 54, 56, 70 Okiek, 8 Permanent Forum Working Group, old-timers, 19, 37, 67, 110, 135 35, 42, 51, 52, 157 one-timers, 110, 155, 159 , 13, 21, 48, 49, 121 oral traditions, 114, 144 Philippines, 21, 55, 149, 224, 231, 242 Organization of American States, 223 platform, indigenous UN, 6, 29, other, the, 67, 152, 171–8, 192, 197 33–80, 108–10, 176, 178, 184, outfi ts, 150, 157, 169, 171–2 217, 223, 228, 230 political capital, 42, 62, 111, 134, PAICODEO, 94–102, 103, 133, 138, 135–42, 217 154 postcolonial, 156, 166 Paine, Robert, 139, 175, 176 prayers, 38, 111, 126, 151, 164, Palestinians, 63, 108, 125, 196, 197, 249 179, 184 280 / Index precolonial, 44, 152, 166, 178, 200, 213 of self-determination (see also self- premodern, 171 determination), 43, 72, 78, primitive, 98, 176, 190 130–1, 153, 166, 171, 175, proactive participants, 6, 27, 75, 147, 180, 183, 208, 210, 211, 213, 184, 220, 238 221, 222, 232, 250 Pullar, Gordon, 214–15 rituals, 38, 174, 176 Rosing, Hans Pavia, 89, 93 Quechua, 157 Routledge, Paul, 114, 234 Roy, Chandra, 169 racism, 28, 175, 200, 213 Roy, Devasish, 73–4, 85–8, 125–6, RAIPON, 146, 156, 224 138, 207 Ramos, Alcida, 171 rumors, 78, 80 real indigenous, the, 174, 188 Russia, 53, 55, 179 regalia, 169, 171–2, 173, 178, 184 indigenous, 14, 19, 30, 39–40, 50, Rehoboth Basters, 109, 199–200, 52, 111, 121, 127, 141, 148, 202, 217 154, 163, 184, 237–8 relational approach, 9, 175, 177, 187–204 s, the, 4, 209, 221 religion, 38, 151, 161, 177–8, 179, Sahlins, Marshall, 3, 147, 152, 192 201, 214 Sambo, Dalee, 76, 91, 144, 176–7, representation, 30, 34, 52, 53, 109, 230, 245 125, 130, 131–5, 136–7, Sámi, 14, 19, 22, 24, 29, 83, 107, 123, 138–40, 143, 157, 158, 137, 130–1, 132, 138, 144, 145, 144, 163 169, 176, 188, 205, 216, 222 Republic of Congo, 8, 231 Sámi Council, 25, 38, 43, 46, 47, resistance, 21, 35, 38, 90, 121, 137, 91, 92–3, 143, 222, 225, 245 147, 226, 239 Sámi parliaments, 106, 107, 132, armed, 8, 57, 82, 83–4, 85, 138, 144, 147, 222 148, 156 Sanders, Douglas, 25, 26, 27, 37, 38, 43 disobedience, 23–4, 116, 161 Sanghi, Vladimir, 30, 224 means of, 175 scale, 139–40 Review of Developments, 39, 42, 71–6, scheduled tribes, 206, 220 80, 82, 136, 170, 228 Scott, James, 21, 80, 174 rights, 193 secession, 124, 130, 209 collective, 4, 5, 10, 12, 43, 45, 72, self-determination (see also rights, of 144, 153, 183, 204–7, 208, self-determination), 12, 14, 43, 209, 221, 225 45, 46, 49, 72, 91, 107, 144, cultural, 2, 126, 153, 222 151, 166, 205, 207–10, 216, inherent, 13, 211, 225 229, 247 to land and territories, 23, 49, 91, internal, 26, 194, 209, 241 92, 98, 146 self-government, 91, 108, 144, 145, political, 2, 10, 74, 126 166, 199 preferential, 206–7 Seminole, 191 Index / 281 sessions, UN, subjects, see indigenous peoples, as formal, 77, 105, 115, 123, 217 subjects informal, 77, 105, 123 subordinates, 80, 126, 174, 178, offi cial, 40, 48, 67, 74, 77, 79, 105, 186, 205 111, 112, 113, 120, 125, 129, symbolic capital, 36, 149 162, 163, 170 symbols, settler countries, 13, 14, 19, 29, 145, creation and sharing, 7, 11, 38, 63, 149, 237, 238, 243 126, 159, 164, 176–7, 192, 215, settlers, 13, 35, 82–3, 88, 89, 97, 200 231, 242 shaming, 75, 176 interpretation, 15, 164–7, 176, Shavante, 172 190, 237 side-events, 