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North, South, East- and West; the Strangeness of 'Debateable Lands'

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North, South, East- and West; the Strangeness of 'Debateable Lands' Notes Introduction: North, South, East- and West; the strangeness of 'Debateable Lands' 1. Thomas Percy, 'An Essay on the Ancient Minstrels in England', Reliques o{Ancient English Poetry. Consisting o{ Old Heroic Ballads, Songs, and Other Pieces of Our Earlier Poets, Together with Some Few of Later Date, 4th edn (London: John Nichols for F. & C. Rivington, 1794), pp. li-liii. 2. See Scott's note to canto 6 of The Lay o{ the Last Minstrel. Scott, The Poetical Works o{ Sir Walter Scott, ed.]. Logie Robertson (London: Oxford UP, 1917), p. 85. The 'Debateable Land' was a tract of desolate moorland and marsh along the Scottish Border with England. Comprising much of Liddesdale, it was inhabited by cattle farmers and rustlers, was 'so called because it was claimed by both Kingdoms' and was subject to depredations by both sides. Finally, it was divided 'by commissioners' between the two nations towards the end of the seventeenth century. 3. Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary o{ the English Language: In which the words are deduced from the Originals, and Illustrated in their different significations by examples from the best Writers ... , Facsimile edn, 2 vols, vol. 1 (1755; New York: AMS, 1967). 4. Johnson, vol. 1. 5. See Nigel Leask, Curiosity and the Aesthetics o{ Travel Writing, 1770-1840 (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002), pp. 50-1, for a discussion of antiquarian rhetorics of temporalization, and nineteenth-century attitudes to European and non­ European feudalism as factors in societal development. Leask gives examples of writers who employed negative comparative strategies (often with Hellenic Greece) to 'fossilize' some exotic cultures in a 'non-progressive past'. 6. Byron's draft of his proposed joint review with Hobhouse of William Martin Leake's Researches in Greece (for the Edinburgh Review) contains a page of comment on British interest in territorial expansion. The review was not sub­ mitted for publication. Hobhouse wrote the article that the Edinburgh published. Byron, The Complete Miscellaneous Prose, ed. Andrew Nicholson (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), pp. 49-50, 320 n. 1 and 2. 7. Leask, Curiosity and the Aesthetics o{ Travel Writing, p. SO, n. 135. Leask refers to Norbert Peabody's essay 'Tod's Rajast'han and the Boundaries of Imperial Rule in 19th-Century India', Modern Asian Studies, 30, 1 (1996) 185-220. 8. Katie Trumpener, Bardic Nationalism: The Romantic Novel and the British Empire (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997), pp. 101, 115-16. 9. See Marilyn Butler, 'Antiquarianism (Popular)', An Ox{ord Companion to the Romantic Age: British Culture 1776-1832. General editor lain McCalman (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999), pp. 328-38. 202 Notes 203 10. Scott, 'Essay on Romance', first published in the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica in 1824; The Miscellaneous Prose Works of Sir Walter Scott, Bart., 3 vols, vol. 1 (Edinburgh: Robert Cadell, 1867), p. 554. 11. Johnson, vol. 2. 12. Georg Lukacs, The Historical Novel, 1937, trans. Hannah and Stanley Mitchell (London: Merlin, 1962), pp. 19, 30-7. 13. Ibid., p. 19. 14. Ibid., pp. 38-9. 15. Duncan Forbes, 'The Rationalism of Sir Walter Scott', The Cambridge Journal, VII, 7 (1953) 20-5. 16. Duncan Forbes, '"Scientific" Whiggism: Adam Smith and John Millar', The Cambridge Journal, VII, 11 (1954) 643-70. For a specific study of Scott's grounding in Scottish Enlightenment Historical thought, see P. D. Garside, 'Scott and the "Philosophical" Historians', Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXVI, 3 (July-September 1975) 497-512. 17. joseph Addison, The Spectator, no. 74 (25 May 1711) in The Spectator, ed. Donald F. Bond, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1965), pp. 315-22. See also pp. 297-303, 360-4, for Addison's essays dd 21 May 1711 and 7 june 1711, for nos 71 and 85 of The Spectator. See ch. 1, pp. 46-50, for my reading of Scott's version of the related ballad 'The Battle of Otterbourne'. 18. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 162. 19. Ibid., p. 163, and Bhabha, ed., Nation and Narration (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 313. 20. Bhabha, The Location of Culture, p. 162. 21. Robert Burns, The Merry Muses of Caledonia, ed. james Barke and Sydney Good sir Smith, with a prefatory note and some authentic Burns texts contributed by]. DeLancey Ferguson (London: W. H. Allen, 1965); Bawdy Verse and Folksongs, Written and Collected by Robert Rums, intra. Magnus Magnusson (London: Macmillan, 1982). The Merry Muses of Caledonia was first printed in 1800, after Burns' death. 22. See T. C. Smout, A History of the Scottish People 1560-1830 (1969; London: Fontana, 1998), pp. 391-402. 23. Walter Scott, The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, with Notes and Introduction by Sir Walter Scott, ed. T. F. Henderson, 4 vols, vol. 3 (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1932), pp. 387, 399. 