Archaeologica Hereditas

Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw 13 ARCHAEOLOGICA HEREDITAS Sacred space: contributions to the archaeology of belief edited by Louis Daniel Nebelsick, Joanna Wawrzeniuk and Katarzyna Zeman-Wiśniewska Warsaw 2018 Archaeologica Hereditas Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński in Warsaw Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Zbigniew Kobyliński Members of the Board: Tadeusz Gołgowski, Jacek Lech, Przemysław Urbańczyk Secretary of the Board: Magdalena Żurek Editorial Board’s address: 1/2 Wóycickiego St., Building 23, PL 01-938 Warsaw, Poland tel. +48 22 569 68 17, e-mail: [email protected] www.archeologia.uksw.edu.pl Technical editing and proofreading: Zbigniew Kobyliński Layout: Bartłomiej Gruszka Cover design: Katja Niklas and Ula Zalejska-Smoleń Linguistic consultation: Louis Daniel Nebelsick Cover picture: Early Bronze Age stele from tell Chuera, Syria; photo by Nicola Scheyhing Publication recommended for print by Professors Christopher Pare (Mainz) and Bogusław Gediga (Wrocław) © Copyright by Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, Warszawa 2018 ISBN 978-83-946496-8-5 ISSN 2451-0521 Publisher: Institute of Archaeology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 1/2 Wóycickiego St., Building 23, PL 01-938 Warsaw, Poland CONTENTS 5 Preface 135 Early Iron Age hoards between Louis Daniel Nebelsick, Joanna Wawrzeniuk Brittany and the Carpathian basin – and Katarzyna Zeman-Wiśniewska a preliminary review Imke Westhausen * 149 The largest European area 9 Settlements of the Brześć Kujawski of the sacred Group of the Lengyel Culture – Krzysztof Narloch places of sacrum or profanum? Marta Kaczmarek 153 Sacred space of the Iron Age enclosed sites in the north-eastern 17 Places of ritual activity Poland in pre-Bronze Age Cyprus Zbigniew Kobyliński Christine Winkelmann 165 Towards a sacred topography 29 The space above. Sacred sky of Early Byzantine Thessaloniki in Prehistoric Cyprus Roman Szlązak Katarzyna Zeman-Wiśniewska 187 The Central European Watershed 33 Copper artefact deposits in waters as a part of the space of the pagan and wetlands during the later 5th sacred and 4th millennium BC in the territory Edvard Zajkovski of Poland Louis Daniel Nebelsick and Grzegorz Łyszkowicz 191 Selected concepts of power and sacral space 65 “Asses were buried with him”. Adriana Ciesielska Equids as markers of sacred space in the third and second millennia BC 197 The symbolic role of boats in the Eastern Mediterranean and ships in pagan and Christian Laerke Recht Medieval Northern Europe Zbigniew Kobyliński and Kamil Rabiega 95 Fossilising the Holy. Aniconic standing stones of the Near East 219 Sacred environment and sacred Nicola Scheyhing communication process according to ethnographic field research 113 Jewelry depositions from the end in the Nadbuże Region of the 2nd millennium BC from Bożena Józefów-Czerwińska the Romanian Carpathian Basin Antonia Flontaș * 229 Notes on the authors ARCHAEOLOGICA HEREDITAS 13 Copper artefact deposits in waters and wetlands during the later 5th and 4th millennium BC in the territory of Poland Louis Daniel Nebelsick and Grzegorz Łyszkowicz Early Chalcolithic copper deposition es. While it is possible that the earliest hammer axes of in the territory of Poland type Pločnik were being cast at the end of the 6th millennium, they have a mid-5th-millennium manufacturing It is the goal of this essay1 to show that there is substan- focus and were still being deposited during the later 5th tial evidence for the systematic and wilful deposition of millennium. The characteristic Tiszapolgár heavy axes of metals in wet contexts in Central Europe in general and in types Crestur, Vidra, Szendrő and Székely-Nádudvar have Poland in particular, before the advent of the Bronze Age a late 5th-millennium focus. Mezökerestes, Čoka, Hamn- (Fig. 1). The earliest evidence goes hand in hand with the dlová and Şiria axes which are also found in Bodrog- first appearance of Chalcolithic copper artefacts north keresztúr contexts were still current in the early 4th mil- of the Central European mountain belt. This involves the lennium. The last implements to be dealt with here are deposition of heavy shaft-hole hammer-axes and axe- the mass-produced cross-bladed Jaszladany axes which adzes that find their way into what is now Poland in the are probably best seen as early 4th-millennium products. framework of intensive interaction between northern Earliest Carpathian heavy axes of type Pločnik have Central Europe and the Carpathian Basin between the been found in both Lesser Poland (Małopolska) and Sile- collapse of post-Linear Pottery cultural koiné and the sia (cat. nos. II/4, II/19, II/21). All seem to be depositions emergence of the Baden Complex during the later 5th on dry land and the example from the hilltop site of Sko- and early 4th millennium BC.2 Comparing cultural se- morochy Małe which was used as a cemetery from the quences between the Baltic and the Balkans is not easy Early Bronze Age to the Hallstatt