56, 79, 97, 105, 141 traditional, 137, 175, 176 Simon, Mary, 93 use of, 36, 52, 70, 120, 126, 137, Sjørslev, Inger, 41, 160, 178, 179, 187 171, 174, 179, 189 Slaves, 201, 211–13 Smith, Courtney B., 121, 132, 247 Taino, 206 Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, 162, 175, 178, Tamils, 108 216 Tanzania, 56, 221 social capital, 67–8, 80, 134, 135–42, indigenous, 8, 30, 94–102, 154–5, 217 163–4, 220–1 solidarity, 11, 52, 112, 117, 126, 145, Tarrow, Sidney, 15, 145 176, 180, 211, 234 Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria, 24, 28, 37, 54, Sombolinggi, Rukka, 68, 160–1 123, 141, 160, 224, 231, 245 , 8, 55, 242 Tebtebba, 46, 141, 146, 224 southerners, 119, 142, 154–7, 222, Tennant, Chris, 26, 171, 176, 200, 246 226–8 Thuen, Trond, 178 sovereignty, 14, 153, 166, 223, 239 traditional councils, 138, 151, 163 Soviet Union, 93, 141, 191, 201–2, traditionalists, the, 119, 142, 147, 206, 242 150–4, 174, 222, 225–6 Special Rapporteur on the Rights of trajectories, 13, 14, 15, 34, 190, Indigenous Peoples, UN, 35, 234, 242 41, 56, 61–2, 184, 207, 224, treaties, 9, 10, 26, 27, 30, 40, 43, 73, 225, 242 74, 107–8, 131, 148, 151, 153, spirituality, 35, 126, 132, 151, 157, 182, 203, 207, 212 163, 164, 177–8, 180, 216 treaty Indians, 22, 73, 107 spokespersons, 118, 136–7, 138, 151, Treaty Six Indians (Canada), 172 155, 156, 215, 219 tribal governments, 138, 180, 230 standard-setting, 30, 137, 141, 194 Tripura, Mrinal Kanti, 85, 88–9 Stavenhagen, Rodolfo, 61–2, 207 Tsing, Anna, 7, 15, 208 subaltern, 58–62, 120, 185 Turner, Terence, 175, 190 Sub-Commission, 21, 26, 35, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 112, 123, 180, UNDP, 55, 82, 84 243 UNESCO, 34, 56, 156 282 / Index

United Nations, accreditation, 60–1, 198, 233 General Assembly, 5, 26, 35, 40, agenda items, 38, 60, 71, 136, 170, 41, 44, 45, 47–50, 85, 229–30, 225, 228 245 indigenous participation, 59–61, regions, 36, 52, 53, 63, 95, 143, 244 89–90, 96–7, 108, 140–2, 173, rules and procedures (see also under 177, 181–2, 220–1, 224, 228 WGIP), 37, 38, 40, 41, 58, 62, rules and procedures, 36–7, 39, 40, 64, 69, 114, 171, 217, 240 123, 157, 179 United States of America, Wilmer, Franke, 25, 220, 228, 241 government, 53, 121, 194, 207, 230 women, indigenous, indigenous, 72, 106, 110–11, 121, 180 organizations, 28, 84, 88, 94 Universal Periodic Review, 42 participation in the UN, 60, 157, UPDF (Bangladesh), 84–5 158, 213, 221 urban indigenous, 4, 11, 12, 13, 126, rights, 28, 228 147, 149, 153, 157, 159, 195, role of, 100–1, 159–62, 203–4, 236 238, 248 Urrutia, José, 123, 182 violence against, 71, 88 World Bank, 20, 55, 63, 79, 82, 141, Venne, Sharon, 42, 181 156, 161, 227 victimization discourse, 147, 178, World Conference on Human Rights, 183–6 51 Voluntary Fund, UN, 59–60, 83, 84, World Council of Churches, 63, 96, 155, 158, 162, 201, 235 105–6, 117, 247 voluntary isolation, people in, 226 World Council of Indigenous Peoples (WCIP), 24–5, 27, 37, 38, 43, walkout, 123, 131, 178, 181–3, 198, 114, 143, 244 200, 249 WGIP, UN, 6, 20, 29–31, 34–40, 35, young indigenous participants, 60, 68, 40–5, 63, 71–2, 82, 83, 84, 109, 149, 152, 155, 161, 162–3, 105, 108, 112, 116, 121, 136, 164, 165 170, 194 presentations, 162, 163, 179