24. Minstrelsy, vol. 3, pp. 390-1. 25. Ibid., pp. 389-90. 26. There is almost certainly an element of 'spin' even in Scott's inclusion of the Souters, for shoemakers were also associated with radicalism in Scotland after 1 789. See Smout, pp. 412-20 and note to illustration 'The Shoemaker'. Fewer in number and not facing the same kind of mechanization as the textile industry, shoemakers' radical activites took different forms from those of weavers. 27. Walter Scott, The Letters of Sir Walter Scott, eds H.]. C. Grierson assisted by Davidson Cook, W. M. Parker and others, 12 vols, vol. 1 (London: Constable & Co., 1932), p. 334. 28. British Review, and London Critical Journal, IV (May 1813) 127. 29. Jane Stabler, 'Byron's Digressive journey', Romantic Geographies: Discourses o( Travel 1775-1844, ed. Amanda Gilroy (Manchester: Manchester UP, 2000), pp. 223-39. 204 Notes 30. See Scott and His Influence: The Papers of the Aberdeen Scott Conference, 1982, ed. J. H. Alexander and David Hewitt (Aberdeen: Association for Scottish Literary Studies, c. 1983); Byron's Political and Cultural Influence and Nineteenth­ century Europe: A Symposium, ed. Paul Graham Trueblood (London: Macmillan, 1981). 31. Malcolm Kelsall, Byron's Politics (Brighton: Harvester Press Ltd, 1987; Totowa: Barnes & Noble Books, 1987), passim. 32. See the 1765 and revised (1794) versions of Percy's 'An Essay on the Ancient English Minstrels', in Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, ed. Nick Groom, 3 vols, vol. 1, facsimile 1765 edn (London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1996), pp. xv-xvi, xxi; 4th edn, pp. xiii, xxii. 33. To date, there is still no critical edition of Scott's poetry. I have used the standard 1932 edition by T. F. Henderson of The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, and J. Logie Robertson's edition of Scott's Poetical Works (Oxford, 1917) for my main analyses, indicating where I have used early or other editions. 34. Edward W. Said, Orienta/ism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978). 35. See Leask, Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Travel Writing, pp. 15-16, 49-50, for comments on protocols and other textual factors that affected the representation of types and stereotypes. 36. Said, 'Orientalism Reconsidered', Francis Barker eta!., Europe and its Others: Proceedings of the Essex Conference on the Sociology of Literature, July 1984 (Colchester: U of Essex, 1984), p. 14. 37. Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1993), p. xiii. 38. Ibid., p. 408. 39. John Barrell, The Infection ofThomas De Quincey: A Psychopathology ofImperialism (New Haven: Yale UP, 1991), pp. 1-24. 'This/that/the other' is the title of Barrell's introduction. These categories are anticipated in Scott's and Byron's poetry, although the notions of otherness do not involve the same degrees of horror that are so clearly present in De Quincey's writing. 40. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 'Can the Subaltern Speak', Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory, ed. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (Heme! Hempstead: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1993), pp. 66-111. 41. Nelson Moe, The View from Vesuvius (Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of California P, 2002). 42. Ibid., pp. 3, and 1-81 passim. 43. Gary Dyer's article 'Thieves, Boxers, Sodomites, Poets: Being Flash to Byron's Don Juan', PMLA, 116 (May 2001) 562-78, is concerned with Don Juan, but contains insights that inform my argument about the codification of homosexuality in Childe Harold canto 2. 44. Caroline Franklin, Byron's Heroines (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992), pp. 12-37, shows Scott's heroines to be a precursor for the passive heroines of Byron's Eastern Tales. Jennifer Wallace, in Shelley and Greece: Rethinking Romantic Hellenism (London: Macmillan, 1997), pp. 132-3, exposes Byron's apparent sexual liberalism as, ultimately, an inscription of dominant masculine conventions. As Wallace points out, Byron's poetry asserts its own bounds of patriarchal behaviour in its 'pursuit of the male heroic identity'. Byron emerges as rather closer to Scott in this respect than the politics of the two writers might suggest. Notes 205 1 Collecting ballads and resisting radical energies: Scott's Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 1. In his use of words such as 'raids' and 'forays', Scott was consciously borrowing from the vocabulary of the outlaw or 'reiver' society that had once inhabited the Borders region. 2. ]. G. Lockhart, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart., 2nd edn, 10 vols, vol. 1 (Edinburgh: R. Cadell; London:]. Murray and Whittaker & Co., 1839), pp. 326-7. 3. Lockhart, vol. 1, pp. 326-7. 4. Minstrelsy, vol. 1, pp. 1-54, and vol. 4, pp. 1-52. 5. Lockhart, vol. 1, pp. 218-20. 6. Scott, Letters, vol. 1, pp. 34-7. 7. Lockhart, vol. 1, pp. 218-19. 8. John Barrell, Imagining the King's Death: Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide 1793-1796 (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000), pp. 252-84. See also pp.
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