A Colonização Oriental E O Senhorio Rural Em Brandemburgo (Séculos XII–XIV)

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A Colonização Oriental E O Senhorio Rural Em Brandemburgo (Séculos XII–XIV) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Álvaro Mendes Ferreira A Colonização Oriental e o Senhorio Rural em Brandemburgo (séculos XII–XIV) Niterói 2017 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Álvaro Mendes Ferreira A Colonização Oriental e o Senhorio Rural em Brandemburgo (séculos XII–XIV) Material de pesquisa apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação na Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito para a obtenção do Doutorado em História Medieval. Orientador: Mário Jorge da Mota Bastos Niterói 2017 i Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá F 383 Ferreira, Álvaro Mendes. A colonização oriental e o senhorio rural em Brandemburgo (séculos XII–XIV) / Álvaro Mendes Ferreira. – 2017. 301 f. : il. Orientador: Mário Jorge da Mota Bastos. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de História, 2017. Bibliografia: f. 282-291. 1. Colonização. 2. Economia. 3. Camponês. 4. Brandemburgo (Alemanha). I. Bastos, Mário Jorge da Motta, 1963-. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de História. III. Título. ii Álvaro Mendes Ferreira A Colonização Oriental e o Senhorio Rural em Brandemburgo (séculos XII–XIV) Material de pesquisa apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em História Social. Orientador: Mário Jorge da Mota Bastos BANCA EXAMINADORA _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Mário Jorge da Motta Bastos Universidade Federal Fluminense _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Edmar Checon de Freitas Universidade Federal Fluminense _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Henrique de Carvalho Pachá Universidade Federal Fluminense (PUCG) _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Cerineu Leite de Carvalho Universidade Estácio de Sá _________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Ernesto Knust Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Fluminense (Macaé) Niterói 2017 iii SUMÁRIO Nomenclatura .................................................................................................. 1 Nota prévia ...................................................................................................... 4 Capítulo I: OS GRANDES PROBLEMAS ........................................................... 6 1. Regimes de senhorio ................................................................................................. 6 1.1. A renda senhorial ............................................................................................. 24 2. Colonização Oriental .............................................................................................. 32 3. Crise baixo-medieval .............................................................................................. 48 4. Dualismo agrário .................................................................................................... 58 Capítulo II: CONDICIONANTES HISTÓRICO-GEOGRÁFICAS EM BRANDEMBURGO ........................................................................................ 64 1. A terra e o povoamento eslavo ............................................................................... 64 2. A formação política da Marca de Brandemburgo e a colonização germânica ....... 71 3. Sistema monetário .................................................................................................. 82 4. Fontes ..................................................................................................................... 88 4.1. Censuais ............................................................................................................... 88 4.2. Arqueologia e palinografia .................................................................................. 93 4.3. Registros notariais ............................................................................................... 95 4.4. Forais ................................................................................................................... 96 4.5. Legislação ............................................................................................................ 97 4.6. Cronística ............................................................................................................. 97 4.7. Instrumentos auxiliares ........................................................................................ 98 4.7.1. Fontes doutras proveniências........................................................................ 98 4.7.2. Obras de referência ....................................................................................... 98 Capítulo III: A PRODUÇÃO ALDEÃ ............................................................. 100 1. Mansionários ........................................................................................................ 100 1.1. Lotes .............................................................................................................. 100 1.2. Sistema de campos e rotação de culturas....................................................... 118 1.3. Quintais e hortas ............................................................................................ 132 1.4. Família camponesa ........................................................................................ 135 1.5. Adubação ....................................................................................................... 140 1.6. Elite aldeã .......................................................................................................... 143 2. Cabaneiros ............................................................................................................ 144 i 3. Artesanato ............................................................................................................. 160 3.1. Moinho .......................................................................................................... 164 3.2. Tabernas......................................................................................................... 172 3.3. Forjas ............................................................................................................. 178 4. Maioral ................................................................................................................. 184 5. Pároco ................................................................................................................... 187 6. Pecuária ................................................................................................................ 195 7. Florestas ................................................................................................................ 207 8. Pesca ..................................................................................................................... 215 9. Formas de cooperação e conflito .......................................................................... 221 10. Aldeamento e abandono de aldeias (Verdorfung e Wüstung)............................. 229 10.1. Os tipos de assentamento rural .................................................................... 236 Capítulo IV: A APROPRIAÇÃO SENHORIAL ............................................... 246 1. O sistema básico de exações senhoriais ............................................................ 246 1.1 Direitos judiciais e padroado .............................................................................. 255 1.2. Rendas e cerealização ........................................................................................ 257 2. Movimentos dentro da classe senhorial ................................................................ 259 3. Enfraquecimento do poder margravial ................................................................. 261 4. Datas de pagamento .............................................................................................. 266 5. Análise quantitativa das rendas ............................................................................ 268 Conclusão .................................................................................................... 279 Bibliografia ................................................................................................. 282 ii Meiner Mutter und meinem Vater gewidmet. iii RESUMO Esta tese visa estudar a estrutura do senhorio rural em Brandemburgo desde sua implantação em meados do século XII até o fim do século XIV dentro do contexto da Colonização Oriental (Ostsiedlung). Como toda a zona colonizatória da Europa Oriental, o senhorio que aí se implantou trouxe condições particularmente vantajosas aos camponeses como direitos fundiários seguros e hereditários, lotes mais extensos, pequenas prestações em favor dos senhores, corvéias quase inexistentes. Brandemburgo apresenta-se, portanto, como uma das zonas onde a modalidade rentista do senhorio estava mais desenvolvida. De fato, há uma forte correlação entre a idade da colonização e a modalidade do senhorio: quanto mais recente é a colonização, mais próximo é o senhorio do regime rentista puro. Entretanto a crise baixo-medieval produz uma séria retração nos direitos campesinos, com um retrocesso mesmo às formas dominais
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