Culture may have been as the supraregional discussion is overshadowed by re- a grave good from a preceding Eneolithic grave (cat. nos. gional inconsistencies in both chronological terminology II/21 and VII/7). Their import and ritual renunciation are and cultural definition, and the term Chalcolithic itself is probably best seen in the context of acculturation which is seen as being ambiguous and problematic.3 Moreover, in reflected by the emergence of the southern Polish Lengyel/ the Carpathian Basin the absolute time spans allotted to Polgar Culture province in the earlier 5th millennium. these early axes and the cultural contexts in which they The advent of wetland finds goes hand in hand with the are embedded is still a matter of controversial discussion appearance of Tiszapolgar forms north of the Carpathian with a tendency towards a more compact and generally Mountain Belt. A hammer-axe of type Crestur is said to lower assessment of the absolute chronology4, and as have been found in the water-rich vicinity of Kuyavian this article is dealing with the most northern periphery Pakość (cat. no. II/17) which lies on the swampy interface of their distribution we will be using broad dating rang- between the Pakoskie Lake and the Noteć River bottom. It may well have been deposited in or on the banks of the 5 1 This article is the first of the planned series of publications which Pakoskie Lake, as Stefan Łęczycki assumes, but since the will present an actualised version of the results of Grzegorz Łyszko- axe, as well as any documentation of its find circumstanc- wicz master’s dissertation about Bronze Age depositions from wet es, seems to have gone lost, this is impossible to confirm. contexts in Poland, written under the supervision of Louis Daniel A second early Chalcolithic copper hammer-axe of Nebelsick (Łyszkowicz 1999). An earlier version of it was published type Şiria, however, was recovered from a certain wet in 2015 (Nebelsick and Łyszkowicz 2015). We dedicate this article to Aleksandra and Carola. context. It was found in Lake Gopło (cat. no. I/3; Fig. 2), 2 For the western and northern peripheries of the early Chalcolithic which is actually a waterlogged and flooded segment of heavy implement horizon, see Klassen 2000; Łęczycki 2005; Hansen the Noteć River valley. This is the earliest metal artefact 2009; Czekaj-Zastawny, Kabaciński and Terberger 2011, and Heeb known to date which was sunk into the waters of this 2014. Early Chalcolithic artefact imports are also reflected by the impressive lake which would remain a hub of lacustrine local manufacture and deposition of accurate stone imitations of Carpathian copper axe shapes (Łęczycki 2003). deposition throughout the following millennia. Later 3 Schier 2014. 4 See Diaconescu 2014 5 Łęczycki 2005: 64–65. ARCHAEOLOGICA HEREDITAS 13 33–64 Louis daniel Nebelsick and Grzegorz Łyszkowicz Fig. 1. Map of the Chalcolithic copper artefacts from wet contexts men- Fig. 2. Gopło Lake, Kuyavian-Pomeranian tioned in the text (after Łyszkowicz 1999) Province (cat. no. I/3). Copper hammer-axe head type Şira (after Gedl 2004, no. 14) Chalcolithic flat axes were also recovered from the mar- the same type found in the vicinity of Wiślica (cat. no. gins of the lake (cat. nos. 4–5), and Bronze Age artefacts II/27) came from or near the Nida River. from the lake and its wet margins abound, begging the Between 4000 and 3600 BC water deposition of heavy question of long-term deposition continuity.6 A further copper artefacts continues. This mainly involves the el- type Şira hammer-axe head was recovered from the Vis- egantly modelled cross-bladed Jászladány type axe-adz- tula’s harbour at Cracow-Płaszów (cat. no. I/7; Fig. 3). es.8 One example was recovered from the waterlogged This harbour basin had been dredged out of an old ox- floodplain of the Warta at Krzemów near Sulęcin in Great bow of the river, making it highly likely that the axe had Poland (cat. no. I/9; Fig. 6). A half of another axe-adze either been deposited in the river itself or on its wet of this type was found either alone or with a “dagger” margins. The metropolitan area of Cracow was densely in the meadows of the broad Noteć River bottom near settled during the late 5th millennium7 and a second early Antoniny (cat. no. I/1; Figs 7–8) originally belonged to the Chalcolithic axe, type Székely-Nádudvar was found near Jászladány type. It was later broken in two and the edges Cracow-Kurdwanów just 5 km to the south of Płaszów of the shaft ham-fistedly bludgeoned into the shape of in a late Lengyel-Culture settlement pit (cat. no. II/10). a flat axe before being sunk into a branch of the Noteć or Another early hammer-axe of type Székely-Nádudvar its wet margins.9 This secondary refashioning may have al- was found at Krzemienna on the bank of a stream on ready happened in the Carpathian Basin as halves of shaft- the swampy rim of the San River bottom which should hole axes of type Jászladány with crushed or deformed qualify as a wetland deposition (cat.

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